Current status and perspective in the diagnosis and treatment of fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Fumarate hydratasedeficient renal cell carcinoma(FH-RCC)is s a rare and highly aggressive and metastatic form of renal cell carcinoma. Clinical diagnosis is relatively challenging, and there is a lack of recognized systemic treatment options. Therefore, in clinical practice, it is necessary to have a deeper understanding of this disease and fully integrate family history, imaging findings, and pathological manifestations for clinical identification, and genetic testing shoule be conducted when necessary. Improved patient prognosis can be achieved through the selection of appropriate curative surgery or systemic treatment strategies.

LDHA inhibitor combined with targeted drugs synergistically inhibit the proliferation of fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma cells / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To explore the therapeutic effects of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) inhibitor and targeted drugs on fumarate-hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma (FH-d RCC). 【Methods】 RNA-sequencing was used to detect the mRNA expression in FH-d RCC tissues, which was further validated with real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Human-derived FH-d RCC cell line UOK262 and murine-derived FH-d RCC cell line FH1-/-CL19 (CL19) were treated with LDHA inhibitor [(R)-GNE-140] and listed kidney cancer targeted drugs (Axitinib, Cabozantinib, Sunitinib, Sorafenib, Pazopanib, Everolimus) respectively, and then treated with LHDA inhibitor in combination with the targeted drugs to observe the alteration of cell proliferation. The combination index (CI) of different dose groups of the combination drugs were analyzed with CompuSyn software to determine the optimal combination regimen. 【Results】 LDHA inhibitor and targeted drugs, including Cabozantinib, Sorafenib and Sunitinib, had a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation of FH-d RCC cells, and the combination of Cabozantinib and Sorafenib or Pazopanib had a significant anti-tumor effect. 【Conclusion】 LDHA inhibitor combined with targeted drugs can significantly inhibit the growth of FH-d RCC cells, indicating that LDHA may be a potential therapeutic target of FH-d RCC.

Indian prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia demystified by applying Dutch lipid clinic network criteria

Background:Dyslipidemia is a growing problem in India, with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) being an under diagnosed and under treated cause of the same. FH is a common genetic disorder associated with high LDL cholesterol, leading to premature CAD and peripheralvascular diseases. The prevalence of FH is 1 in 250 individuals. True global prevalence of FH is underestimated. The prevalence of FH in Indian population is still unknown. Methods:A total 4000 patients who had tested their lipid profile at Max hospital, between Aug 2017-Aug 2019 were screened. Out of these we found 530 patients with LDL cholesterol ?155 mg/dl. Amongst these, 90 patients consented for clinic visit and examination, and thus enrolled and assessed for FH using the Dutch lipid clinic network (DLCN) criteria. Based on scores, patients were diagnosed as definite, probable, possible, or no FH. Other risk factors known to cause dyslipidemia such as smoking, diabetes mellitus and hypertension were excluded.Results:In a general population of 4000 patients, 4 individuals were detected with definite FH, showing a prevalence of 1 in 1000 (0.1%). Out of the enrolled 90 patients with high LDL cholesterol, 4 (4.44%) were diagnosed as definite, 14 (15.56%) as probable, 33 (36.67%) as possible, and 39 (43.33%) as unlikely FH.Conclusions:Prevalence of FH appears to be much higher among Indians with high LDL cholesterol. Therefore, it should not be ignored in individuals with high LDL cholesterol. To detect patients with FH, routine screening with simple DLCN criteria may be effectively used

Shortcomings on genetic testing of Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in India: Can we collaborate to establish Indian FH registry?

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common autosomal dominant disorder that affects ∼1 in 250–500 individuals globally. The only prevalence study in India shows FH in 15% of patients with premature CAD in North Indians. There are only 6 genetic studies in India of the total mutations, 32% are LDLR mutations, 4% are ApoB, 2% are PCSK9 mutations and the mutational spectrum for 37% is unknown. This calls for widespread genetic screening which could help identify definite FH patients. European Atherosclerosis Society-Familial Hypercholesterolemia Studies Collaboration (EAS- FHSC) has taken an initiative to develop a worldwide registry of FH. India is also a part of the collaboration and 3 groups from Mumbai, Delhi and Chennai are actively contributing to this registry. We believe this review might help to understand the Indian scenario of FH and investigators across India can contribute in managing FH in India and further help in the detection, diagnosis and treatment.

Comparison of anxiety susceptibility between FH/Wjd rats and SD rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim With SD rats as control, to observe the anxiety susceptibility of FH/Wjd rats. Methods The anxiety behavior of 3-month-old SD rats and age-matched FH/Wjd rats were evaluated by elevated plus-maze test and open field test. The contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and its metabolite from the cortex were detected by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, and the metabolic ratios of DA and 5-HT were calculated. The activities of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO), the contents of corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were detected by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay in cortex. The expression of COMT was detected by polymerase chain reaction. The expression of all genes hippocampus was detected by mRNA-seq. Results As compared with SD rats, in FH/Wjd rats, the closed arms' distance and the total distance were significandy higher in elevated plus-maze; the central distance was significantly shorter, and the total distance was significantly longer in open field. The contents of DA,5-HT and DOPAC in cortex were significantly lower, and there was no significant difference in HVA and 5-HIAA. The ratio of HVA/DA and 5-HIAA/5-HT, the activity of COMT and MAO, the level of CORT and ACTH, the mRNA expression of COMTwere all higher. The differential genes of FH/Wjd rats and SD rats were mainly enriched in the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway. Conclusions Compared with SD rats, FH/Wjd rats have lower DA and 5-HT contents, hypermetabolism, hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, abnormal expression of COMT and gene encoding neuropsychiatric system. Therefore, FH/Wjd rats have obvious anxiety characteristics.

Curcumin Elevates T(FH) Cells and Germinal Center B Cell Response for Antibody Production in Mice

Curcumin is a natural product extracted from Curcuma longa. It has been reported as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound. Previous studies have demonstrated that curcumin suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine production via inhibition of NF-κB in macrophages. However, its role in adaptive immune cells such as T cells, in vivo, has not clearly been elucidated. Here, we examined the effects of curcumin in T follicular helper (T(FH)) cells and on Ab production during NP-ovalbumin immunization in mice. The results revealed that curcumin administered daily significantly increased CXCR5⁺B-cell lymphoma 6⁺ T(FH) cells and CD95⁺GL-7⁺ germinal center (GC) B cells in draining lymph nodes. In addition, curcumin treatment in mice induced total Ab production as well as high affinity IgG1 and IgG2b Ab production. Collectively, these results suggest that curcumin has positive regulatory roles in T(FH) cell functions and GC responses. Thus, this could be an advantageous supplement to enhance humoral immunity against infectious diseases and cancer.

Comparative observation on drinking behavior of FH/Wjd rats and SD rats with different liquors / 中国药理学通报

Aim: To observe the preferences and drinking behavior characteristics of congenital alcoholism in (FH/Wjd) rats and SD rats. Methods: Both FH/Wjd rats and SD rats were fed with free access to two bottles (liquor A, liquor B, 53% alcohol and water). The intake of liquor and water and their preference, the difference in day and night intake of each liquor, and the variation of ethanol and water intake and the preference after depriving were compared between FH/Wjd rats and SD rats. Results: The rate of preference for liquor A was significantly higher than liquor B and 53% alcohol in FH/Wjd rats; however, the rate of preference for liquor B was significantly higher than that for liquor A and 53% alcohol, and the liquor A was higher than 53% alcohol in SD rats. It was found that the longer the drinking time, the more of alcohol consumption and the higher preference for each liquor in both FH/Wjd rats and SD rats. In addition, the drinking behavior of FH/Wjd rats and SD rats for each liquor showed a significant difference between day and night, with robust ethanol deprivation effect. Conclusions: SD rats can be forced to drink for short time, and prefer liquor B. However, FH/Wjd rats prefer liquor A. Both SD rats and FH/Wjd rats have the characteristics that the longer the drinking time, the more of alcohol consumption and the higher of preference. Obvious difference exists between day and night; the more alcohol consumption and higher rate of preference after deprivation appear in both SD rats and FH/Wjd rats.

Effect of Fth1 gene on biological characteristics and MRI feature of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To observe the effect ferritin reporter gene Fth1 labeling on biological characteristics and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro. Methods Rat MSCs were isolated and cultured by plastic adherence method, and the lentiviral vectors carrying the ferritin heavy chain gene Fth\ were constructed to transfect the 4th passage MSCs transfected with Fth1, and theMSCs were cultured in the medium added with 1mol/L ferric citrate. Prussian blue staining was used to evaluate the iron uptake ability of the transfected MSCs, trypan blue staining was used to evaluate cell viability, and CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate the proliferation activity of transfected MSCs. The MRI signal differences between transfected MSCs and normal MSCs wereobserved by MRI FSE T2WI and SWAN sequence. Results MSCs were successfully transfected with Fthl gene, with the Prussian blue staining efficiency being 87%. For transfected MSCs without ferric citrate medium, the cell survival ratewas (92. 17 ± 1. 91) % and absorbance (D) value was 1. 094.23± 0. 068, which were not significantly different from those of the normal MSCs ([94. 23 ± 2. 42]% and 1. 027 ± 0. 122, P>0. 05). For transfected MSCs treated with ferric citrate medium for 3 days, the cell survival rate was (77. 47 ± 4. 10) % and D value was 0. 493±0.024, which were significantly different from those without ferric citrate treatment (P>0. 05). The signal strength of MRI FSE T2WI and SWAN sequence for transfected MSCs treated with ferric citratemedium was 656. 6 ±18.2, which was significantly different from without ferric citrate treatment and the normal MSCs (807. 3 ± 17. 1 and 847. 1 ± 10. 5, P>0. 05); and difference between without ferric citrate treatment and the normal MSCs was not statistically significant (P> 0. 05). Conclusion MSCs can be successfully transfected with Fh1 reporter gene, and the transfected MSCs can efficiently overexpress and uptake iron. The cell viability and proliferation is not affected in ferric citrate free medium, but is affected when iron concentration is 1 mol/L. MRI can detect in vitro labeled MSCs after incubated in ferric citrate medium for 5 days, with FSE T2WI and SWAN sequences showing low signal intensity.

Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma.

Fibrous histiocytomas (FHs) are mesenchymal tumors that may be benign or malignant. Ocular involvement by FHs is infrequent and primarily limited to the orbit. Rarely, FHs can also involve the conjunctiva and perilimbal area. We report the case of a 38‑year‑old male with lid, conjunctival, and neck FHs. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology.

Exploration of a FH/Wjd rat model of alcoholic liver disease / 中国实验动物学报

Objective To investigate the FH/Wjd rat model of alcoholic liver disease.Methods Thirty-six 16-18 week old SPF grade FH/Wjd rats (male:female=1:1) were used in this study.The rats were divided into two groups randomly by body weight:water intake group and alcohol intake group.The rats took water or alcohol freely.16 weeks lat-er, ALT, AST, TBIL, TG, CHO in the serum and TG, GSH in the liver homogenate were detected.The expression of PPARαprotein in the liver tissue was detected by Western blot.The apoptosis rate of liver cells was assessed by flow cy-tometry.The pathological changes of liver tissue were examined using HE staining.Results Compared with the water in-take group, the serum TBIL and TG were significantly increased in rats of both sexes of the alcohol intake group, moreover, ALT and CHO of the female rats in the alcohol intake group were significantly decreased.TG in the liver homogenate in-creased obviously, while GSH in the liver homogenate showed a decreasing tendency.Hepatocyte apoptosis in rats of both sexes in the alcohol intake group showed an increasing tendency.The PPARαprotein expression was up-regulated obvious-ly, and the main pathological change in the liver tissue was microvesicular fatty degeneration.Conclusion Spontaneous long-term alcohol intake can induce liver injuries in FH/Wjd rats.

Comparison on in vitro dissolution behavior of notoginsenoside R1, ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 between ordinary fine and ultrafine powder of Panax notoginseng / 中草药

Objective: To compare the dissolution behavior of notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 between the ordinary fine and ultrafine powder of Panax notoginseng and to investigate the effect of micronization on the dissolution of saponin ingredients in P. notoginseng. Methods: The oar method was adopted. The in vitro dissolution of the three kinds of saponins including notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 in different particle sizes was determined by HPLC. The dissolving rates of the powder in various particle sizes were compared. Results: The dissolving rates of the three kinds of saponins were greatly increased after ultramicro-pulverization. Conclusion: The ultramicro-pulverization is helpful to the dissolution of saponins in P. notoginseng pieces, and the particle size of the powder exerts the great influence on the dissolution of the three kinds of saponins.

Antibacterial efficacy of Nisin, Pediocin 34 and Enterocin FH99 against Listeria monocytogenes and cross resistance of its bacteriocin resistant variants to common food preservatives

Antilisterial efficiency of three bacteriocins, viz, Nisin, Pediocin 34 and Enterocin FH99 was tested individually and in combination against Listeria mononcytogenes ATCC 53135. A greater antibacterial effect was observed when the bacteriocins were combined in pairs, indicating that the use of more than one LAB bacteriocin in combination have a higher antibacterial action than when used individually. Variants of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 53135 resistant to Nisin, Pediocin 34 and Enterocin FH99 were developed. Bacteriocin cross-resistance of wild type and their corresponding resistant variants were assessed and results showed that resistance to a bacteriocin may extend to other bacteriocins within the same class. Resistance to Pediocin 34 conferred cross resistance to Enterocin FH 99 but not to Nisin. Similarly resistance to Enterocin FH99 conferred cross resistance to Pediocin 34 but not to Nisin. Also, the sensitivity of Nisin, Pediocin 34 and Enterocin FH99 resistant variants of Listeria monocytogenes to low pH, salt, sodium nitrite, and potassium sorbate was assayed in broth and compared to the parental wild-type strain. The Nisin, Pediocin 34 and Enterocin FH99 resistant variants did not have intrinsic resistance to low pH, sodium chloride, potassium sorbate, or sodium nitrite. In no case were the bacteriocin resistant Listeria monocytogenes variants examined were more resistant to inhibitors than the parental strains.

A determination of occlusal plane comparing different levels of the tragus to form ala-tragal line or Camper's line: A photographic study

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine accurately the part of the tragus to be used to form the Ala-Tragal line or Camper's line in orthognathic profile patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 150 dentate subjects with age of 18-40 years with orthognathic profile were sampled. Life-size lateral digital photographs of the face with fox plane were taken in natural head position. Different angles between Eye-Ear plane and occlusal plane (OT1-OP), Eye-Ear plane and ala-superior border of tragus (OT1-AT1), Eye-Ear plane and ala-middle border of tragus (OT1-AT2) and Eye-Ear plane and ala-inferior border of tragus (OT1-AT3) were calculated using computer software package, AutoCAD 2004. From the three angles formed by the Eye-ear plane (OT1 or FH plane) and the ala-tragal lines, the one closest to the angle formed between Eye-Ear plane (OT1) and occlusal plane (OP) was used to determine the occlusal plane of orientation. The obtained results were subjected to ANOVA F test, Tukey's Honestly significant difference test, followed by Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation test. P values of less than 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean of base line angle i.e. OT1-OP angle (11.96 +/- 4.36) was found to be close to OT1-AT2 angle (13.67 +/- 1.93) and OT1-AT3 angle (10.31 +/- 2.03), but OT1-OP angle was found to be more closer to OT1-AT3 angle. Comparison of mean angles showed that OT1-OP angle in both males (11.68) and females (12.51) is close to OT1-AT3 angle (males- 11.01, females- 11.95). CONCLUSION: The line joining from ala to the lower border of the tragus was parallel to the occlusal plane in 53.3% of the subjects. There was no influence of the sex on the level of occlusal plane.

A study of sagittal condylar inclination and occlusal plane inclination of two semiadjustablearticulators with different reference plane / 대한치과보철학회지

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM & PURPOSE: Articulators are very important for education and overall clinical situation in the field of prosthodontics, however preexisting articulators are designed and built based on maxillofacial structures and mean values of mandibular movement of Western people. Purpose of this research is to find out a adequate basis for applicating these articulators, presently used for clinical education, for Korean. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 59 Korean adults (41 males, 18 females), aged between 24 to 41, where selected for this study. Two pairs of both maxillary and mandibular models were made for each examinee. These models where attached to both KaVo PROTARevo 7 and Hanau Modular semiadjustable articulators by using facebow transfer, than sagittal condylar inclination, occlusal plane inclination and position of mandibular on the articulator where measured. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: 1. Mean sagittal condylar inclination for KaVo PROTAR semiadjustable articulator was 33.75degree (standard deviation 12.46degree) meanwhile Hanau Modular semiadjustable articulator showed 40.72degree (standard deviation 12.09degree) for mean sagittal condylar inclination. 2. Mean occlusal plane inclination for KaVo PROTAR semiadjustable articulator was -2.76degree (standard deviation 3.63degree) meanwhile Hanau Modular semiadjustable articulator showed 11.87degree (standard deviation 3.63degree) for mean occlusal plane inclination. 3. On the average center of the mandibular dentition were in the range of 5 to 7 mm of the central position of the articulator. Both anterior and posterior dentition were positioned at the center of the articulator vernacularly for KaVo PROTAR semiadjustable articulators, meantime for Hanau Modular semiadjustable articulator, anterior dentition was positioned 5 mm downwards and 3mm upwards for posterior dentition from vertically central position of the articulator.

Identification of known mutation in LDL receptor gene underlying severe FH phenotype in Thai patient: A case report.

Objective: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is associated with atherosclerosis coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study is to identify a mutation in the LDL receptor gene that underlined the FH phenotype in a female patient and her family. Methods: The LDL receptor gene was screened by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), direct DNA sequencing and was subsequently confirmed by PCR-RFLP. Results: The screening of the entire LDL receptor gene revealed a 5’ donor splice site mutation of the first base of intron 3, i.e., 313+1G T mutation in one allele. This mutation was previously reported in a Danish patient with severe hypercholesterolemia. Conclusions: This case report illustrates the use of DNA diagnosis of a female heterozygous FH case and her family members, which is more accurate than clinical diagnosis especially when clinical phenotype is variable or when the individual who is at high risk is still a normolipidemic at his/ her young age. DNA diagnosis is now used as a tool to find or diagnose FH. Accurate and/or early diagnosis is important for prevention and treatment of FH patients in order to avoid the development of CAD in these patients.

A study on horizontal reference planes in lateral cephalogram in Korean children / 대한치과교정학회지

Various types of horizontal reference planes are used for diagnosis, treatment planning and evaluation of treatment results. But these reference planes lack accuracy and repro- ducibility, and are mainly for Caucasian. Unlike the adult patients who have completed growth, the horizontal reference planes for growing children may change continuously during growth, Therefore this must be considered in selecting the horizontal reference plane. The purpose of this study was to investigate the angle formed by the Sella-Nasion(SN) plane and Frankfort-Horizontal(FH) plane and evaluate the angle formed by FH plane and other horizontal reference planes in relation to different skeletal maturity and malocclusion types. 540 subjects with no orthodontic treatment history were chosen, and hand wrist X-rays and lateral cephalometric X-rays were taken, According to SMA(Skeletal maturity Assessment)of hand -wrist X-rays, the subjects were classified into 3 skeletal maturity groups ; SMI 1-2 for group A, SMI 5-7 for group B and SMI 8-11 for group C. A second classification was made according to cephalometric analysis of lateral cephalograms. The subjects were classified into 3 malocclusion group ; Skeletal Class I,II and III malocclusion group. 10 measurements were evaluated. The results were as follow. 1. The angle formed by the SN plane and FH plane showed no difference among skeletal maturity groups, malocclusion groups, and between sexes. 2. The angles formed by the SN plane and FH plane were 8.27degrees+/-2.31degrees for males and 8.59degrees+/-2.24degrees for females. The average value for females and males was 8.42degrees+/-2.28degrees. 3. The angle formed by the FH plane and palatal plane was almost constant showing no difference among skeletal maturity groups, malocclusion groups, and between sexes( 1.0 9degrees+/- 3.21degrees).

The angulation and inclination of individual tooth to FH plane in normal occlusion / 대한치과교정학회지

The purpose of this study was to obtain the angulation and inclination of FACC of all teeth to FH plane. Study models of 31 persons with normal occlusion were selected and mounted on the semiadjustable articulator for this study. Using TARG. with a little modified method, the angulation and inclination of FACC of all teeth to FH plane were measured and then the measurements were analyzed statistically. The obtained results were as follows. Mean, standard deviation, maximum value, and minimum value of the angulation and inclination of FACC of upper and lower teeth were obtained. The FACC in both upper and lower arch was progressively lingually-inclined from anterior teeth to posterior teeth. In the angulations of FACC of upper teeth, central and lateral incisor showed similar value. Yet, the FACC of the rest was progressively distally-angulated -from the canine to posterior teeth. The FACC in lower arch was progressively mesially-angulated from anterior teeth to posterior teeth. The angulation and inclination of FACC of any tooth in both upper and lower teeth correlated strongly and positively with the angulation and inclination of FACC of adjacent tooth.

A study on horizontal reference planes in lateral cephalogram in Korean adults / 대한치과교정학회지

The purpose of this study was to investigate the angle formed by the Sella-Nasion(SN) plane and Frankort-Horizontal(FH) plane and evaluate the correlation and difference of the FH plane to other horizontal reference planes. Through this study we hope to present a basis for selecting a horizontal reference plane which can be implemented in cephalometric studies and in surgical orthodontic treatment planning. 600 subjects were chosen following a clinical examination and lateral cephlometric X-rays were taken. According to cephalometric analysis the subjects were classified into 3 groups; Skeletal Class I malocclusion or normal occlusion group(male 50, female 50), Skeletal Class II malocclusion group(male 50, female 65) and Skeletal Class III malocclusion group(male 50, female 50). The results were as follows. 1. The angle formed by the SN plane and FH plane showed no difference among the malocclusion groups, but there was a significant sex difference. For males the angle measured was 7.47degrees+/-2.40degrees whereas for females it was 8.93degrees+/-2.72degrees. 2. The angle formed by the SN plane or FH plane and Mandibular plane was higher in females for all malocclusion groups. This angle in the Skeletal Class I malocclusion group was 1 awer than in the other two groups. 3. There was no difference among the sexes or malocclusion groups con ,idering the angle formed by the FH plane and Palatal plane. 4. The gonial angle in the Skeletal Class III malocclusion group was higher than in the Skeletal Class I and Class II malocclusion groups- in both sexes.

Genetic cloning and sequence analysis of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase in Panax notoginseng / 中草药

Objective To clone and sequence the cDNA encoding farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase(FPS) from Panax notoginseng.Methods The cDNA,encoding FPS in P.notoginseng,was amplified by RACE strategy with the total RNA of root as the template.The fragment of FPS was cloned and sequenced.Results The analysis results revealed that the full-length cDNA had(1 409) bp with an open reading frame encoding 343 amino acids of protein.The FPS sequence had 95%,87%,and 86% amino acid sequence homology to the FPS sequence of Centella asiatica,Parthenium argentatum,and Artemisia annua,respectively. Conclusion The cDNA encoding FPS from P. notoginseng is cloned and reported.This works provide a foundation for exploring the mechanism of saponins biosynthesis and application to the other medical plants.

Dynamic studies on physiological and biochemical changes during fruit development of Panax notoginseng / 中草药

Objective The physiological and biochemical changes were studied during the Panax notoginseng′s fruit development.Methods Dynamic changes of fruits size,fresh and dry weight,moisture content and soluble sugar,starch and protein contents were investigated.Results The moisture content was increased first and then dropped to 73.37% at maturity.The fresh and dry weight,starch and protein contents of P.notoginseng′s fruits were increased with the fruit development.The soluble sugar content was raised first,then decreased,and increased slightly at the lateral stage of fruit development.Conclusion The P.notoginseng′s fruits are mature at 80 d after peak anthesis;the decrease of moisture content is companied with the gradual increasing of fruit fresh and dry weight during the fruit development.The storage and utilization of nutrients in P.notoginseng′s fruits are closely related with the fruit development.