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Introducción: El consumo de alcohol es particularmente alto en América Latina y el Caribe. Los estudios en Perú sobre prevención y consumo de drogas en estudiantes de educación secundaria lo reportan como problema de salud. Objetivo: Determinar las variables del factor personal, familiar y social que están asociadas con el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes de un colegio particular del distrito de Villa María del Triunfo, Lima, en 2016. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal, con una muestra de 194 adolescentes, se aplicó muestreo aleatorio estratificado, donde los estratos fueron los grados de estudio del primero al quinto grados de secundaria. Se recolectó la información mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario estructurado. Resultados: 47,4 por ciento de los escolares consumió alcohol en el último año; con respecto al factor personal a los estudiantes que les ofrecieron bebida alcohólica tuvieron 11,84 (OR = 11,84; 95 por ciento CI 5,31:26,4; p** <0,001) veces más de probabilidad de consumirla respecto a los estudiantes que no les ofrecieron. Con respecto al factor familiar, los estudiantes que no tienen ningún familiar enfermo en casa tienen 2,21 (OR = 2,21; IC 95 por ciento 1,11:4,36; p** <0,001) veces más de uso de medicamentos. Las variables del factor social no fueron factores de riesgo. Conclusiones: Casi la mitad de los adolescentes consumieron bebidas alcohólicas en el último año y según los factores favorecedores del consumo destaca en primer lugar el factor personal, seguido de familiares; el factor social no estuvo asociado con el consumo de alcohol(AU)
Introduction: Alcohol consumption is particularly high in Latin America and the Caribbean. Studies conducted on drug prevention and use in high school students in Peru report it as a health problem. Objective: To determine the variables related to personal, family and social factors associated with alcohol consumption in adolescents from a private school in the district of Villa María del Triunfo, Lima, in 2016. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study with a sample of 194 adolescents, using a stratified random sampling where the strata were the study grades from the first to the fifth grades of secondary school. The information was collected by applying a structured questionnaire. Results: Our results show that 47,4 percent of schoolchildren consumed alcohol in the last year; with respect to the personal factor, the students who were offered alcoholic drinks were 11,84 (OR = 11,84; 95 percent CI 5,31:26,4; p** <0,001) times more likely to consume an alcoholic beverage compared to the students who were not offered them. Regarding family factor, the students who did not have a sick family member at home were 2,21 (OR = 2,21; IC 95 percent 1,11:4,36; p** <0,001) times more likely to consume alcoholic beverages compared to students who had a sick family member at home. The variables related to social factor were not risk factors. Conclusions: Almost half of the adolescents consumed alcoholic beverages in the last year and according to the factors favoring consumption, the personal factor stands out in the first place, followed by relatives; the social factor was not associated with alcohol consumption(AU)
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Humanos , Adolescente , Fatores de Risco , Consumo de Álcool por Menores , Família , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Ensino Fundamental e Médio , Fatores SociaisRESUMO
Objective: To investigate the mechanism of moxibustion in the treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), by observing the effects of moxibustion at Tianshu (ST25) and Shangjuxu (ST37) on microRNA-133b (miRNA-133b), pituitary homeobox family factor 3 (Pitx3)/tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and neurotransmitters in the brain tissue of IBS-D rats. Methods: Healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, a moxibustion group, and a Western medicine group, with 12 rats in each group. Except for the normal group, the IBS-D rat model was established by mother-offspring separation and acetic acid enema combined with restraint stress stimulation in all the other groups. No intervention was performed in the normal and model groups. Mild moxibustion was applied to both Tianshu (ST25) and Shangjuxu (ST37) in the moxibustion group. Rifaximin was given by gavage in the Western medicine group. The physical status of rats in each group was observed at different periods. After the intervention, hematoxylin- eosin staining was performed to observe the histopathological morphology of rat colon; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NE), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in plasma, colon, and midbrain tissue of rats; the relative expression levels of miRNA-133b, Pitx3 mRNA, and TH mRNA in the midbrain tissue were measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the relative expression levels of Pitx3 and TH proteins in the midbrain tissue were measured by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Results: The body weights of rats among groups and at different time points were statistically different (P<0.01). The body weight of the normal group was higher than that of the other groups over time (P<0.01). After modeling, the minimum volume threshold of abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) was significantly lower (P<0.01) and the loose stool rate was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the model, moxibustion, and Western medicine groups compared with the normal group; the miRNA-133b expression in the midbrain tissue was significantly lower (P<0.01), the expression levels of Pitx3 and TH in the midbrain tissue were significantly higher (P<0.01), and the levels of DA, NE, and 5-HT in plasma, colon and midbrain tissue were significantly higher (P<0.01). After the intervention, the minimum volume threshold of AWR was significantly higher (P<0.01), the loose stool rate was significantly lower (P<0.01), the miRNA-133b expression was significantly increased (P<0.01 or P<0.05) and the expression levels of Pitx3 and TH were significantly decreased (P<0.01) in the midbrain tissue, the levels of DA, NE, and 5-HT in plasma, colon, and midbrain tissue were significantly reduced (P<0.01) in the moxibustion and Western medicine groups compared with the model group; the levels of 5-HT in the colon and midbrain tissue of the moxibustion group were significantly lower than those in the Western medicine group (P<0.05), and there was no statistical difference compared with the remaining groups (P>0.05). Linear correlation analysis showed that miRNA-133b was negatively correlated with Pitx3 (r<0, P<0.01); Pitx3 with TH, TH with DA, and NE with 5-HT were positively correlated (r>0, P<0.01).Conclusion: Moxibustion at Tianshu (ST25) and Shangjuxu (ST37) improves diarrhea symptoms and visceral hypersensitivity in IBS-D rats. The mechanism may be related to up-regulating miRNA-133b, inhibiting Pitx3/TH, and reducing neurotransmitter expression levels in the midbrain tissue.
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Objective To investigate the mechanism of interlekin-6 (IL-6) in wound healing of human biliary epithelial cells ( BECs ).Methods BECs were cultured in IL-6 at different concentrations:0 ng/L(0 ng/L group),10 ng/L (10 ng/L group),50 ng/L (50 ng/L group),100 ng/L (100 ng/L group),1000 ng/L ( 1000 ng/L group).The effects of IL-6 on the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3( STAT3 ) and the expression of trefoil family factors 3 (TFF3) were detected.BECs were divided into untreated group,STAT3-RNAi group (BECs transfected with STAT3 RNAi adenovirus) and Control-RNAi group (BECs transfected with vacant RNAi adenovirus).The effects of IL-6 on the expression of TFF3 were detected after RNAi of STAT3.In vitro wound models were constructed for the untreated group,STAT3-RNAi group and Control-RNAi group,and the effects of IL-6 and TFF3 on BECs of the 3 groups were detected.All data were analyzed by using the Student's t test,analysis of variance or Sidak test.Results The expressions of phosphorylated STAT3 in the 50 ng/L group,100 ng/L group and 1000 ng/L group were 0.240 ± 0.052,0.714 ± 0.124,0.327 ± 0.069,respectively,which were significantly higher than 0.033 ± 0.011 of the 0 ng/L group (q =5.246,17.260,7.451,P ＜ 0.05 ).The contents of mRNA and protein of TFF3 increased as the increase of IL-6 concentration (q =12.045,9.889,P ＜ 0.05).After RNAi of STAT3 of the BECs,the expression of TFF3 decreased when the concentration of IL-6 was 1000 ng/L.The expression of TFF3 of the STAT3-RNAi group was 0.037 ± 0.005,which was significantly lower than 0.267 ± 0.038 of the Control-RNAi group and 0.301 ± 0.042 in the untreated group ( q =12.135,13.929,P ＜ 0.05 ).In the in vitro wound model,the speed of BECs migration in the STAT3-RNAi group was (9.1 ± 1.5 ) μm/h,which was slower than (25.1 ± 3.8 ) μm/h of the Control-RNAi group after 12 hours of interference with IL-6 (q =7.737,P ＜ 0.05 ).The speed of BECs migration of STAT3-RNAi group was (39.2 ± 4.7) μm/h after adding 1 g/L of recombinant TFF,which was significantly faster than that of the Control-RNAi group (q =14.507,P ＜0.05).Conclusion IL-6 promotes cell migration and wound healing by activating STAT3 and up-regulating TFF3 expression.
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Objective To survey prevalence of behavior problems in children of off-farm workers and effects of family factors on children' s behavior problems.Methods The study was done in the whole 7 schools for off-farm workers' children in Shanghai Baoshan district,including all 3 ～ 6 grades students of primary school and 1 ～3 grades students of junior high school.Totally 4350 students finished survey (95.4％).Achenbach' s child behavior checklist ( CBCL,parent' s version) and general family questionnaire were used.Results ( 1 ) Prevalence of behavior problems in children was 11.2％ ; 12.8％ 12 ～ 16 years children had behavior problems( 14.7％boys and 10.4％ girls) ; 11.4％ of one-child children had behavior problems compared with that of 11.2％ child with siblings children ( x2 =0.038,P ＞ 0.05 ).(2) Total score ( 20.64 ± 17.67 ) and factor scores of thought problems,depressed,hyperactivity,delinquent rule-breaking behavior were higher than those of Chinese norm (P ＜0.05 or P ＜ 0.01 ) among 6 ～ 11 years boy group.Total score ( 17.23 ± 14.73 ) and scores of thought problems,depressed,social problems,hyperactivity,delinquent rule-breaking behavior were higher than those of Chinese norm (P ＜ 0.01 ) among 6 ～ 11 years girl group.Among 12 ～ 16 years boy group,total score (20.44 ± 19.32) and all factor scores of CBCL were higher than those of Chinese norm(P＜0.01 ).Total score ( 17.02 ± 16.72) and scores of immature,delinquent rule-breaking behavior,brutality were higher than those of Chinese norm(P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜0.01 ) among 6 ～ 11 years girl group.(3)Multi-regression analysis showed that poor parent-child relationship was the most important predict factor for higher score of CBCL among all family risk factors (P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion Children of the off-farm workers and their families need special mental health care program.
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Parents and family background cast important influence on children's attachment style. Studies have consistently showed positive relations between maternal sensitivity and infant attachment security. Warm and harmonious family was also found to be an important factor. On the contrary, parents' poor marital status and high level of stress in family would result in insecure attachment style in children.
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Two major family factors: parenting style and parental behavior cast important influence on mentality and behaviour of children. Parenting style has considerable influence on children's cognitive development, emotional support and stress coping methods. It also affects children's understanding of filial belief and behavior. Apart from family violence, divorce and other direct factors, parenting style and parental behavior produce significant effects on children's mind and behavior.