Inovação, possibilidades e limitações no uso de rastreador ocular na pesquisa em divulgação da ciência: um estudo sobre a importância da fonte de informação em textos sobre saúde / Innovation, possibilities and limitations in the use of an eye tracker in science communication research: a study on the importance of the source of information in health news / Innovación, posibilidades y limitaciones en el uso de un seguidor ocular en la investigación de divulgación científica: un estudio sobre la importancia de la fuente de información en textos de salud

Nosso estudo, fruto de uma parceria internacional, buscou aferir a importância dada por 23 leitores ao nome do veículo de publicação de quatro diferentes textos sobre temas de saúde, utilizando uma metodologia inovadora no campo de estudo acadêmico da divulgação científica ­ um rastreador ocular. Com ele, é possível mapear a cada instante o olhar do leitor e os pontos de fixação do olho sobre o texto, indicando a atenção do leitor. Apesar de o local de publicação ser considerado um critério importante de credibilidade da informação, nossos resultados, a partir da análise de 35.394 medições de fixações aferidas pelo rastreador ocular, indicam a pouca importância dada ao nome do veículo de publicação, ainda que o texto apresente características de notícias falsas.

Our study, the result of an international partnership, sought to assess the importance given by 23 readers to the name of the publication source for four different texts on health topics, using an innovative methodology in the academic study field of scientific communication ­ an eye tracker. With an eye tracker, it is possible to map at every moment the reader's eyes and points of fixation of the eye on the text, indicating the reader's attention. Although the source of publication is considered an important criterion for the credibility of the information, our results, from the analysis of 35,394 measurements of fixations measured by the eye tracker, indicate the little importance given to the name of the publication source, even though the text presents fake news characteristics.

Nuestro estudio, resultado de una colaboracion internacional, buscó evaluar la importancia que le dan 23 lectores al nombre del vehículo de publicación de cuatro textos diferentes sobre temas de salud, utilizando una metodología innovadora en el campo de estudio académico de la divulgación científica ­ un seguidor ocular. Con él, es posible mapear en todo momento los ojos del lector y los puntos de fijación de la mirada sobre el texto, indicando la atención del lector. Si bien el lugar de publicación se considera un criterio importante para la credibilidad de la información, nuestros resultados, del análisis de 35.394 medidas de fijaciones medidas por el seguidor ocular, indican la poca importancia que se le da al nombre del vehículo de publicación, aunque que el texto presenta características de noticias falsas.

Análisis de la percepción de eventos estáticos y dinámicos en personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer / Analysis of the perception of static and dynamic events in Alzheimer's disease patients

Uno de los aspectos afectados en la Enfermedad de Alzheimer es el lenguaje. La naturaleza y manifestaciones de estas dificultades se relacionan con la forma como los pacientes con EA perciben y comprenden el mundo que les rodea. En la presente investigación se analizaron las fijaciones visuales de siete pacientes con EA y sus controles durante tareas de percepción de escenas estáticas y dinámicas (imagen y video respectivamente). De igual forma se analizó una muestra de lenguaje producida por los pacientes al narrar el evento dinámico. Los resultados indican diferencias significativas en cuanto a la búsqueda visual, en la cual el grupo con EA presento disminución de la velocidad. En tareas de rastreo se evidencia que las personas con EA identifican menos elementos en una imagen realizando menos fijaciones, con estrategias de exploración poco eficientes. En cuanto al evento dinámico, el rastreo visual fue similar entre los dos grupos sin embargo la expresión lingüística de lo observado está afectada en el grupo con EA revelando la relación de la percepción y el lenguaje ya que a pesar de observar los eventos dentro de una escena en movimiento, estos no son recobrados posteriormente para ser expresados lingüísticamente. Estos resultados tienen importantes implicaciones tanto en la identificación de la naturaleza de las dificultades lingüísticas en la EA como en el manejo de la misma.

One of the aspects affected by AD is the language. The nature and manifestations of the difficulties on it. Are closely related with the way in which AD patients perceive and understand the world that surrounds them. This research analyzed the perception of images and a scene in motion as static and dynamic events, observing the relationship perception-language, in a sample of seven patients with AD and their respective controls. In the same way we explored a sample of language produced by patients telling the dynamic event. The results indicated significant differences in visual search, in which for the group with AD the speed decreased. In scan tasks is evidence that people with AD identified fewer elements in an image made less fixations with ineffective exploration strategies. On the Boston tests image "Theft Cookie", visual fixation parameters were similar to the control group. As for the dynamic event, the visual tracking was similar between the two groups but the linguistic expression of what is observed is affected in the group with AD revealing the relationship between perception and language as though watching the events within a moving scene, these are not subsequently recovered to be expressed linguistically. These results have important implications in identifying the nature of language difficulties in AD and in the fonoaudiological evaluation and subsequent treatment

Pupil Size in Relation to Cortical States during Isoflurane Anesthesia

In neuronal recording studies on anesthetized animals, reliable measures for the transitional moment of consciousness are frequently required. Previous findings suggest that pupil fluctuations reflect the neuronal states during quiet wakefulness, whose correlation was unknown for the anesthetized condition. Here, we investigated the pupillary changes under isoflurane anesthesia simultaneously with the electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG). The pupil was tracked by using a region-based active contour model. The dose was given to the animal in a stepwise increasing mode (simulating induction of anesthesia) or in a stepwise decreasing mode (simulating emergence of anesthesia). We found that the quickly widening pupil action (mydriasis) characterizes the transitional state in anesthesia. Mydriasis occurred only in the light dose in the emergence phase, and the events were accompanied by an increase of burst activity in the EEG followed by EMG activity in 47% of the mydriasis events. Our findings suggest that recording such pupil changes may offer a noncontact monitoring tool for indexing the transitional state of the brain, particularly when a lower threshold dose is applied.

Pupil Size in Relation to Cortical States during Isoflurane Anesthesia

In neuronal recording studies on anesthetized animals, reliable measures for the transitional moment of consciousness are frequently required. Previous findings suggest that pupil fluctuations reflect the neuronal states during quiet wakefulness, whose correlation was unknown for the anesthetized condition. Here, we investigated the pupillary changes under isoflurane anesthesia simultaneously with the electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG). The pupil was tracked by using a region-based active contour model. The dose was given to the animal in a stepwise increasing mode (simulating induction of anesthesia) or in a stepwise decreasing mode (simulating emergence of anesthesia). We found that the quickly widening pupil action (mydriasis) characterizes the transitional state in anesthesia. Mydriasis occurred only in the light dose in the emergence phase, and the events were accompanied by an increase of burst activity in the EEG followed by EMG activity in 47% of the mydriasis events. Our findings suggest that recording such pupil changes may offer a noncontact monitoring tool for indexing the transitional state of the brain, particularly when a lower threshold dose is applied.

The system precision measurement of the video eye tracker and the impact of different infrared intensities on it / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background EyeLink 2000 high speed video eye tracker has been used in ophthalmology to evaluate the ocular movement ability.Its systemic precision depends on the performance of the eye tracker, and it is also an essential parameter for the evaluation of the data quality.Therefore, the impact of infrared intensity should be illustrated.Objective This study was to assess the systemic precision of the video eye tracker and evaluate the impact of infrared intensity on the result.Methods The EyeLink 2000 high speed video eye tracker and a pair of artificial eyes were used in this study.Firstly the artificial eyes were fixed to the corresponding position as the real human eyes.Each session of recording was undertaken under the different infrared intensities (100％ , 75％ and 50％).The sampling frequency of binocular recording was set as 1 000 Hz.Each session was sequentially recorded for 60 seconds.The systemic precision was calculated as the root mean square (RMS) of angular distances between successive data points.The RMS values under the different infrared intensities were compared.Results The highest RMS values were (0.005 01 ± 0.000 20) ° under the 100％ infrared intensity.As the decline of infrared intensities ,RMS values were gradually raised, showing a significant difference among different infrared intensity groups (F =3 791.447, P＜0.01).The differences were also significant between different groups (all at P＜0.05).Conclusions EyeLink 2 000 video eye tracker has good system precision.The infrared intensity influence the system precision of the video eye tracker.

Matlab and eye-tracking: applications in psychophysics and basic psychological processes / Matlab e rastreamento ocular: aplicações em psicofísica e processos psicológicos básicos / Matlab y rastreo ocular: aplicaciones en la psicofísica y procesos psicológicos básicos

This article aims to demonstrate the utilities of Matlab (MATrix LABoratory) and eye-tracker for research in psychophysics and basic processes. We first introduce its origin, functioning, and advantages over other programs, and then we review different applications of Matlab in psychophysical tests involving eye-trackers. As an example, we present the development of a psychophysical test involving eye-tracker and Matlab, showing its ability to communicate and interact with other devices and programming languages. Finally, we emphasize the advantages and difficulties of working with Matlab.

Esse artigo teve como objetivo demonstrar a funcionalidade e capacidade do Matlab (MATrix LABoratory) e rastreamento de movimentos oculares (eye-tracker) para pesquisas em psicofísica e processos básicos. Para isso é apresentado primeiramente os fundamentos da criação e funcionamento do Matlab e suas vantagens sobre outros softwares. Em seguida são apresentadas diferentes aplicações do Matlab em testes psicofísicos com rastreadores de movimentos oculares (eyetracker). Também é apresentada a criação de um teste psicofísico em Matlab para umeyetracker e sua capacidade de se comunicar/interagir com outras linguagens. Por fim, são enfatizadas as vantagens e dificuldades de se trabalhar com esse tipo de ferramenta.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue exponer algunas de las aplicaciones que tiene el software Mat-lab (MATrix LABoratory) y Eyetracker en las investigaciones con psicofísica y procesos básicos. Para alcanzar este objetivo, el artículo se organiza en cuatro secciones. La primera aborda los aspectos básicos de la creación y gestión del software. La segunda sección expone sus diferentes aplicaciones en las pruebas psicofísicas. La tercera parte muestra un ejemplo de cómo crear una prueba psicofísica con eye-tracker programado por Matlab. Por último, se destacan las ventajas y dificultades de trabajar con este software.

Accuracy of Surgeon-Selected Ablation Center in Active Eye-Tracker-Assisted Advanced Surface Ablation-Photorefractive Keratectomy (ASA-PRK)

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of the surgeon-selected ablation center in active eye-tracker-assisted ASA-PRK and to identify factors influencing the ablation center. METHODS: This retrospective study included 109 eyes of 62 patients who underwent active eye-tracker-assisted ASA-PRK (VISX STARTM S4 with ActiveTrakTM System). The location the surgeon-selected ablation center and its distance from the center of the entrance pupil were analyzed by corneal topography (EyeSys Corneal Analysis SystemTM with pupil finding software). The factors influencing centration were investigated. RESULTS: The mean decentration was 0.24+/-0.13 mm (range 0.04 to 0.83 mm). One-hundred and five eyes (96%) were within 0.5 mm of the pupillary center. Supero-nasal displacement of the ablation center occurred most frequently in 44 eyes (40%) after ASA-PRK. The decentration amount was not dependant on factors related to the patient, the surgeon, or the surgery. There was no significant correlation between the amount of decentration and the vertical scale bar of the ActiveTrakTM icon on the screen representing the distance from the pupil center determined by the tracking system, to the surgeon-selected ablation center. CONCLUSIONS: This method of tracking the ablation center, which was selected by the surgeon according to each patient's specific pupil decentration with the active eye tracking system, was highly accurate and effective in avoiding severe decentration in ASA-PRK.

Analysis of Decentration after LASIK with Two Eye-Trackers

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of two excimer laser systems with eye-tracker in the term of decentration amount. METHODS: We performed LASIK with LaserScan LSX(TM) (group 1, 39 eyes) and Allegretto Wave(TM) (group 2, 94 eyes), both of which were equipped with eye-tracker. The amount of decentration was measured on a difference map that was obtained from preoperative and postoperative corneal topography, and was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The amount of decentration was significantly higher in group 1 (0.39 +/- 0.22 mm) than in group 2 (0.29 +/- 0.18 mm) (p=0.018). When these groups were subdivided by preoperative spherical equivalent, in case of under -6.0 D, the amount of decentration between the two groups (0.31 +/- 0.16 mm in group 1, 0.28 +/- 0.15 mm in group 2, p=0.380), whereas in case of over -6.0 D, the amount of decentration was significantly higher in group 1 (0.48 +/- 0.26 mm) than in group 2 (0.30 +/- 0.21 mm) (p=0.020). CONCLUSIONS: Allegretto Wave(TM) showed better centration ability than LaserScan LSX(TM) and this superiority was more profound in highly myopic eyes.