RESUMO
Objective:To determine the awareness and knowledge of exposure to rabies of outpatients， and then provide strategies to reduce the occurrence of rabies in Huangpu district， Shanghai. Methods:A total of 293 patients attending the clinic due to exposure to rabies were selected to complete the questionnaire survey， including demographics， characteristics of exposure， and knowledge and awareness of rabies， using an application scanning. Results:The outpatients in this study were more likely to be women and aged 20-40 years. The exposed sites were mainly upper limbs， and injuries mainly caused by their own pets during playing. The knowledge of rabies， its harm and route of infection， as well as the time of vaccination against rabies and notes after vaccination have been well-documented. However， awareness of clinical manifestation of rabies and treatment after re-injury was lowest. There were significant difference in the clinical manifestation and incubation period of rabies across diverse occupations. There are multiple factors that affected the knowledge and awareness of exposure to rabies， in which the knowledge of rabies was strongly associated with the knowledge of treatment. The primary source of exposure was media， including the Internet， television and radio， WeChat and medical staff. Conclusion:The cognition of outpatients on exposure to rabies remains low. We should optimize the educational methods and implement various health education and promotion activities for rabies control and prevention to improve the knowledge and awareness of exposure to rabies.
RESUMO
Objective@#To investigate the characteristics of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the workplace and for various types of work in a carbon enterprise based on the measurement data of various components of PAHs in the air from the workplace of the carbon enterprise, and to provide a scientific basis for protection against PAHs in this enterprise.@*Methods@#In July 2017, a carbon enterprise in Shandong Province and its on-duty workers were chosen as subjects. On-site occupational hygiene investigation and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to investigate and determine the presence and concentrations of PAHs in various workshops and various types of work in the enterprise, and toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) was used to evaluate the carcinogenic level of PAHs.@*Results@#The components of PAHs with relatively high content in the air of the workplace in the carbon enterprise were fluoranthene, pyrene, benzanthracene, X, and benzo[a]pyrene, with mean concentrations of 1 485.66, 864.66, 805.35, 500.08, and 120.88 ng/m3, respectively. There were significant differences between the three workshops in the concentrations of PAHs components (benzo[a]pyrene, benzanthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, X, fluoranthene, pyrene, fluorene, indenopyrene, and anthracene) and total TEQ (P<0.05) . The total TEQ of PAHs in the molding workshop was significantly higher than that in other workshops (P<0.05) . There were significant differences between different types of work in the exposure to pyrene and fluoranthene and TEQ (P<0.05) . Shaking-table operators, moving-sieve operators, batching operators, fabric workers, and hot-oil stove workers had higher exposure levels of PAHs. The exposure concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene and benzanthracene were highly correlated with total TEQ.@*Conclusion@#The concentration of PAHs in the working environment of the carbon enterprise is generally higher; benzo[a]pyrene and fluoranthene are the PAHs components against which special protective measures need to be taken; molding workshops are the workshops that are most seriously endangered by PAHs; shaking-table operators are the type of workers needing special protection against PAHs. The occupational hazards of PAHs in the carbon industry cannot be ignored, against which corresponding protective measures should be formulated based on their exposure characteristics.