RESUMO
Abstract Fatty acid oxidation defects (FAODs) are inherited metabolic disorders caused by deficiency of specific enzyme activities or transport proteins involved in the mitochondrial catabolism of fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) and long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiencies are relatively common FAOD biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation of medium-chain fatty acids and long-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids and their carnitine derivatives, respectively. Patients with MCAD deficiency usually have episodic encephalopathic crises and liver biochemical alterations especially during crises of metabolic decompensation, whereas patients with LCHAD deficiency present severe hepatopathy, cardiomyopathy, and acute and/or progressive encephalopathy. Although neurological symptoms are common features, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the brain damage in these disorders are still under debate. In this context, energy deficiency due to defective fatty acid catabolism and hypoglycemia/hypoketonemia has been postulated to contribute to the pathophysiology of MCAD and LCHAD deficiencies. However, since energetic substrate supplementation is not able to reverse or prevent symptomatology in some patients, it is presumed that other pathogenetic mechanisms are implicated. Since worsening of clinical symptoms during crises is accompanied by significant increases in the concentrations of the accumulating fatty acids, it is conceivable that these compounds may be potentially neurotoxic. We will briefly summarize the current knowledge obtained from patients with these disorders, as well as from animal studies demonstrating deleterious effects of the major fatty acids accumulating in MCAD and LCHAD deficiencies, indicating that disruption of mitochondrial energy, redox, and calcium homeostasis is involved in the pathophysiology of the cerebral damage in these diseases. It is presumed that these findings based on the mechanistic toxic effects of fatty acids may offer new therapeutic perspectives for patients affected by these disorders.
RESUMO
Fatty acid oxidation defects (FAOD) cause a group of inherited metabolic diseases that impair mitochondrial energy production from lipids. The clinical presentation includes hypoketotic hypoglycaemia, acute liver failure, myocardiopathy and myopathy after a prolonged fasting. Inheritance is autosomal recessive and the global incidence is 1:10.000 newborn, varying between 1:9.000 and 1:60.000 newborns for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD), the most frequent FAOD. Therapy is dietary and pharmacological. As soon as the diagnosis is confirmed enough glucose to prevent lipolysis must be introduced, especially in the neonatal period and during metabolic derangements caused by infections. Nutritional treatment consists in avoiding any period of fasting by giving carbohydrate supplement when appetite is diminished, which is easy and inexpensive to do. The prognosis with presymptomatic diagnosis is excellent when done with a blood sample obtained in the neonatal period and analysed by tandem mass spectrometry, and when treatment is started immediately.
Los defectos de oxidación de los ácidos grasos corresponden a un grupo de alteraciones metabólicas hereditarias que afectan la producción intramitocondrial de energía a partir de los lípidos. Clínicamente se expresan con hipoglucemia no cetósica, insuficiencia hepática aguda, miocardiopatía o miopatía desencadenada por un ayuno prolongado. La herencia es autosómica recesiva y su frecuencia global se estima en 1:10.000 recién nacidos (RN), y entre 1 por 9 000 a 1 por 60 000 RN para el déficit de acil-CoA deshidrogenasa de cadena media (abreviado MCAD) defecto más frecuente en este grupo de patologías. Las medidas terapéuticas pueden ser dietéticas y farmacológicas. Una vez establecido el diagnóstico diferencial del tipo de defecto, es importante proporcionar suficiente cantidad de glucosa para prevenir la lipólisis del tejido adiposo, siendo fundamental en el período neonatal y las en descompensaciones metabólicas por infecciones. El tratamiento es fácil de aplicar y de bajo costo y consiste en fraccionar la alimentación para evitar el ayuno prolongado. El pronóstico es excelente cuando el diagnóstico es presintomático, a través del análisis de una muestra de sangre en papel filtro, para el estudio de acilcarnitinas por espectrometría en tandem durante el período de RN e iniciando el fraccionamiento de la dieta inmediatamente.