Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): An update of the literature and instrumental study with schoolchildren

Introduction: Considering the current controversy regarding the factorial structure of the SDQ, this paper aimed to analyse the dimensionality and reliability of the parents' version for children from 4 to 16 years of age, and to present descriptive data according to sociodemographic variables. Method: The factor structure of the original five- and three-factor models, and the reliability of the SDQ were examined among a sample of 621 parents of Uruguayan children between 7 and 12 years of age (52% girls) from different socioeconomic levels. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses did not provide support for the five- and three-factor models. Data adjusted to three factors (prosociality, externalising symptoms, internalising symptoms) in an exploratory analysis with adequate reliability indices. Conclusions: The results of this study show the relevance of continued investigation of the SDQ internal structure, and further analysis of the behaviour of several of its items.

Introducción: Considerando la controversia vigente respecto a la estructura factorial del SDQ, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar la validez de constructo y fiabilidad de la versión para padres de niños de 4 a 16 años y presentar datos descriptivos según variables sociodemográficas. Método: Se examinó la estructura factorial de los modelos originales de cinco y tres factores y la fiabilidad del SDQ en una muestra de 621 padres de niños uruguayos entre 7 y 12 años (52 % niñas) de distintos niveles socioeconómicos. Resultados: Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios no pudieron dar apoyo a los modelos de cinco y tres factores. Los datos se ajustaron a tres factores (prosocialidad, síntomas externalizantes y síntomas internalizantes) en un análisis exploratorio con adecuados índices de fiabilidad. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio muestran la pertinencia de continuar investigando la estructura interna del SDQ y analizar con mayor profundidad el comportamiento de algunos de sus ítems.

Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la Escala verbal de fusión de identidad en una muestra chilena / Confirmatory factor analysis of the Verbal Identity Fusion Scale in a Chilean sample

Resumen La fusión de identidad consiste en un sentimiento de unión con un grupo, en el que el individuo experimenta una mezcla entre su identidad personal y la social; y es un buen predictor de la conducta extrema progrupo. El presente estudio analizó la estructura factorial de la Escala verbal de fusión de identidad elaborada por Gómez et al. (2011), en una muestra chilena. Se utilizó una muestra universitaria seleccionada por conveniencia de 411 participantes (66% mujeres) con una edad media de 24.45 años (DT = 5.89). Se analizó el ajuste unifactorial y bifactorial de la Escala a través del análisis factorial, y las respectivas confiabilidades. Los resultados indicaron un buen y mejor ajuste del modelo bifactorial (χ 2/gl = 3.34, p < .001, CFI = .975, TLI = .957, SRMR = .030, y RMSEA = .085), por sobre el unifactorial, que no mostró un buen ajuste (χ 2/gl = 5.26, p < .001, CFI = .946, TLI = .919, SRMR = .042, y RMSEA = .116). Ambos modelos contaron con altas confiabilidades (> .800). Se discutió sobre el mejor ajuste de la estructura bifactorial en relación con estudios realizados en Estados Unidos, España y población inmigrante en Chile. Se proyecta la necesidad de futuros estudios que incorporen otros análisis de validez y superen la limitación del presente estudio asociada al uso de una muestra no representativa.

Abstract Identity fusion consists in a form alignment with a group and is a significant predictor of extreme pro-group behavior. The present study analyzed the factor structure of the verbal scale of identity fusion developed by Gómez et al. (2011), in a Chilean sample. A Chilean university sample by convenience of 411 participants (66% women) with a mean age of 24.45 years (SD = 5.89) was used. One-factor and two-factor fit of the scale was analyzed through factor analysis, and the respective reliabilities. The results indicated a good and better fit of the two-factor (χ2/gl = 3.34, p < .001, CFI = .975, TLI = .957, SRMR = .030, and RMSEA = .085), than the one-factor model, which did not show a good fit (χ2/gl = 5.26, p < .001, CFI = .946, TLI = .919, SRMR = .042, and RMSEA = .116). Both models had high reliabilities (> .800). The better fit of the two-factor structure was discussed in relation to studies conducted in the United States, Spain, and an immigrant population in Chile. The need for future studies incorporating other validity analyses and overcoming the limitation of the present study associated with the use of a non-representative sample is projected.

Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire: Persian versions of the RTQ-31 and RTQ-10

Abstract Introduction: Repetitive thinking as a transdiagnostic factor plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of emotional disorders. Two versions of the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire (RTQ-31 and RTQ-10) are the best-known measures used for assessing repetitive thinking in clinical and non-clinical samples. The present study was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties and factor structure of Persian versions of them. Methods: Participants were 592 students assessed with the RTQ-31, the RTQ-10, the Ruminative Response Scale, the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory-second edition, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to determine construct validity. Results: The findings showed that the RTQ-31 and the RTQ-10 demonstrated excellent internal consistency and good test-retest reliability (α = 0.946: r = 0.844) and (α = 0.903: r = 0.776) respectively. Also, five items from the original version were omitted due to inadequate factor loadings. This study showed that the resulting 26-item version has a two-factor structure, while the short version has a one-dimensional structure. Finally, it was found that repetitive thinking has a positive and powerful relationship with other measures of rumination and with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusion: Persian versions of the RTQ have good factor structures and psychometric properties and can be used in clinical populations and related studies.

Construção e validação da escala multifatorial de atração por eventos mórbidos / Construction and Validation of Attraction for Morbid Events Multifactor Scale

Resumo Objetivo. Este estudo buscou construir e validar a Escala Multifatorial de Atração por Eventos Mórbidos (AMAEM). Método. Do primeiro estudo participaram 252 pessoas da população geral, as quais responderam à EMAEM e a perguntas sociodemográficas. A análise de componentes principais indicou uma estrutura de cinco fatores. No segundo estudo, a amostra foi de 609 pessoas da população geral brasileira, as quais a escala de personalidade e a escala de busca de sensações. Resultado. A análise fatorial confirmatória apoaiou a adequação do modelo de cinco fatores. Adicionalmente, demonstrou ainda que os fatores da EMAEM podem contribuir com a compreensão de características da personalidade e sua associação com o engajamento em comportamentos antissociais.

Abstract Objective. This study aimed to construct and validate the Attraction for Morbid Events Multifactor Scale (EMAEM). Method. Two empiric studies were conducted. 252 people from the general population participated in the first study, in which a main component analysis was conducted to attest the factor structure of EMAEM. In this study, the five-factor model was most suitable. In the second study, the participants were 609 people from the general population that answered personality and antisocial behavior scales, besides EMAEM. Results. Confirmatory Factor Analysis shows the suitability of the five-factor model. Moreover, the EMAEM scale can provide aids to a better understanding of personality traits associated with engaging in risky behavior.

Psychometric properties and factorial invariance of the satisfaction with life scale in Latino immigrants in Chile, Spain, and United States / Propiedades psicométricas e invarianza factorial de la escala de satisfacción con la vida en inmigrantes latinos en Chile, España y EEUU

Abstract: Background: Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is the most widely used instrument to assess subjective well-being in different populations. Aim: The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the psychometric properties and the factorial invariance of the SWLS in Latino immigrants living in Chile, Spain, and the United States. Method: A total of 663 participants over the age of 18 and who have lived in the host country for more than a year participated. Results: The results provide evidence of good internal consistency through Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega. Also, there is evidence for the unifactorial structure of the instrument through confirmatory factor analysis and its invariance at the configural, metric, and scalar. Conclusions: It is concluded that SWLS is an invariant and reliable measure to study life satisfaction in Latino immigrants in western countries.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) es el instrumento más utilizado para evaluar el bienestar subjetivo en distintas poblaciones. Objetivo: El propósito de la presente investigación fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas y la invarianza factorial de la SWLS en inmigrantes latinos que viven en Chile, España y EEUU. Método: Participaron un total de 663 inmigrantes latinos mayores de 18 años y que llevan más de un año viviendo en el país de acogida. Resultados: Los resultados entregan evidencia de una buena consistencia interna a través del alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald, también se provee soporte a la estructura unifactorial del instrumento mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio y finalmente se prueba que la escala es invariante a nivel configural, métrico y escalar. Conclusión: Se concluye que la SWLS es una medida invariante y fiable para estudiar la satisfacción con la vida en inmigrantes latinos en países occidentales.

Validación del inventario de pensamientos negativos en respuesta al dolor en población argentina con cefaleas primarias / Validation of the inventory of negative thoughts in response to pain in the argentine population with primary headaches

Resumen: Procesos cognitivos tales como pensamientos negativos son importantes moduladores de la experiencia de dolor. El Inventario de Pensamientos Negativos en Respuesta al Dolor (INTRP) es una herramienta que permite evaluar los pensamientos automáticos negativos asociados a la experiencia dolorosa. El presente trabajo se enfoca en la validación del INTRP en población argentina. Se testearon varios modelos previos, llegando al mejor ajuste el modelo de cinco factores: 1) autoverbalizaciones negativas, 2) pensamientos negativos de apoyo social, 3) pensamientos de discapacidad, 5) pensamientos de falta de control y 5) pensamientos de autoinculpación. Este modelo posee la misma estructura factorial que la hallada en la versión española, el cual posee un nivel mayor de especificidad en la detección de cogniciones asociadas al dolor. Se puede concluir que el INTRP es una herramienta confiable para su uso en el ámbito clínico que permita enfocar la terapia psicológica de argentinos con cefaleas.

Abstract: Cognitive processes such as negative thoughts are important modulators of the pain experience. The Inventory of Negative Thoughts in Response to Pain (INTRP) is a tool that allows evaluating negative automatic thoughts associated with the painful experience. The present work focuses on the validation of the INTRP in the Argentine population. Several previous models were tested, reaching the best fit of the five-factor model: 1) negative self-verbalizations, 2) negative thoughts of social support, 3) thoughts of disability, 5) thoughts of lack of control and 5) thoughts of self-blame. This model has the same factor structure as that found in the Spanish version, which has a higher level of specificity in detecting cognitions associated with pain. It can be concluded that the INTRP is a reliable tool for use in the clinical setting that allows to focus the psychological therapy of Argentines with headaches.

La estructura factorial de la Escala hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión en pacientes adolescentes con enfermedad crónica / Factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in adolescent patients with chronic disease

Introducción. La Escala hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS) es un instrumento de pesquisa, utilizado para evaluar sintomatología emocional en diferentes poblacionesy patologías médicas. Este estudio analiza las propiedades psicométricas y la estructura factorial de la HADS en adolescentes con enfermedad crónica y las diferencias en función de la patología médica. Método. La HADS fue administrada a una muestra de 302 adolescentes con enfermedad crónica. Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios con una submuestra de 100 adolescentes y análisis factoriales confirmatorios con el resto de los participantes (202) para analizar la validez y fiabilidad de la HADS (14 ítems); además se calculó el análisis de la varianza de un factor para analizar las diferencias entre patologías. Resultados. Pacientes de 12 a 16 años de edad, con una distribución similar por género; el 43 % padecía enfermedades respiratorias, y el 47 %, endocrinológicas. La estructura original de dos factores (ansiedad y depresión) fue la que mostró buenos índices de ajuste e incorporó un factor de 2° orden (malestar emocional). Tres de los ítems originales de la escala fueron eliminados; se obtuvo, finalmente, una nueva versión de 11 ítems. Esta mostró adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y se observaron diferencias entre pacientes con diabetes mellitus 1 y con patología respiratoria, pero no en talla baja, en el factor de depresión. Conclusiones. Esta escala presenta una adecuada fiabilidad y validez en pacientes con enfermedad crónica pediátrica y resulta útil para la detección temprana de clínica ansioso-depresiva en el ámbito sanitario.

Introduction. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a screening instrument that assesses emotional symptoms in different populations and medical conditions.This study analyzes the psychometric properties and factor structure of the HADS in adolescents with chronic disease and the differences based on their medical condition. Method. The HADS was administered to a sample of 302 adolescents with chronic disease. Exploratory factor analyses were done in a sub-sample of 100 adolescents, while confirmatory factor analyses were performed in the rest of participants (202) to examine the validity and reliability of the HADS (14 items); an analysis of variance for a single factor was also done to study differences among diseases.Results. Patients were aged 12-16 years, with a similar sex ratio; 43 % had respiratory diseases and 47 %, endocrine disorders. The original two-factor structure (anxiety and depression) showed adequate fit indices and incorporated a second-order factor (emotional distress). Three of the original items were removed, thus obtaining a new 11-item version. This showed adequate psychometric properties, and differences were observed between patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and those with respiratory disease, but not in terms of short stature, in the depression factor.Conclusions. The HADS displays an adequate reliability and validity in pediatric patients with chronic disease and is useful for the early detection of anxiety and depression in the health care setting

Medición del burnout: Estructura factorial, validez y confiabilidad en trabajadores argentinos / Measurement of burnout: Factor structure, validity and reliability in Argentinean

El burnout representa uno de los daños de carácter laboral y psicosocial más importantes en el mundo actual. En el presente trabajo se analiza la estructura factorial, la validez y la confiabilidad de una medida de burnout en Argentina, compuesta por las escalas del Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) y la subescala de despersonalzación correspondiente al Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services. Se utilizó una muestra de 1903 trabajadores del sector público, privado y organizaciones sin fines de lucro. Para evaluar la estructura interna se pusieron a prueba un total de seis modelos. Los resultados obtenidos por medio de análisis factorial confirmatorio, indican que un modelo de dos factores correlacionados, compuesto por las dimensiones corazón del burnout (agotamiento y cinismo), es el que posee un mejor ajuste a los datos. Por su parte, los análisis de confiabilidad evidenciaron una consistencia interna aceptable, como así también una adecuada fiabilidad de constructo para los factores. Finalmente, se obtuvieron correlaciones significativas y en la dirección esperada entre los factores del burnout y medidas de engagement y afecto, proporcionando así evidencia externa de validez concurrente para los puntajes de la escala. Globalmente, los resultados son satisfactorios y avalan el uso del MBI-GS en el contexto argentino, aunque se requiere de nuevos estudios que examinen otras propiedades psicométricas relevantes. Se discuten las implicaciones de este trabajo para la evaluación y la investigación sobre burnout en Argentina.

Over last decades increasing globalization, privatization and liberalization caused significant changes at work, including demands of learning new skills, the need to adopt new types of works, higher pressure of productivity and quality of work, and time pressure, which, in turn, increased rapidly work stress-related phenomenon such as burnout. To date, burnout has become one of the most active research areas in Occupational Health Psychology, spreading attention from researchers, practitioners and policymakers. Despite thousands of investigations on burnout, there is currently an on going debate surrounding its conceptualization and measurement, particularly the dimensions of burnout syndrome. In addition, although several studies have been conducted in Argentina, no study so far has demonstrated adequate psychometric properties of any measure of burnout that supports it use. Consequently, the current study sought to examine the internal structure, validity and reliability of a composite measure of burnout compounded by the three scales from Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and the depersonalization subscale from Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services. A sample of 1903 Argentinean workers from public, private and non-profit sectors participated in the study. To ascertain the more appropriate factor structure of burnout several competing models were tested, specifically: (M1) A one-factor model that assumes burnout as a one-dimensional construct; (M2) A two-factor correlated model with only exhaustion and cynicism (core model); (M3) A two-factor correlated model with exhaustion and cynicism combined into a latent variable and professional inefficacy into another; (M4) A three-factor correlated model with cynicism and depersonalization collapsed into one factor (mental distance), exhaustion and professional inefficacy; (M5) A three-factor correlated model including exhaustion, cynicism and depersonalization; and (M6) A four-factor correlated model with exhaustion, cynicism, depersonalization and professional inefficacy as latent variables. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the two-factor correlated model including the core dimensions of burnout (exhaustion and cynicism) provided the best fit to the data. Reliability analyses demonstrated that both exhaustion and cynicism have good internal consistency and adequate construct reliability, which coefficient value supper .70. As expected, exhaustion and cynicism were significantly and negatively related with engagement and positive affect, and positively related with negative affect, supporting for concurrent validity. Overall, these results are in agreement with recent studies suggesting a more parsimonious conceptualization of burnout that includes only exhaustion and cynicism as more appropriate. We did not find support for professional inefficacy as a component of burnout. Thus, in accordance with some researchers, we suggest that professional inefficacy might be more appropriately conceptualized as a predictor or a consequence -or even both- rather than as a component of burnout. However, due to cross- sectional design used in this study, longitudinal study to test such contention is needed. Furthermore, the current findings support the use of exhaustion and cynicism subscales of MBI-GS for assessing burnout in Argentina, making available a useful tool for practitioners and researchers interested in prevention and treatment of job burnout. Nonetheless, it would be worthwhile to conduct further research in order to examine additional relevant psychometric properties such as test-retest reliability and predictive, convergent and discriminant validity. In addition, it would be important for future research to test the invariance of the two-factor model across different occupations, which might strengthen the findings obtained herein and provide evidence that support the validity of conclusions based on comparison between occupational groups. Finally, future investigation should also investigate the robustness of MBI-GS against social desirability bias.

Reliability and Factor Structure of the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) among Portuguese adults / Confiabilidade e Estrutura Fatorial da Escala de Distress Psicológico de Kessler de 10 itens (K10) entre adultos Portugueses

Abstract The 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) has been presented as a valid measure to assess psychological distress levels in population surveys but its dimensional structure was not consensual. Our main objective was to provide a Portuguese version of the K10 exploring the reliability and factor structure of this measure. This cross-sectional study included 694 adults collected from a web-based survey and in training entities. Results showed that 37.9% of the individuals reported significant distress symptoms. A good internal consistency of the K10 scale (α=.91) and strong inter-item correlation (ranges from .350 to .659) were found in our study but the original one-dimensional structure was not confirmed. A two-factor model considering anxiety and depression as two latent, independent but correlated factors shows a good fit with the data even across two data collection methods. The K10 tool was sensitive to sociodemographic variables. Participants aged 40 or over and belonging to the general working class presented higher distress levels. Our data indicates the Portuguese version of K10 as a reliable tool with a factor structure to assess psychological distress.

Resumo A Escala de Distress Psicológico de Kessler de 10 itens (K10), é apresentada como uma medida válida para avaliar o distress psicológico em pesquisas populacionais, mas a sua estrutura dimensional não é consensual. O objetivo do presente estudo foi providenciar uma versão Portuguesa do K10 explorando a confiabilidade e a estrutura fatorial desta medida. Este estudo transversal incluiu 694 adultos, recrutados através de uma pesquisa via web e em entidades formadoras. Os resultados mostraram que 37,9% dos indivíduos reportaram sintomas de distress significativos. A escala K10 apresentou uma boa consistência interna (α= 0,91) e fortes correlações inter-item (entre 0,35 e 0,66). No entanto, a estrutura unidimensional original não foi confirmada. Um modelo dois fatores considerando a ansiedade e a depressão como dois fatores latentes independentes, mas correlacionados mostrou um bom ajuste mesmo entre os dois métodos de recolha. A ferramenta K10 foi ainda sensível para variáveis sociodemográficas. Participantes com 40 anos ou mais e que pertenciam à classe trabalhadora geral apresentaram maiores níveis de distress psicológico. Os dados obtidos indicaram que a versão Portuguesa do K10 é uma ferramenta confiável com uma estrutura fatorial para avaliar sintomas não específicos de distress.

The Psychometric Properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in a Sample of Korean University Students

OBJECTIVE: Depressive symptoms among university students are a major mental-health issue worldwide, and university students are particularly vulnerable to various stressors that can produce depression. Therefore, accurate and sustainable assessment of depressive symptoms among university students is of special importance. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is one such measure. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PHQ-9 among Korean university students.METHODS: A total sample of 582 university students attending a four-year private university in South Korea was recruited for the study. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were performed to compare the goodness-of-fit of four competing models suggested by extant literature on the PHQ-9. Convergent validity was assessed using a correlation analysis between the PHQ-9 and other psychiatric instruments, including the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7).RESULTS: A one-factor structure of the PHQ-9 provided the best fit to the data. Internal consistency was adequate. The PHQ-9 demonstrated good convergent validity with related constructs.CONCLUSION: The psychometric properties of the PHQ-9 proved to be adequate, with a robust and interpretable factor structure and good internal consistency. The PHQ-9’s validity, reliability, brevity and ease of administration make it a useful screening instrument for depression among university students in Korea.

Alternative Models Examination and Gender Measurement Invariance of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among Nigerian Adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the factor structures of the a priori alternative models of the 12-items General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), its psychometric characteristics and gender measurement invariance in a sample of non-clinical Nigerian adolescents (n=1326; M(age)=15.16).METHODS: The sample consisted of 606 (45.7%) males, who completed the GHQ-12 in addition to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). We compared 21 models to identify which has the best fit indices applying confirmatory factor analysis. Gender measurement invariance was examined with nested multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA).RESULTS: The model that best captures psychological distress was a three-factor model that was initially described among the Australian general population (CFI=0.952, SRMR=0.0310, RMSEA=0.042) (90%CI=0.035–0.049). The internal consistencies (ω) of this model and its dimensions were modestly satisfactory. The criterion validity of this model was supported via significant correlations with the other study measures. MGCFA supported the configural, metric and scalar gender invariances of this model.CONCLUSION: A three-factor GHQ-12 model (anhedonia/sleep disturbances; social performance and Loss of confidence) is useful as a psychological distress assessment tool among Nigerian adolescents.

Factor Structure of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale for Patients with Major Depression with the Anxious Distress Specifier in DSM-5 / 우울ㆍ조울병

BACKGROUND: The factor structure of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) is well validated for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). We examined whether HDRS factors can measure the anxious distress specifier in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, in patients with MDD.METHODS: A retrospective chart review of patients with MDD between March 2012 and June 2015 was conducted. We extracted data on anxious distress symptoms and detailed clinical information and examined how the 5 HDRS factors (anhedonia/retardation, guilt/agitation, bodily symptoms, insomnia, and appetite) were related to the anxious distress specifier using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and the area under the ROC curve analysis.RESULTS: We observed significant differences in the HDRS and Beck Depression Inventory scores between anxious distress and non-anxious distress groups at the index episode. The score for guilt/agitation factor was significantly higher than that for other factors in the anxious distress group and exhibited good predictive efficiency at baseline.CONCLUSION: Further investigation of the anxious distress specifier as a diagnostic entity would be worthwhile. In addition, the scores for guilt/agitation factor on the HDRS might be a promising marker for distinguishing patients with anxious distress from those with other subtypes of major depression, especially for the index episode.

Análise fatorial confirmatória da versão brasileira do Inventário de Crescimento Pós-Traumático / Confirmatory factor analysis of the Brazilian version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory / Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la bersión brasileira del Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático

O Inventário de Crescimento Pós-Traumático (PTGI) é um instrumento de autorrelato que avalia mudanças positivas provenientes do enfrentamento de situações adversas. O presente estudo investigou a estrutura fatorial da versão brasileira do instrumento (PTGI-B). Participaram da pesquisa 321 pessoas que passaram por situações adversas variadas. Por meio do método de análise fatorial confirmatória, testou-se cinco diferentes modelos de estrutura fatorial. A estrutura convencional de cinco fatores foi a que melhor se adequou aos dados. No entanto, a estrutura hierárquica de cinco fatores de primeira ordem organizados em torno de um fator geral de segunda também apresentou índices de ajuste adequados. O estudo replica a estrutura fatorial original do PTGI (relacionamento com os outros, novas possibilidades, força pessoal, apreciação pela vida e mudança espiritual). Além disso, os resultados indicam que as análises com o PTGI-B podem ser realizadas tanto considerando as subdimensões do instrumento, quanto uma dimensão geral de crescimento pós-traumático. (AU)

The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) is a self-report instrument used to evaluate positive changes arising from coping with adversity. The current study aimed to investigate the factor structure of the Brazilian version of the instrument (PTGI-Br). A total of 321 subjects, who had experienced a variety of adverse events, participated in the study. Five different factor structure models of the PTGI-Br were tested through the confirmatory factor analysis method. The conventional five-factor model (relating to others, new possibilities, personal strength, appreciation of life and spiritual change) showed better fit indexes when compared to the other models. The factor structure of five first order factors organized around a global hi-order factor was also adequate. The result replicates the PTGI original structure. In addition, it allows the five dimensions of the PTGI-Br, as well as the global higher order dimension, to be used in statistical analysis. (AU)

El Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático (PTGI) es un instrumento de autoinforme que evalúa cambios positivos provenientes del enfrentamiento de situaciones adversas. El presente estudio investigó la estructura factorial de la versión brasileña del instrumento (PTGI-B). Participaron en la investigación 321 personas que pasaron por situaciones adversas variadas. A través del método de análisis factorial confirmatorio, se ha probado cinco diferentes modelos de estructura factorial. La estructura convencional de cinco factores fue la que mejor se adecuó a los datos. No obstante, la estructura jerárquica de cinco factores de primer orden organizados en torno a un factor general de segundo también presentó índices de ajuste adecuados. Los resultados replican la estructura factorial original del PTGI (relación con los otros, nuevas posibilidades, fuerza personal, apreciación por la vida y cambio espiritual). Además, los resultados indican que, los análisis con el PTGI-B, pueden ser realizados tanto considerando las subdimensiones del instrumento, como una dimensión general de crecimiento postraumático. (AU)

Young Schema Questionnaire: Factor Structure and Specificity in Relation to Anxiety in Chinese Adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to examine the factor structure of Young Schema Questionnaire-short form (YSQ-SF) in a sample of Chinese adolescents, and to explore which maladaptive schemas were associated with anxiety symptoms. METHODS: YSQ-SF was administered to 983 nonclinical Chinese adolescents aged 13–17 years. Confirmatory factor analyses with weighted least squares means and variance adjusted estimation were conducted to examine the factor structure of YSQ-SF. Stepwise regression analyses were performed to identify schemas associated with anxiety symptoms. RESULTS: A bifactor model with 15 correlated factors fitted the data better than other priori defined models. Stepwise regressions showed Vulnerability to harm, Abandonment, Emotional inhibition, Subjugation, and Unrelenting standards schemas were associated with anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, different anxiety symptoms were associated with common and distinctive schemas. CONCLUSION: Maladaptive schemas were already stably formed in Chinese adolescents, however there's no robust evidence for the existence of domain. The explanatory value of maladaptive schemas for understanding psychopathology of anxiety in adolescence is discussed.

Estructura factorial y consistencia interna de la Escala de Hábitos de Higiene Bucal en muestras de población general y clínica odontológica / Factor structure and internal consistency of the Oral Hygiene Habits Scale in general population and dental clinic samples

RESUMEN La falta de higiene bucal puede causar diferentes tipos de padecimientos, como caries, gingivitis y periodontitis. En México, se ha propuesto recientemente el uso de la Escala de Hábitos de Higiene Bucal (EHHB) como un instrumento diagnóstico para el sector salud. El objetivo de esta investigación fue establecer la consistencia interna y estructura factorial de la EHHB para que pueda ser aplicada en la evaluación de los hábitos de higiene bucal. En Monterrey, México, se recolectó una muestra de población general (MPG) de 256 participantes y otra muestra clínica odontológica (MCO) de 240 participantes, usando un muestreo no probabilístico. Se comprobó la discriminabilidad y consistencia interna de los 10 ítems de la EHHB, se calculó la consistencia interna de la escala, se exploró su estructura factorial y se contrastó la invarianza del modelo factorial entre la MPG y la MCO. La consistencia interna de la EHHB se incrementó y fue alta (α ordinal = 0.833 en MPG y 0.865 en MCO), al eliminarse dos ítems repetidos: frecuencia del cepillado dental (ítem 1), y el uso de pasta dental durante el cepillado (ítem 3). En ambas muestras se definieron dos factores: uso de hilo dental con cuatro ítems (α ordinal = 0.911 en MPG y 0.944 en MCO), y cepillado dental con cuatro ítems (α ordinal = 0.628 en MPG y 0.633 en MCO). La consistencia interna de este último mejoró (α ordinal = 0.693 en MPG y 0.727 en MCO), al ser incluido el ítem 8 (atención prestada a la limpieza del espacio interdental). El modelo de dos factores tuvo buen ajuste y propiedades de invarianza aceptables entre ambas muestras. Se concluye que la EHHB con ocho ítems es consistente y el modelo bifactorial es válido en MPG y MCO, presentando el ítem 8 una posible doble interpretación.

ABSTRACT The lack of oral hygiene can cause different types of conditions, such as caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. In Mexico, the use of the Oral Hygiene Habits Scale (OHHS) has recently been proposed as a diagnostic tool for the health sector. The objective of this research was to establish the internal consistency and factor structure of the OHHS, so that it can be applied in the evaluation of oral hygiene habits. In Monterrey, Mexico, a general population sample (GPS) of 256 participants and another dental clinic sample (DCS) of 240 participants were collected, using nonprobability sampling. The discriminability and internal consistency of the OHHS 10 items were verified, the internal consistency of the scale was calculated, the factor structure was explored and the invariance of the factor model across the GPS and the DCS was contrasted. The internal consistency of the OHHS increased and was high (ordinal α = 0.833 in GPS, and = 0.865 in DCS), by eliminating two repeated items: dental brushing frequency (item 1), and toothpaste use during brushing (item 3). In both samples, two factors were defined: dental floss with four items (ordinal α = 0.911 in GPS and 0.944 in DCS), and dental brushing also with four items (ordinal α = 0.628 in GPS, and 0.633 DCS). The internal consistency of the latter improved (α ordinal = 0.693 in GPS, and 0.727 in DCS), when the item 8 was included (attention paid to cleaning the interdental space). The two-factor model had good fit, and acceptable invariance properties across the two samples. We concluded that the eight-item OHHS is consistent, and the two-factor model is valid across GPS and DCS, where item eight displays a possible double interpretation.

Factor Structure of Burden in Dementia Caregivers : Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Zarit Burden Interview

OBJECTIVE: Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) was the most commonly used measure of caregiver burden for demented older adults. The aim of this study was to investigate dimensions of caregiver burden through factor analysis of ZBI. METHODS: The participants were 706 outpatients with dementia and their caregivers in Korea. We assessed the caregiver burden using the Korean version of ZBI. The participants were randomly divided into two groups, for the purpose of identifying the most optimal factor structure through exploratory factor analysis in group 1 (n=368) and confirmatory factor analysis in group 2 (n=338). RESULTS: The results of exploratory factor analysis in group 1 suggested 3-factor structure, which was labeled ‘personal strain,’‘patient dependency,’ and ‘self-criticism.’ The confirmatory factor analysis results indicated the 3-factor structure which was discovered through exploratory factor analysis was the best-fitting model for explaining the caregiver burden in group 2. CONCLUSION: The current study has significant implications for advancing our understanding of ZBI as multidimensional burden scale. Furthermore, differentiating the dimensions may allow researchers to assess the effects of interventions more precisely.

Acupuncture combined with auricular point sticking therapy for post stroke depression:a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the clinical effects of acupuncture combined with auricular point sticking based on the western medication for post stroke depression (PSD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty patients with PSD were randomly assigned into an acupuncture plus auricular application group (a combination group) and a medication group, 30 cases in each one. 20 mg paroxetine hydrochloride was prescribed orally in the medication group, once a day for continuous 8 weeks. Based on the above treatment, 30-minute acupuncture was used in the combination group for 8 weeks at Baihui (GV 20), Sishencong (EX-HN 1), Shenting (GV 24), Yintang (GV 29), Shenmen (HT 7), Neiguan (PC 6), Taichong (LR 3), Hegu (LI 4), Zusanli (ST 36), Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and Fenglong (ST 40), once the other day and three times a week. Auricular point sticking therapy for 8 weeks was applied at shenmen (TF), pizhixia (AT), xin (CO), and gan (CO), with pressing 3 times a day and once 3-5 days. The total score and each factor scores of Hamilton's depression scale (HAMD) were observed in the two groups before and after treatment, and Asberg's antidepressant side-effect rating scale (SERS) and clinical effect were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After treatment, the total HAMD scores of the two groups decreased compared with those before treatment (both<0.05), with better effect in the combination group (<0.05). The scores of the combination group after treatment were lower than those in the medication group, including the anxiety/somatization factor, sleep disturbance factor, hopelessness factor (all<0.05). The total effective rate of the combination group was 86.7% (26/30), which was better than 66.7% (20/30) of the medication group (<0.05). The SERS score of the combination group was lower than that of the medication group (<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Acupuncture combined with auricular point sticking can improve the clinical symptoms and are effective and safe for PSD.</p>

Cuestionario de evaluación de factores psicosociales (cefap): estructura y propiedades psicométricas / Questionnaire for the evaluation of psychosocial factors (cefap): structure and psychometric properties

A una muestra de 873 trabajadores de organizaciones públicas de Argentina, se ha administrado el Cuestionario de Evaluación de Factores Psicosociales (CEFAP) que incluye once dimensiones, con una serie de ítems con formato tipo Likert organizados de acuerdo con un modelo teórico según el cual éstos cubrirían el espectro de factores psicosociales que contextualizan el trabajo. Todos los factores mostraron una alta consistencia interna, con valores α de Cronbach comprendidos entre .49 (Relación salud-trabajo) y .92 (Apoyo Social y Estima). Además, el cuestionario cuenta con un apartado donde se relevan variables sociolaborales. Los resultados indican que el CEFAP reproduce fielmente la estructura del modelo teórico propuesto ampliando lo presentado por otros instrumentos de evaluación.

The Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Psychosocial Factors (CEFAP) was administered to a sample of 873 employees of public organizations of Argentina. The questionnaire includes eleven dimensions, with a series of items Likert-formatted organized according to a theoretical model that states that these would cover the spectrum of psychosocial factors that contextualize the working activity. All factors showed high internal consistency with Cronbach α values ranging from .49 (Health-work relationship) and .92 (Social Support and Esteem). In addition, the questionnaire has a section where occupational variables are collected. The results indicate that the CEFAP faithfully reproduces the structure of the proposed theoretical model, expanding what was presented by other assessment tools.

Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale Revised in Colombian undergraduates / Estructura factorial y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Actitudes Disfuncionales Revisada en universitarios colombianos

The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) is a classic, 40-item measure of dysfunctional schema - a key construct of the cognitive model of depression. However, some controversy exists regarding the factorial structure of the DAS. Accordingly, a revised version of the DAS (hereafter, the DAS-R) has been recently proposed using confirmatory factor analysis and consisting of 17 items. The DAS-R contains two correlated factors: Perfectionism/Performance evaluation and Dependency. In a previous study with a Spanish sample, a hierarchical factor model with these two first-order factors and a general factor showed the best fit of the data. This study analyses the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the DAS-R in a sample of 762 Colombian undergraduates. The results were very similar to the ones obtained in the Spanish sample. The hierarchical factor structure showed the best fit of the data, and the DAS-R showed good internal consistency and discriminant and convergent validity. In conclusion, the DAS-R seems a good option to measure dysfunctional schema in Colombia. Furthermore, the replication of the hierarchical factor structure indicates that the DAS-R provides general and specific measures of dysfunctional schema that are theoretically meaningful.

La Escala de Actitudes Disfuncionales (DAS) es una medida clásica de 40 items de los esquemas disfuncionales, un constructo central en el modelo cognitivo de la depresión. Sinembargo, existe alguna controversia en torno a su estructura factorial. Recientemente se ha Análisis factorial propuesto una versión revisada del DAS (de aquí en adelante DAS-R), consistente en 17 items, usando un análisis factorial confirmatorio. El DAS-R contiene 2 factores correlacionados: perfeccionismo/evaluación del rendimiento y dependencia. En un estudio previo con una muestra española, una estructura jerárquica con estos 2 factores de primer orden y un factor general mostró el mejor ajuste a los datos. Este estudio analiza la estructura factorial y las propiedades psicométricas del DAS-R en una muestra de 762 estudiantes universitarios colombianos. Los resultados fueron muy similares a los obtenidos en la muestra española. La estructura factorial jerárquica mostró el mejor ajuste a los datos y el DAS-R mostró buena consistencia interna y validez discriminante y convergente. En conclusión, el DAS-R parece una buena opción para medir los esquemas disfuncionales en Colombia. Además, la replicación de la estructura factorial jerárquica indica que el DAS-R provee medidas generales y específicas de los esquemas disfuncionales que son teóricamente significativas.

Adaptação brasileira e estrutura fatorial da escala 240-item via Inventory of strengths / Brazilian adaptation and factor structure of the 240-item via inventory of strengths scale / Adaptación brasileña y estructura factorial de la escala 240-item via inventory of strengths

Este estudo objetivou: (1) realizar a adaptação transcultural do 240-item VIA Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) para o Brasil; (2) investigar a estrutura fatorial do VIA-IS em uma amostra brasileira; e (3) reportar dados descritivos de escores de forças no VIA-IS nessa amostra. A adaptação da escala para uso no Brasil seguiu diretrizes padronizadas para adaptação transcultural de instrumentos psicológicos, gerando uma versão brasileira do VIA-IS similar à original. As análises de estrutura fatorial e descritivas foram realizadas com uma amostra de 1.975 brasileiros, com média de idade de 35,0 anos (DP = 10,8). Os resultados encontrados sugerem o uso do instrumento como uma medida unidimensional de potencialidades. A amostra apresentou médias altas de escores em todas as forças avaliadas, com mulheres relatando escores mais altos que homens, na maioria delas. São discutidas implicações para a avaliação em Psicologia Positiva de forças e virtudes com o VIA-IS em contexto brasileiro.

The aims of this study were: (1) to perform the cross-cultural adaptation of the 240-item VIA Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) to use in Brazil; (2) to investigate the factor structure of the VIA-IS in a Brazilian sample; and (3) to conduct descriptive analyses of strengths scores in the VIA-IS in the Brazilian sample. The cross-cultural adaptation provided a Brazilian-Portuguese version of the VIA-IS that is similar to the original version of the instrument. The descriptive and factor structure analysis were conducted in a sample of 1.975 Brazilians, with a mean age of 35.0 years old (SD = 10.8). Results suggest that the instrument should be used as a unidimensional measure of strengths and virtues. The sample presented high scores in all strengths assessed, and women scored higher than men in the majority of the strengths. We discuss implications for the assessment of strengths and virtues in Positive Psychology using the VIA-IS in the Brazilian context.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo: (1) realizar la adaptación transcultural del inventario 240-item VIA Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) para su uso en Brasil; (2) investigar la estructura factorial del VIA-IS en una muestra brasileña; y (3) informar datos descriptivos de las puntuaciones de fuerzas en el VIA-IS en esa muestra. La adaptación de la escala para su uso en Brasil siguió pautas estandarizadas para la adaptación transcultural de instrumentos psicológicos, generando una versión brasileña del VIA-IS similar a la original. Los análisis de estructura factorial y descriptivas se llevaron a cabo en una muestra de 1.975 brasileños, con edad media de 35,0 años (SD = 10,8). Los resultados sugieren que el instrumento debe ser utilizado como una medida unidimensional de potencialidades. La muestra presentó medias altas de puntuaciones en todas las fuerzas evaluadas, y las mujeres tuvieron mayor puntuación que los hombres en la mayoría de ellas. Se discuten las implicaciones para la evaluación en Psicología Positiva de fuerzas y virtudes utilizando el VIA-IS en el contexto brasileño.