Perfil psicosocial, factores de riesgo y reinserción en reclusas adultas: una revisión sistemática / Psychosocial profile, risk factors and reintegration in adult women prisoners: A systematic review

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los efectos psicológicos asociados con la estancia en prisión en mujeres reclusas, así como su perfil psicosocial. Para esto se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de la literatura en las siguientes bases de datos: Web of Science, Scopus, Psicodoc, PsycInfo, Pubmed y DOAJ. En la búsqueda se localizó un total de 1403 trabajos (1350 artículos y 53 revisiones), de los cuales se seleccionaron, finalmente, 106 estudios. Se observan importantes diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en cuanto al ajuste a prisión, además de que las mujeres reclusas tienen unas necesidades específicas. Como conclusión cabe señalar la necesidad de más estudios que complementen la información sobre los efectos psicológicos de las mujeres en países menos desarrollados.

Abstract The objective of this work was to analyze the psychological effects associated with the stay in prison in women prisoners as well as their psychosocial profile. For this purpose, a literatura search was carried out in the following databases: Web of Science, Scopus, Psicodoc, PsycInfo, Pubmed and DOAJ. In the search a total of 1403 papers were located (1350 articles and 53 reviews), finally selecting 106 studies. There are important differences between men and women in terms of adjustment to prison, in addition to the fact that women prisoners have specific needs. In conclusion, more studies are needed to complement the information on the psychological effects of women in less developed countries.

Mulheres privadas de liberdade e seus filhos: o sistema de justiça criminal em perspectiva / Female inmates and their children: criminal judicial system in perspective / Mujeres en privación de libertad y sus hijos: el sistema de justicia criminal en perspectiva

O texto surge de informações obtidas em uma pesquisa intitulada "Laços sociais de crianças após o cárcere" e se desenvolve percorrendo o sistema de justiça criminal do Brasil e de Minas Gerais, com reflexões psicanalíticas em interlocução com a perspectiva da sociologia jurídico-penal. Centra-se numa das fontes geradoras de conhecimentos utilizadas na pesquisa, o trabalho de juízes em processos que envolvem mulheres privadas de liberdade cujos filhos permanecem reclusos com elas por algum tempo. Traz declarações de juízes acerca de pontos cruciais sobre o assunto, nas quais se observa que os atores do sistema de justiça circulam pela administração ordinária da justiça penal, regida pelo princípio da eficiência, por competência voltada para o exato cumprimento da lei, e ainda distante das particularidades que supõem a diferença entre os sexos, a garantia dos direitos fundamentais da criança, numa realidade social que prima pela complexa judicialização da relação entre mãe e filho.

The idea to write this text came from information acquired during a research entitled "Social bonds of children after prison", which was done studying the criminal justice system of Brazil and Minas Gerais. The research has psychoanalytic reflections in interlocution with the perspective of legal-penal sociology. The work of judges in cases involving women sentenced to prison and their children, who have lived with their mothers some time, is the focus of this research. It contains judges' statements related to crucial points in the subject, in which the actors of the judicial system can be observed. Those statements spread through the ordinary administration of criminal justice, governed by the principle of efficiency and by competence directed towards strict law enforcement. However, these procedures are still far from the particulars that gender differences and the guarantee of the child's fundamental rights entail, in a social reality mainly represented by the complex judicialisation of the relation between mother and child.

El texto surge a partir de informaciones obtenidas en una investigación titulada "Lazos sociales de niños tras la cárcel", y se desarrolla recorriendo el sistema de justicia criminal de Brasil y de Minas Gerais y con reflexiones psicoanalíticas en interlocución con la perspectiva de la sociología jurídico-penal. Se centra en una de las fuentes generadoras de conocimientos utilizadas en la investigación, el trabajo de los jueces en los procesos en que están envolvidas mujeres privadas de libertad y sus hijos que permanecen recluidos con ellas durante algún tiempo. Se citan declaraciones de jueces sobre los puntos cruciales de este tema en las que se observa que los actores del sistema de justicia se difunden por la administración ordinaria de la justicia penal regida por el principio de eficiencia, por la competencia orientada al exacto cumplimiento de la ley, y todavía distante de las particularidades que supone la diferencia de sexos y la garantía de los derechos fundamentales del niño en una realidad social en la que prevalece la compleja judicialización de la relación entre madre e hijo.

Validation Of The Malay-Translated Version Of The Center For Epidemiological Study – Depression Scale (CES-D)

Objective: This study aims to establish the validity and reliability of the Malaytranslated version of the CES-D. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional study design. The participants were female inmates (n=90) from local prisons which were selected based on purposive-selective sampling. The analyses include face validation, factor analysis, and reliability testing. A test-retest was conducted within a one-week interval. Results: The mean score for depression among the participants is 18.97 (SD=6.51). Further descriptive analysis showed that 58.9% of them scored above the mean score, which is considered high. Preliminary construct validation analysis confirmed that factor analysis was appropriate for the Malay-translated version of the CES-D. Furthermore, the factor analysis showed similar factor loadings to the original English version. The total internal consistency of the translated version, which was measured by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, was equal to 0.75. The test-retest reliability of the total score, measured by Pearson’s correlation was equal to 0.69. Conclusions: Face validity, construct validity, and reliability analysis were found satisfactory for the Malay-translated version of the CES-D. The Malay-translated version of the CES-D was found valid and reliable to be used in future studies, with comparable properties to the original version and to previous studies.

Epidemiology of the viral hepatitis B and C in female prisoners of Metropolitan Regional Prison Complex in the State of Goiás, Central Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Little information regarding hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among Brazilian female prisoners exists. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors associated with HBV and HCV infections and identified viral genotypes among female prisoners in Goiás, Central Brazil. METHODS: Women incarcerated in the largest prison in the State of Goiás were invited to participate in the study. All female prisoners were interviewed and tested for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs), against hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and antibody against HCV (anti-HCV) by ELISA. HBsAg and anti-HCV positive samples were tested for HBV DNA and HCV RNA and genotyped, respectively. RESULTS: Participants (n=148; 98.6%) completed the study with an overall HBV prevalence of 18.9%. Age >30 years, a low education level, sex with a sexually transmitted diseases carrier, and a male sexual partner serving in the same penitentiary were associated with HBV infections. Only 24% of the women were anti-HBs positive suggesting previous HBV vaccination. Nine female prisoners (6.1%) were anti-HCV positive. Age >40 years, injecting drug use and length of incarceration were statistically associated with anti-HCV antibodies. Five samples were HCV RNA positive and classified as genotypes 1 (subtypes 1a; n=3 and 1b; n=1) and 3 (subtype 3a; n=1). The HBsAg-reactive sample was HBV DNA positive and genotype A. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the necessity of public policies to control hepatitis B and C infections and emphasize the importance of hepatitis B vaccination in prison environments.

Criminal career-related factors among female robbers in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and a presumed 'revolving-door' situation / Fatores relacionados à carreira criminal em mulheres condenadas por roubo no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e uma situação presumível de "porta giratória"

INTRODUCTION: Risk-taking behaviors, family criminality, poverty, and poor parenting have been frequently associated with an earlier onset of criminal activities and a longer criminal career among male convicts. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify factors related to the onset and recurrence of criminal behavior among female robbers in the State of São Paulo - Brazil. METHOD: It was a cross-sectional study carried out inside a feminine penitentiary in São Paulo. From June 2006 to June 2010, 175 inmates convicted only for robbery were recruited to be evaluated about family antecedents of criminal conviction, alcohol and drug misuse, impulsiveness, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial features. RESULTS Having family antecedents of criminal conviction consistently predicted an earlier onset of criminal activities and a longer criminal career among female robbers. Drug use in youth and the severity of drug misuse were significantly related to the initiation and recurrence of criminal behavior, respectively. DISCUSSION: Prisons must systematically screen detainees and provide treatments for those with health problems in general. Children of inmates should obtain help to modify the negative consequences of their parents' incarceration in order to mitigate the negative consequences of pursuing this 'static' factor.

INTRODUÇÃO:Comportamentos de correr riscos, criminalidade familiar, pobreza e pais inadequados foram frequentemente associados a um início mais precoce de atividades criminais e a uma carreira criminal mais longa em presos do sexo masculino. OBJETIVO:Esse estudo visa identificar os fatores relacionados ao início e à recorrência do comportamento criminal em mulheres assaltantes no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODO: Este foi um estudo em corte transversal realizado dentro de uma penitenciária feminina em São Paulo. De junho de 2006 a junho de 2010, 175 internas condenadas apenas por roubo foram recrutadas para avaliação quanto a antecedentes familiares de condenação por crimes, uso inadequado de drogas e álcool, impulsividade, sintomas depressivos e características psicossociais. RESULTADOS: Ter antecedentes familiares de condenação por crimes predisse consistentemente um início mais precoce de atividades criminais e uma carreira criminal mais longa em mulheres assaltantes. O uso de drogas na juventude e a gravidade do uso de drogas estavam significativamente relacionados respectivamente ao início e à recorrência do comportamento criminal. DISCUSSÃO: As prisões deveriam avaliar sistematicamente os presos e proporcionar tratamento para aqueles com problemas de saúde em geral. Os filhos dos internos deveriam obter ajuda para modificar as consequências do encarceramento de seus pais e reduzir as consequências negativas da evolução desse fator 'estático.'.