Research on feedforward control method of mixing process for compound Danshen Dripping Pills based on quality by design(QbD) / 中国中药杂志

The mixing process is one of the key operation units for solid preparation of traditional Chinese medicine. The physical properties such as particle size, density and viscosity of the mixture are key factors that need to be controlled, which will directly affect the performance of the preparation molding process and product quality. Subsequent dripping process performance and appearance qua-lity of dripping pills will be affected by dynamic viscosity of materials in the mixing process. Based on this, with mixing process of compound Danshen dripping pills as the object, a feedforward control method for the dripping pill mixing process was established based on the concept of quality by design(QbD). Firstly, critical quality attribute(CQA)-dynamic viscosity, critical material attributes(CMAs)-the moisture content of compound Danshen extract, average molecular weight of polyethylene glycol 6000 and critical process parameter(CPP)-mixing temperature were identified through the analysis of properties for multiple batches of the raw materials and excipients as well as technological mechanism. Then the Box-Behnken experimental design was used to establish the regression model among CMA, CPP and CMA(R■=0.972 0, RMSE =16.24) to obtain the design space. Finally, through the verification of three batches within the design space, the mixing process temperature was adjusted according to the properties of the raw materials and exci-pients to achieve accurate control of the dynamic viscosity attribute. The relative deviation between the actual dynamic viscosity value and the target value was less than 3.0 %. The feedforward control of the mixing process of compound Danshen dripping pills was rea-lized in this study, which can contribute to improving quality consistency of the mixing process intermediates, simultaneously provide a reference for the research on the process quality control of other Chinese medicine dripping pills.

Ligands of TetR family transcriptional regulators: a review / 生物工程学报

TetR family transcriptional regulators (TFRs) are widely distributed in bacteria and archaea, and the first discovered TFR was confirmed to control the expression of tetracycline efflux pump in Escherichia coli. TFRs can bind DNAs and ligands. Small molecule ligands can induce conformational changes of TFRs, inhibiting or promoting TFRs to control target gene expression. Currently, TFRs have a wide variety of ligands, including carbohydrates, proteins, fatty acids and their derivatives, metal ions, and so on. Due to the diversity of ligands, TFRs regulate a wide range of physiological processes, from basic carbon metabolism and nitrogen metabolism to quorum sensing and antibiotic biosynthesis. On the basis of the recent studies in our laboratory and the literature, we review here the regulatory mechanism mediated by ligands of TFRs in primary and secondary metabolism, as well as the application of ligands for TFRs in the development of gene route and the activation of antibiotic biosynthesis.

Feedforward control of academic misconducts theses in sci-tech periodicals / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective To prevent the occurrence of academic misconduct in sci-tech periodicals from the source.Methods Based on the control theory in modern management,the method of inductive analysis was adopted.Results To define the feedforward control of academic misconduct in sci-tech periodicals,identify three-level feedforward control that including author,author's institution and the sci-tech periodical editor.Conclusions Three level feedforward control is an effective way to prevent academic misconduct.

Prediction of 3D ground reaction forces during gait based on accelerometer data

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to predict 3D ground reaction force signals based on accelerometer data during gait, using a feed-forward neural network (MLP). Methods Seventeen healthy subjects were instructed to walk at a self-selected speed with a 3D accelerometer attached to the distal and anterior part of the shank. A force plate was embedded into the middle of the walkway. MLP neural networks with one hidden layer and three output layers were selected to simulate the anteroposterior (AP), vertical (Vert) and mediolateral (ML) ground reaction forces (GRF). The input layer was composed of fourteen inputs obtained from accelerometer signals, selected based on previous studies. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to compare the simulated and collected curves. The Pearson correlation coefficient and the mean absolute deviation (MAD) between signals were calculated. Results PCA identified small, but significant differences between collected and simulated signals in the loading response phases of AP and ML GRF, while Vert did not show differences. The correlation between the simulated and collected signals was high (AP: 0.97; Vert: 0.98; ML: 0.80). MAD was 1.8%BW for AP, 4.5%BW for Vert and 1.4%BW for ML. Conclusion This study confirmed that multilayer perceptron neural network can predict the highly non-linear relationship of shank acceleration parameters and ground reaction forces, as well as other studies have done using plantar pressure devices. The greater advantages of this device are the low cost and the possibility of use outside the laboratory environment.

Application of feedforward control strategy based on spectra of raw materials to optimize alcohol extraction process of Panax notoginseng / 中国中药杂志

In this work, we obtained the quality information of Panax notoginseng with near infrared spectroscopy in an efficient way. By combining the quality information of raw materials with process parameters in experimental design, quantitative relationship models were established between material quality information, process parameters and product quality of P. notoginseng, thus realizing the feedforward control of the alcohol extraction process. The quantitative models established have high robustness and satisfactory forecasting ability. With new batches of P. notoginseng introduced for the alcohol extraction process, the quality information of raw materials was rapidly obtained. Based on the established models, the process parameters were optimized according to the expected critical quality attributes (CQA), thereby reducing the fluctuation of product quality caused by raw material variation.

Research progress on feedforward control strategy and its application prospect in quality control of Chinese materia medica / 中草药

As a widely applied process control strategy in chemical industry, the feedforward control strategies have been applied in pharmaceutical manufacturing to reduce the quality fluctuation of drugs. The application of feedforward control strategy in the manufacturing of Chinese materia medica (CMM) can help us to understand the relationship between input material attributes, process parameters and critical quality attributes (CQAs), and then to establish an optimal model for the adjustment of process parameters based on input material attributes with the aim of minimizing the variation of CQAs. Before the production of the new batch, the most suitable process parameters for the input materials can be calculated by the optimal model. The motivation of this paper is to provide an overview of recent research on application of feedforward control strategies in pharmaceutical manufacturing and demonstrate perspectives of their application in CMM.

Effect of monitoring of transfusion specialist nursing in clinical transfusion risk of former feedback control / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the practice and effect of specialist nursing inspection of intravenous infusion in the quality control of specialist nursing. Methods Intravenous infusion treatment nursing group used feed-forward control theory and methods, taking cross-sectional research methods yearly from 2014 to 2016 and referencing intravenous infusion special quality checklist to fully understand the hospital infusion tool selection situation and quality. Intravenous infusion related treatment system operational procedures was established and improved, the monthly quality control plan was made to do quality nursing of intravenous infusion specialist inspections and timely feedback of each month to various sections of the hospital. Results The rational choice of the hospital infusion tool was more reasonable. The proportion of steel needle in 2016 compared with in 2015 and 2014 was decreased by 8.9%(321/920-212/846), 18.8%(321/920-156/968). Intravenous infusion quality was significantly improved in the catheters′normative fix, nursing staffs′mastery of the skills and related expertise control rate, intravenous infusion treatment-related complications e.g. Phlebitis above grade two in 2016 were reduced 22 cases and 30 cases compared with in 2015 and in 2014, meanwhile the number was 18 and 31 in drug extravasation case. Conclusions Special nursing of intravenous infusion has a good effect on the improvement of nursing quality, and feed-forward control is an effective method for quality control of intravenous infusion therapy.

Morphometric analysis of feedforward pathways from the primary somatosensory area (S1) of rats

We used biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) to anterogradely label individual axons projecting from primary somatosensory cortex (S1) to four different cortical areas in rats. A major goal was to determine whether axon terminals in these target areas shared morphometric similarities based on the shape of individual terminal arbors and the density of two bouton types: en passant (Bp) and terminaux (Bt). Evidence from tridimensional reconstructions of isolated axon terminal fragments (n=111) did support a degree of morphological heterogeneity establishing two broad groups of axon terminals. Morphological parameters associated with the complexity of terminal arbors and the proportion of beaded Bp vs stalked Bt were found to differ significantly in these two groups following a discriminant function statistical analysis across axon fragments. Interestingly, both groups occurred in all four target areas, possibly consistent with a commonality of presynaptic processing of tactile information. These findings lay the ground for additional work aiming to investigate synaptic function at the single bouton level and see how this might be associated with emerging properties in postsynaptic targets.

Core y sistema de control neuro-motor: mecanismos básicos para la estabilidad del raquis lumbar / Core and neuromotor control system: basic mechanisms for the stability of the lumbar spine

El "CORE" es un concepto funcional que engloba la integración de tres sistemas cuyo óptimo funcionamiento garantiza la realización de tareas con una mayor eficacia y seguridad a nivel raquídeo, permitiendo adecuados niveles de estabilidad y control del movimiento. En este sentido, a fin de afrontar con éxito retos que demanden un control dinámico de la columna y la pelvis, el SNC debe aplicar estrategias diferentes, sopesando as fuerzas internas y externas con el fin de proporcionar una respuesta muscular que permita un movimiento óptimo y resista cualquier posible perturbación. En el presente manuscrito se revisa de forma aplicada, las bases, atendiendo a la información disponible actualmente, de los mecanismos básicos de control motor y las posibles alteraciones en los mismos a ser considerados por los especialistas en ejercicio respecto a su intervención mediante programas de ejercicio para la mejora de la capacidad de estabilización raquídea

The "CORE" is a funcional concept that englobes the integration of three systems which optimal operation guarantees better eficiency and security in tasks related with the spine, allowing appropiate stability and movement control levels. In order to successfully addres challenges which demand a dynamic control of the spine and the pelvis, the SNC must use diferent strategies, weighing the internal and external forces in order to provide a muscular response to allow an appropiate movement and resist any possible disturbance. This article reviews the foundations based on the information currently available about the basic mechanisms of motor control and posible changes in them, to be considered by exercise specialists regarding to their exercise intervention programs to improve spinal stabilization capacity

Methodology to Weight Evaluation Areas from Autism Spectrum Disorder ADOS-G Test with Artificial Neural Networks and Taguchi Method / Metodología para ponderar áreas de evaluación de la herramienta ADOS-G en trastorno del espectro autista con redes neuronales artificiales y método de Taguchi

Autism diagnosis requires validated diagnostic tools employed by mental health professionals with expertise in autism spectrum disorders. This conventionally requires lengthy information processing and technical understanding of each of the areas evaluated in the tools. Classifying the impact of these areas and proposing a system that can aid experts in the diagnosis is a complex task. This paper presents the methodology used to find the most significant items from the ADOS-G tool to detect Autism Spectrum Disorders through Feed-forward Artificial Neural Networks with back-propagation training. The number of cases for the network training data was determined by using the Taguchi method with Orthogonal Arrays reducing the sample size from 531,441 to only 27. The trained network provides an accuracy of 100% with 11 different cases used only for validation, which provides a specificity and sensitivity of 1. The network was used to classify the 12 items from the ADOS-G tool algorithm into three levels of impact for Autism diagnosis: High, Medium and Low. It was found that the items "Showing", "Shared enjoyment in Interaction" and "Frequency of vocalization directed to others", are the areas of highest impact for Autism diagnosis. The methodology here presented can be replicated to different Autism diagnosis tests to classify their impact areas as well.

El diagnóstico del autismo requiere del uso de herramientas de diagnóstico validadas internacionalmente que son utilizadas por los profesionales de la salud expertos en trastornos del espectro autista, lo cual requiere de procesamiento de mucha información y un entendimiento técnico de cada una de las áreas evaluadas en ellas. La clasificación del impacto que tienen cada una de estas áreas, así como la propuesta de un sistema que pueda ayudar a los expertos en el diagnóstico, es una tarea compleja, por lo que en este artículo se presenta una metodología utilizada para encontrar los elementos más significativos de la herramienta de diagnóstico de autismo ADOS-G a través de redes neuronales artificiales entrenadas con retropropagación del error. El número de casos para entrenamiento de la red se seleccionó utilizando el método de Taguchi con arreglos ortogonales, reduciendo el tamaño de la muestra de 531,441 a solo 27 casos. La red entrenada tiene una exactitud del 100% validada con 11 casos diferentes de niños evaluados para diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro autista con lo que se obtuvo una especificidad y sensibilidad de 1. La red neuronal artificial se utilizó para clasificar los 12 elementos del algoritmo de la herramienta ADOS-G en tres niveles de impacto: Alto, Medio y Bajo. Se encontró que los elementos "Mostrar", "Placer compartido durante la interacción" y "Frecuencia de vocalizaciones dirigidas a otros" son las áreas de mayor impacto para el diagnóstico de autismo. La metodología presentada puede ser replicada para diferentes herramientas de diagnóstico de autismo para clasificar sus áreas de mayor impacto también.

Preventive effect of feedforward control on unexpected extubation in patients with cerebral apoplexy / 现代临床护理

Objective To explore the preventive effect of feedforward control on unexpected extubation in patients with cerebral apoplexy.Methods The clinical data of 42 cerebral apoplexy patients during May 2010 and May 2011 were retrospectively reviewed to find out the risk factors of unexpected extubation.The feedforward control was used to manage 49 cerebral apoplexy patients during June 2011 to June 2012 to control the risk factors.The incidence of unexpected extubation was compared between pre-and post-use of feedforward control. Results After application of feedforward control,the incidences of unexpected extubation of gastric tube,deep vein tubes and urinary tubes reduce were significantly decreased compared to pre-use of feedforward control(all P<0.01).Conclusion The feedforward control on patients with cerebral apoplexy is effective in reducing the incidence of unexpected extubation and ensuring the intubation safety.

Neural network based control of an absorption column in the process of bioethanol production

Gaseous ethanol may be recovered from the effluent gas mixture of the sugar cane fermentation process using a staged absorption column. In the present work, the development of a nonlinear controller, based on a neural network inverse model (ANN controller), was proposed and tested to manipulate the absorbent flow rate in order to control the residual ethanol concentration in the effluent gas phase. Simulation studies were carried out, in which a noise was applied to the ethanol concentration signals from the rigorous model. The ANN controller outperformed the dynamic matrix control (DMC) when step disturbances were imposed to the gas mixture composition. A security device, based on a conventional feedback algorithm, and a digital filter were added to the proposed strategy to improve the system robustness when unforeseen operating and environmental conditions occured. The results demonstrated that ANN controller was a robust and reliable tool to control the absorption column.

Deseja-se recuperar o etanol perdido por evaporação durante o processo de fermentação da cana-de-açúcar. Para tanto, faz-se uso de uma coluna de absorção. O controle da concentração de etanol no efluente gasoso da coluna é realizado pela manipulação da vazão de solvente, sendo esta determinada pelo controlador não linear proposto, baseado em um modelo inverso de redes neurais (controlador ANN). Foram feitas simulações adicionando-se um sinal de ruído a medida de concentração de etanol na fase gasosa. Quando perturbações degrau foram inseridas na mistura gasosa afluente, o controlador ANN demonstrou desempenho superior ao controle por matriz dinâmica (DMC). Um dispositivo de segurança, baseado em um controlador feedback convencional, e um filtro digital foram implementados à estratégia de controle proposta para agregar robustez no tratamento de distúrbios ocorridos no ambiente operacional. Os resultados demonstraram que o controlador ANN é uma ferramenta robusta e confiável no controle de uma coluna de absorção.

Application of feedforward control and management of nursing safety blind spot in preoperative fasting time of infants / 中国实用护理杂志

Objectives Using the theory and method of feedforward control management to control the blind spot of nursing safety of preoperative fasting time for children,so that the actual preoperative fasting time for children is close to the standard preoperative fasting time.Methods We established preoperative fasting nursing procedure according to feedforward control based on reasons for common long preoperative fasting time of infants facing expected operation from September 2005 to September 2006.Children facing expected operation were divided into the experimental group(66 cases)and the control group(58 cases).They adopted preoperative fasting nursing procedure after feedforward control and the traditional nursing procedure respectively.Preoperative fasting time between the two groups was compared and analyzed.Results There was significant difference about the preoperative fasting time between the two groups,P＜0.01.The actual preoperative fasting time for infants in the experimental group was close to the standard fasting time.Conclusions Using preoperative fasting nursing procedure with feedforward control,the blind spot of nursing can be partially emilinated,and the actual preoperative fasting time for infants is close to the standard.