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Abstract The objective of this study was to observe patients' satisfaction with their in-service direct anterior dental restorations and to compare it with clinical evaluation using FDI (Federation Dental International) criteria. Patients scored their own anterior dental restorations regarding satisfaction (satisfactory /dissatisfactory). If dissatisfaction was mentioned, then, they would be interviewed about the complaint. In the same session, the dental restorations were clinically evaluated by two dentists using FDI criteria (1-5 score) concerning esthetic, functional, and biological domains. Descriptive statistics were used for frequencies of scores attributed by patients and clinicians. In order to compare patients' to clinicians' frequencies, the Chi-square test was applied (p ≤ 0.05). A total of 106 restorations were evaluated by patients and clinicians. Patients reported 52.8% of restorations satisfactory and 47.8% dissatisfactory. Overall, clinicians reported the same restorations as 82,3% satisfactory and 17,6% dissatisfactory. Patients' most frequent complaints referred to color, followed by anatomical form, fracture of material and retention, and approximal anatomical form. Comparing patients' satisfaction and dissatisfaction rates to clinicians' evaluation per criteria, there was no difference regarding esthetics. The frequency of dissatisfactory restorations by clinicians was significantly lower when functional and biological properties were compared with patients' opinions. Direct anterior dental restorations were more frequently reported as satisfactory by patients and clinicians, being the main complaints related to esthetic issues. When clinicians and patients' evaluations were compared, it was observed that the frequencies of satisfactory restoration by patients and clinicians were similar regarding esthetic properties, and significantly different regarding functional and biological properties.
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a satisfação dos pacientes com suas restaurações dentárias anteriores diretas e compará-las com a avaliação clínica do dentista usando os critérios FDI (Federation Dental International). Os pacientes pontuaram suas restaurações dentárias (n=106) anteriores em relação à satisfação (satisfatória / insatisfatória). Quando insatisfatória, ele foi entrevistado sobre a queixa. Na mesma sessão, as restaurações dentárias foram avaliadas clinicamente por dois dentistas utilizando os critérios FDI (escore 1-5) quanto aos aspectos estéticos, funcionais e biológicos. Estatística descritiva foi usada para frequências de escores atribuídos por pacientes e clínicos. Para comparar as frequências dos pacientes e dos clínicos, foi aplicado o teste Qui-quadrado (p ≤ 0,05). Os pacientes relataram suas restaurações como 52,8% satisfatórias e 47,8% insatisfatórias. Os clínicos reportaram as mesmas restaurações, 82,3% satisfatória e 17,6% insatisfatória. As queixas mais frequentes dos pacientes referiam-se à cor, seguida da forma anatômica, fratura e retenção do material e forma anatômica proximal. Comparando os índices de satisfação e insatisfação dos pacientes com os clínicos, não houve diferença em relação à estética. A frequência de restaurações insatisfatórias por dentistas foi significativamente menor quando as propriedades funcionais e biológicas foram comparadas com as opiniões dos pacientes. As restaurações foram mais frequentemente relatadas como satisfatórias pelos pacientes, sendo as principais queixas relacionadas a questões estéticas. Quando as avaliações dos clínicos e dos pacientes foram comparadas, observou-se que as frequências de restaurações satisfatórias por pacientes e clínicos foram semelhantes em relação às propriedades estéticas e significativamente diferentes em relação às propriedades funcionais e biológicas.
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Several systems for designating and encoding teeth have been used in dentistry for more than 130 years. [1] In our profession, patients are the primary stakeholders. However, the prevailing tooth numbering system, like the Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI), is designed focussing the clinicians and does not include the perspective of patients, who have little idea regarding the depicted number of the tooth to be treated, written on the prescription given to them. Our undergraduate students also often get confused during their clinical work regarding the designated four segments in the current FDI tooth numbering system. This sometimes results in misinterpretation, leading to clinical mishaps. This innovative TT (Tikku and Tikku) system has been designed to fulfil the requirement for a more simpler and coherent system that is self?reflecting and includes the perception of the patients or any other concerned non?dental professional so that they relate easily to this system. Named after its inventors, the TT tooth numbering system has a simple and unique design that can also be implemented for wide clinical and forensic applications.
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Since the liberalization of trade regulations, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has played a crucial role in the expansion of Indian economy, both at the macro and sector levels. The connection between FDI and economic expansion is a debatable subject worldwide. The volume of inflow varies due to a variety of regional, national, and global factors that affect investment choices. Critical policy changes and proactive decision-making demonstrated the government's exceptional resilience, which even helped to mitigate the pandemic's harm. The potential impact of FDI on important macroeconomic indicators is examined in this research paper. In order to analyze the trend of the economic route of future, the study shows the sectoral division of FDI influx. Understanding the divides and patterns helped to provide insight on how the economy was evolving. Changes to regimes are still being made by policymakers in an effort to attract FDI
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The Filgueiras Depression Inventory is proposed as a new instrument, created specifically for the Brazilian culture, for screening of Major Depressive Episodes according to the categories of the DSM-V. Two studies were conducted for this purpose. Study's 1 sample consisted of 326 undergraduate psychology students. Single words or expressions were asked to represent overall depressive symptoms. The most cited formed the first version of the Filgueiras Depression Inventory. Study 2 reported the psychometric properties of this new scale. The sample consisted of 471 volunteers recruited on the Internet and 238 volunteers undergraduate students. Factor analyses, convergent and discriminant validity and other Classical Test Theory indices revealed results consistent to expectations in the present study. Andrich's Rating Scale Modeling was used as an Item Response Theory method of analysis. The overall psychometric properties of the Filgueiras Depression Inventory were shown to be good, and this study supports the effectiveness of this scale as a new instrument that measures depressive episodes in the Brazil.
O Inventário Filgueiras de Depressão é proposto como um novo instrumento criado especificamente para a cultura brasileira, no intuito de rastrear episódios de depressão maior de acordo com as categorias do DSM-V. Dois estudos foram conduzidos com esse propósito. O estudo 1 teve amostra constituída por 326 alunos de graduação em psicologia. Palavras únicas ou expressões foram perguntadas para que representassem os sintomas depressivos. Os termos mais citados compuseram a primeira versão do Inventário Filgueiras de Depressão. O estudo 2 reporta as propriedades psicométricas dessa nova escala. A amostra consistiu em 471 voluntários recrutados pela internet e 238 alunos de graduação também voluntários. Análises fatoriais, validade concorrente e convergente, e outros índices da Teoria Clássica dos Testes revelaram resultados consistentes com as expectativas do presente trabalho. A modelagem por escala de classificação de Andrich foi usada como método de análise na Teoria de Resposta ao Item. De um modo geral, as propriedades psicométricas do Inventário Filgueiras de Depressão se mostraram bons e o presente estudo sustenta a efetividade dessa nova escala como um instrumento que mede episódios depressivos no Brasil.
El Inventario de Depresión Filgueiras fue propuesto como una nueva herramienta creada específicamente para la cultura brasileña, con el fin de realizar una criba de episodios de depresión mayor según las categorías del DSM-V. Dos estudios se llevaron a cabo para este fin. El estudio 1 contó con una muestra de 326 estudiantes de licenciatura en psicología. Se pidió a palabras o expresiones para representar a los síntomas depresivos. Los términos más frecuentemente citados componen la primera versión del Inventario de Depresión Filgueiras. Estudio 2 reporta las propiedades psicométricas de esta nueva escala. La muestra fue conformada por 471 voluntarios reclutados por la internet y 238 estudiantes de licenciatura también voluntarios. Análisis de factores, validez convergente y discriminante, y otros índices de la Teoría Clásica de los Tests mostraron resultados que corresponderán las expectativas del presente trabajo. Se utilizó el modelo de escala de calificación de Andrich como método de análisis de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem. En general, las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Depresión Filgueiras resultó buena y este estudio apoya la eficacia de esta nueva escala como un instrumento que mide los episodios depresivos en Brasil.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Depressão , Psicometria , BrasilRESUMO
We studied the mechanism for slowing surface electromyography (EMG) during fatiguing contraction using superimposed M-wave analysis. Seven healthy male subjects exerted 60% maximum voluntary contraction of isometric abductions in the left first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) until exhaustion. Simultaneously with voluntary contractions, the ulnar nerve was electrically stimulated at supramaximal intensity, and volitional EMG and superimposed M-waves were obtained. We examined the behavior of muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) and median frequency (MDF) for both EMG, with the following results:<BR>1) MFCV calculated from volitional EMG of FDI was about 6 m/s during 60% MVC.<BR>2) The waveform of voluntary EMG detected from FDI slowed in all subjects during fatiguing contraction at 60% MVC, indicating fatigue had developed in the muscle.<BR>3) As fatigue progressed, the waveform of the superimposed M-wave tended to decrease in amplitude and increase in duration.<BR>4) As fatigue progressed, MDF and MFCV in volitional EMG decreased significantly (p<0.04) . The rate of change was larger in MDF than in MFCV (p<0.01) .<BR>5) As fatigue progressed, MDF and MFCV in the superimposed M-wave decreased significantly (p<0.01) . The rate of change was larger in NIDF than in MFCV (p<0.05) .<BR>These results suggested that MFCV and other peripheral factors affected the slowing of volitional EMG. Elongation of the depolarization zone in muscle fiber is proposed as a peripheral factor.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of short-term immobilization on the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force. The first dorsal interosseus (FDI) of 10 healthy male adults was immobilized for 1 week using casting tape. Atrophy of the muscle was estimated from a cross sectional view of magnetic resonance images (MRI) . To clarify the factors of a peripheral neuromuscular system contributing to the change in the MVC force, twitch force at rest was measured. The contribution of central factors was estimated from a voluntary activation (VA) index, which was obtained by the twitch interpolation method.<BR>The MRI showed no significant changes in the cross sectional area. The MVC force declined after immobilization (p<0.01), and recovered after 1 week from the termination of immobilization (p<0.01) . Both the twitch force at rest and the VA at MVC declined after immobilization (p<0.01), and recovered after 1 week (p<0.05) .<BR>The results indicate that the temporary decline of the MVC force was not accompanied by atrophy of the muscle. Furthermore the decline of the MVC was caused both by the deterioration of peripheral and central functions in the neuromuscular system. Possible factors in the peripheral and central neuromuscular systems affected by the immobilization were discussed.
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We evaluated motor unit (MU) fatigue in the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) using the collision principle. Eight healthy men exerted 70% (short-duration fatigue task: SDF task) and 30% (long-duration fatigue task: LDF task) maximum voluntary contraction of isometric abductions in the left FDI until exhausted. Before and after voluntary contractions, the ulnar nerve was stimulated at the wrist and elbow with supramaximal intensity, and a pair of M-waves was obtained. Fatiguerelated changes were studied in mean power frequency (MPF), averaged rectified value (ARV) calculated from surface EMG, and motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) and distribution of motor nerve conduction velocity (DMCV) calculated from M-waves. The MPF of voluntary EMG decreased, whereas ARV increased significantly during SDF and LDF tasks, indicating fatigue had developed in the FDI. Endurance was significantly shorter in the SDF task than in the LDF task (p<0.01), whereas differences between tasks were not seen in MPF and ARV changes. Tasks did not affect MCV, but lower components in DMCV increased for both tasks. Increased lower components were larger in the LDF task than in the SDF task. The shift in DMCV indicated that fatigued MUs stopped activity and enduring MUs, which had lower axon conduction velocity, were activated selectively. These results suggest that the collision principle is applicable in evaluating motor unit fatigability.