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Background: In Kerala state, India, while there is higher coverage of hygienic methods for menstrual protection among young women, empirical evidence on menstrual hygiene management is limited. This study aims to present menstrual hygiene product choices and the extent of period poverty among young adult females in Kerala.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kerala using a web-based Google form. Data were collected on menstrual product usage, perceptions and attitudes towards menstruation, awareness and use of government initiatives for menstrual hygiene management, perspectives on better management, period poverty, and associated factors.Results: The mean age of respondents was 21.7 years (SD�0). Cultural beliefs hindered the choice of menstrual products. Period poverty was reported by 25.5% of respondents, with higher rates among younger, lower social category, and unemployed individuals. Lower income and negative attitudes towards menstruation were significantly associated with higher period poverty.Conclusions: There is a need for free menstrual products for the financially disadvantaged. Further research is necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of period poverty in this community.
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Background: Obesity is widely regarded as a major as a major global pandemic. It is associated with numerous comorbidities such as increased cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Over 650 million adults of 18 years and older were obese. Methods: A cross sectional study was done among 1st, 2nd, 3rd year undergraduate medical students of a tertiary care hospital, Nandyal during August 2022 to September 2022. Sample size was 300. Weight and height of the participants were measured and data was collected using predesigned semi structured questionnaire and data was analysed using SPSS version 2022. Results: Out of 300 study participants,133 were males and 167 were females. 21 (7%) students had BMI<18.5 of which 16 students of age group 20-23 years were under weight, 5 students of age group 18-19 years were thin (BMI for age ?2SD), 195 (65%) students were normal, 60 (20%) students were overweight and 24 (8%) students were obese. Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight and obesity were high in medical students. Prevalence of overweight and obesity were higher in females compared to males.
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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Specific types of violence such as intimate partner sexual violence and intimate partner homicide occur more frequently in rural areas. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the knowledge and attitudes of rural healthcare providers regarding cases of domestic violence against women. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review developed at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. METHODS: We conducted an electronic search of six databases, which only included observational studies, regardless of the year, language, or country of publication, except for studies that used secondary data and were exclusively qualitative. Two reviewers performed the selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using a specific Joanna Briggs Institute tool. RESULTS: Six studies met the inclusion criteria. All the studies had a low risk of bias. Approximately 38% of these professionals identified injuries caused by violence in patients. When asked about knowing the correct attitude to take in cases of confirmed violence, between 12% and 64% of rural healthcare providers answered positively; most of them would refer to specialized institutions and promote victim empowerment and counseling. The number of professionals with an educational background in the field ranged from 16% to 98%. CONCLUSIONS: The evident disparity across studies shows that some professionals have suboptimal knowledge and require training to adopt the correct attitude when identifying female victims of domestic violence in clinical practice. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: This systematic review was registered in the Open Science Framework Database under the registration http://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/B7Q6S.
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Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women in India. So, detection of its premalignant lesions is of utmost importance, which can be easily done by screening methods. Screening programmes for cervical cancer using the conventional pap smear (CPS) technique have been in place since decades. However, CPS technique has many limitations. To overcome these limitations liquid-based cytology (LBC) was introduced in the mid 1990 as a better tool for processing cervical samples. The aim of present study is to compare CPS with LBC and to assess the diagnostic accuracy and cost effectiveness of LBC in rural tertiary care centre.Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 2 years at Rama medical college, Mandhana, Kanpur. All women presenting to gynaecological OPD with symptoms and signs suspicious of cervical malignancy were selected for paired samples of conventional pap and LBC. Colposcopy and biopsy were sought which correlated with cytologic findings.燫esults: A maximum number of cases were in the reproductive age group, most common age of presentation being 40-49 years (27.3%) followed by 30-39 years (25.3%). A majority of patients were presented with a complaint of discharge per vagina 176 (58.7%), followed by pelvic pain 154 (51.3%). Only 4 patients were found to have unsatisfactory smear in LBC (1.33%) while 22 patients had unsatisfactory smear in conventional PAP (7.33%). LBC showed presence of endocervical cells in almost all patients 290 (97.97%). Candida bodies were not evident in LBC smears while the CPS showed presence candida bodies in 4 cases.Conclusions: Both the screening methods are very effective and sensitive in the detection of premalignant lesions with slight discordance of grade on histology. Thus, we conclude that cervical cytology is very effective in the detection of premalignant lesions with the sensitivity of almost 100%. In developing countries such as India, where finances pose a major problem, conventional method is as good as LBC.
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Background: Thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies are a group of inherited conditions characterized by abnormalities in the synthesis or structure of hemoglobin (Hb). According to estimates, approximately 7% of the world population is a carrier of Hb disorders, leading to high morbidity and mortality. To reduce the burden of these highly prevalent monogenic disorders, detecting them in the carrier stage is crucial to prevent disease progression. Aim: We aimed to estimate the prevalence and spectrum of hemoglobinopathies in females in the reproductive (20–40 years) age group. Settings and Design: It was a retrospective observational study carried out for 2.5 years (from January 2018 till June 2020). Materials and Methods: All the females in the age group of 20–40 years age whose blood samples were received in the department for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were included. The cases with abnormal HPLC findings were analyzed for hematological parameters including hemoglobin, RBC count, and RBC indices [mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), & red cell distribution width - coefficient of variation (RDW-CV)]. Statistical Analysis: Statistical package for social science (SPSS) statistics 21 version for Microsoft Windows (Chicago, USA) was used for statistical analysis of data. The data were described in terms of range, mean ± standard deviation (SD), frequencies (number of cases), and relative frequencies (percentage) as appropriate. Results: During the study period, 72.2% of the females were affected with ?-thalassemia trait, followed by HbD Punjab trait (17.8%), HbQ India trait (2.9%), ?-thalassemia major (1.8%), and two cases (1.2%) each of HbS trait, HbD Iran trait, and compound heterozygous of HbD Punjab and ?-thalassaemia, whereas HbE trait, compound heterozygous of HbQ and ?-thalassemia, compound heterozygous of HbJ-variant and ?-thalassemia had one case each (0.6%). Conclusion: Preventive strategies are cost-effective and include population screening, premarital screening, screening of spouses, genetic counseling, and prenatal diagnosis. Educating the carrier females about the potential risk and various screening methods may help in controlling the disease.
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Background: Real-world data on the efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) for treating iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in Indian women is limited.Methods: This was a sub-group analysis of the real-world PROMISE study, which analyzed data of women who received FCM for the management of IDA due to non-obstetric causes. Hematological parameters were retrieved from the charts at baseline and at 4±1 week and analyzed for the whole sub-group and by the severity of anemia.Results: In 442 women with anemia, Hb and serum ferritin improved by 2.77 gm/dl and 62.07 µg/l, respectively (p<0.001 for both) at 4 weeks. There was a significant increase in red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (p<0.001 for all). In 192 subjects with severe anemia, there was a significant increase in Hb by 3.19 gm/dl, serum ferritin by 61.67 µg/l, RBC count, hematocrit, and MCV (p<0.001 for all); and MCH (p=0.002). In 226 subjects with moderate anemia, there was a significant increase in Hb by 2.41 gm/dl, serum ferritin by 62.75 µg/l, and MCV (p<0.001 for all); and MCH (p=0.003). No subject had mild anemia. No new safety signals or serious adverse events were reported. Physicians rated the efficacy and safety of FCM as very good to good in 94.1 and 94.2% of subjects, respectively.Conclusions: In Indian women, FCM effectively and safely corrects IDA due to non-obstetric causes, in a short span of 4 weeks.
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Background: Real-world data on the efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) for treating iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in Indian women is limited.Methods: This was a sub-group analysis of the real-world PROMISE study, which analyzed data of women who received FCM for the management of IDA due to non-obstetric causes. Hematological parameters were retrieved from the charts at baseline and at 4±1 week and analyzed for the whole sub-group and by the severity of anemia.Results: In 442 women with anemia, Hb and serum ferritin improved by 2.77 gm/dl and 62.07 µg/l, respectively (p<0.001 for both) at 4 weeks. There was a significant increase in red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (p<0.001 for all). In 192 subjects with severe anemia, there was a significant increase in Hb by 3.19 gm/dl, serum ferritin by 61.67 µg/l, RBC count, hematocrit, and MCV (p<0.001 for all); and MCH (p=0.002). In 226 subjects with moderate anemia, there was a significant increase in Hb by 2.41 gm/dl, serum ferritin by 62.75 µg/l, and MCV (p<0.001 for all); and MCH (p=0.003). No subject had mild anemia. No new safety signals or serious adverse events were reported. Physicians rated the efficacy and safety of FCM as very good to good in 94.1 and 94.2% of subjects, respectively.Conclusions: In Indian women, FCM effectively and safely corrects IDA due to non-obstetric causes, in a short span of 4 weeks.
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Background: Infertility affects lives of millions of people worldwide which includes the couples themselves as well as extends further to their families, wider communities also. Moreover, in contrast to the usual belief, the problem is faced by men and women both. Infertility-related stress adversely affects all dimensions of health, quality of life of the couples and relationship with family. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the outpatient department (OPD) of obstetrics and gynecology during a period of two months (August and September 2022). The study subjects comprised of women in the age group of 18-45 years. Data was collected using interview techniques by a pre designed questionnaire. Statistical analysis was carried out nu epi info software. Results: A total sample of 113 was covered in the present study. The mean age of the study subjects was 28.38 years, range being 21 to 37 year. Depression of varying levels was detected in 76 (67.25%) of the study participants. However, 32 (32.75%) females were normal without any detection of depression. Mild depression was observed in 15 (13.27%), moderate in 62 (49.56%) and remaining 5 (4.42%) had severe depression. Conclusions: Depression of a varying level of severity is common occurrence in the women attending infertility clinic. Though role of socio demographic factors is not statistically proven in relation to depression in the study, their role cannot be denied.
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Background: Among female patients’ breast cancer are a growing threat for over a century. In women, breast cancer is the most common malignancy universally such as 154 of 185 nations. Breast self-examination (BSE) is a simple, very low-cost, non-invasive early detection method used to detect early breast cancer, which involves the woman herself looking at and feeling for any change in their breast as early as possible, which yields a better survival rate. BSE should be done for all women older than 20 years. This study intended to determine knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of breast cancer among medical and non-medical undergraduate students. Material & Methods: A descriptive cross?sectional study was conducted from October to November 2019 to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of BSE. The target population consisted of undergraduate female medical and non?medical students. A total of 154 (N=154) undergraduate female students participated in this study. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25.0. Results: Among the study population (N=154) with an early familiar diagnosis of breast cancer ”breast self-examination, the mean age of them was 20.434±4.38. Of seventy-eight respondents (n=78), breast cancer screening test was heard by around half of the medical students (42, 53.8%) & of seventy-six non-medical respondents (n=76), around three-fifth of them (46, 60.5%) did not hear about breast cancer screening test. There was no significant relationship between them (p=0.394). Forty medical students (40, 51.3% and twenty-five non-medical students (25, 32.9%) had no idea, twenty-four medical students (24, 30.8%) & forty-three (43, 56.6%) non-medical students had monthly BSE done. Conclusion: Initial diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer have a definite survival benefit. So early detection is an issue of necessity to be uplifted. The results of the present study suggested that knowledge regarding breast cancer, its risk factors, sign symptoms, prevention measures, and performance of BSE is insufficient.
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Background: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a common sleep-related breathing disorder, is characterized by recurrent collapse or blockage of the pharynx during sleep that causes intermittent cessation of airflow and a hallmark snoring gasping pattern. When OSA occurs in pregnancy, it is independently associated with increased risk of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and possibly fetal growth restriction and other adverse neonatal outcomes. In particular, OSA affects sleep quality and duration of sleep in pregnant women. The aim was to study the risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in pregnant females in different trimester.Methods: The study consists of a non-experimental, quantitative and cross sectional research design. A total of 60 pregnant females were included in the study and conducted at maternity clinic. Results: By analyzing data we found that females in 3rd trimester shows symptoms of compromised breathing and thus are at high risk of developing OSA followed by 2nd trimester.Conclusions: Our study shows that breathing limitation starts from 2nd trimester onwards, so, we conclude that starting breathing exercises early in antenatal period would be beneficial for the expecting mothers. The study concludes that there is high risk of obstructive sleep apnea in 3rd trimester of the pregnancy.
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Background: Anemia is the most common micronutrient deficiency. Despite repeated efforts taken under the national program, high prevalence of anemia still observed across various life stages of females in India over the past two decades. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to discern the prevalence of anemia in the non-pregnant and non-lactating females of Ambala, Haryana, between the ages of 6 months to 49 years using the gold standard cyan-met-hemoglobin method. Results: A total of 1, 21, 202 study subjects, with a mean age of 28.9±19.3 years were tested for hemoglobin across 524 villages, out of which 97,305 (80.1%) females were found to be anemic with mean hemoglobin level of 10.8±1.4 gm% with 53.2% of all females being moderately anemic. Conclusions: This study reported that anemia is extremely prevalent in all walks of life of females. Multipronged strategy is to be followed to curb anemia from various age groups of females.
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In recent years, reports of adverse reactions related to traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) have been on the rise, especially some traditionally considered "non-toxic" TCM(such as Dictamni Cortex). This has aroused the concern of scholars. This study aims to explore the metabolomic mechanism underlying the difference in liver injury induced by dictamnine between males and females through the experiment on 4-week-old mice. The results showed that the serum biochemical indexes of liver function and organ coefficients were significantly increased by dictamnine(P<0.05), and hepatic alveolar steatosis was mainly observed in female mice. However, no histopathological changes were observed in the male mice. Furthermore, a total of 48 differential metabolites(such as tryptophan, corticosterone, and indole) related to the difference in liver injury between males and females were screened out by untargeted metabolomics and multivariate statistical analysis. According to the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve, 14 metabolites were highly correlated with the difference. Finally, pathway enrichment analysis indicated that disorders of metabolic pathways, such as tryptophan metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and ferroptosis(linoleic acid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism), may be the potential mechanism of the difference. Liver injury induced by dictamnine is significantly different between males and females, which may be caused by the disorders of tryptophan metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and ferroptosis pathways.
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Feminino , Masculino , Animais , Camundongos , Triptofano , Metabolômica , Fígado Gorduroso , Esteroides , HormôniosRESUMO
Objectives: Globally, the case fatality ratio is more in males versus females. Some studies have suggested estrogen hormone decreases susceptibility to SARS CoV-2. We have analyzed the observed sex differences in COVID-19 behavior in males and females and the clinical profiles of females of different age groups of COVID-19 patients and discussed their symptoms, laboratory evaluations, and associated comorbidities. Material and Methods: The patients were tested for COVID-19 through real-time RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) assay. The data obtained were studied for the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics from their medical records. Results: The mortality rate in females was 12.33% (36/292) whereas mortality in males was 19.63% (84/428). In between group analysis, 8.7% (14/161) of females died in the <40 years age group versus 16.8% (22/131) in more than 40 years age group whereas in males, the mortality was 13.7% (21/153) in <40 years versus 22.9%(63/275). The mortality rate in women older than 40 years was greater than mortality in younger females emphasizing the protection provided by estrogen hormone in them. The proportion of patients who expired due to COVID-19 significantly differs by age cutoff of 40 years, X2 (1, n = 428). The difference is statistically significant at P < 0.05. Males more than 40 years are more likely to expire. Conclusion: Sex-related differences in coronavirus pandemic have been found pointing toward the protective role of estrogen hormone and other differences in immunological behavior in males and females. Downregulation of ACE2 expression, thereby reducing viral entry, might also be contributory to decreasing mortality in females.
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Resumen Introducción: Hacer el diagnóstico y tratar a portadores del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana ha llevado a identificar mayor prevalencia de esa infección y, por lo tanto, de un mayor riesgo de transmisión de este virus. Objetivo: Conocer la tendencia en México de los nuevos casos de portadores de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) en el periodo 2003-2017. Métodos: Se analizaron pacientes asegurados en el IMSS. Se obtuvieron datos de 42 181 casos recién diagnosticados y se analizaron las variaciones relacionadas con el sexo y la edad. Se obtuvieron las tasas estandarizadas por edad por 100 000 personas. Resultados: El cambio porcentual anual promedio más alto en hombres se documentó en adolescentes varones (13.0, IC 95 % = 9.9, 16.1). Se registraron tendencias heterogéneas en las mujeres, con una disminución total significativa (-2.2, IC 95 % = -3.4, -1.0), pero también se observaron tendencias crecientes en algunos grupos. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que en el IMSS, la epidemia de la inmunodeficiencia humana adquirida se concentra en hombres, con tendencia creciente particularmente en adolescentes.
Abstract Introduction: Diagnosing and treating human immunodeficiency virus carriers has led to the identification of a higher prevalence of said infection and, therefore, of a higher risk of transmission of the virus. Objective: To find out the trend of new cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection carriers at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) in Mexico within the 2003-2017 period. Methods: Patients affiliated to the IMSS were analyzed. Data from 42,181 newly-diagnosed cases were collected, with variations related to gender and age being observed. Age-standardized rates per 100,000 population were obtained. Results: The highest mean annual percentage change in males was documented in adolescents (13.0, 95% CI = 9.9, 16.1). Heterogeneous trends were recorded for women, with a significant overall decrease (-2.2, 95% CI = -3.4,-1.0), but growing trends were also observed in some groups. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the human immunodeficiency epidemic in patients cared for at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social is concentrated in males, with a growing trend particularly in adolescents.
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Abstract The aim was to assess whether there is a correlation between the body condition score (BCS) and the pregnancy rate of cows submitted to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) on Ilha do Marajó, Pará, in the Eastern Amazon. 159 female bovines were analyzed, submitted to FTAI, selected through clinical and gynecological evaluation, being considered clinically healthy and cyclic cows, of the Bos taurus indicus breed, from an extensive system property, in the municipality of Cachoeira do Arari, on Ilha do Marajó, Pará. The qualitative research method was used, with the objective of analyzing the correlation between the pregnancy rate and the BCS of this lot. Of the 159 women submitted to FTAI, 86 had a positive pregnancy diagnosis, obtaining a pregnancy rate of 54.08% and the number of pregnant animals was 73, or 45.92%. There was a positive and significant correlation (r=0.167) between BCS and pregnancy rate (p<0.05). Thus, the study has enabled us to conclude that there was a positive interdependence between BCS and the gestational diagnosis. Thus, the effect of body condition on pregnancy rate in cows raised in the Eastern Amazon is confirmed.
Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar se existe correlação entre o escore de condição corporal (ECC) e a taxa de prenhez de vacas submetidas a inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) na Ilha do Marajó, Pará, na Amazônia Oriental. Foram analisadas 159 fêmeas bovinas, submetidas à IATF, selecionadas mediante avaliação clínica e ginecológica, sendo consideradas vacas clinicamente saudáveis e cíclicas, da raça Bos taurus indicus, de uma propriedade de sistema extensivo, no município de Cachoeira do Arari, na Ilha do Marajó, Pará. Foi utilizado o método de pesquisa qualitativo, com objetivo de analisar a correlação entra a taxa de prenhez e o ECC, deste lote. Das 159 fêmeas submetidas a IATF, 86 apresentaram diagnóstico de gestação positivo, obtendo-se taxa de prenhez de 54,08% e o número de fêmeas vazias foi de 73, ou seja, 45,92%. Houve correlação positiva (r = 0,167) e significativa entre a ECC e a taxa de prenhez (p<0,05). Desta forma, o estudo permitiu concluir que houve uma interdependência positiva entre a ECC e o diagnóstico gestacional. De modo que constata o efeito da condição corporal sobre a taxa de prenhez em vacas criadas na Amazônia Oriental.
Resumen Objetivo evaluar si existe correlación entre el índice de condición corporal (BCS) y la tasa de preñez de vacas sometidas a inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo (IATF) en Ilha do Marajó, Pará, en la Amazonía Oriental. Fueron analizadas 159 hembras bovinas, sometidas al FTAI, seleccionadas mediante evaluación clínica y ginecológica, siendo consideradas vacas clínicamente sanas y cíclicas, de la raza Bos taurus indicus, de una propiedad de sistema extensivo, en el municipio de Cachoeira do Arari, en Ilha do Marajo, Pará. Se utilizó el método de investigación cualitativo, con el objetivo de analizar la correlación entre los taxones preñados y el CEC, de este lote. De las 159 mujeres sometidas a IATF, 86 tuvieron diagnóstico de embarazo positivo, obteniendo una tasa de embarazo de 54,08% y el número de gestantes fue de 73, o 45,92%. Hubo una correlación positiva y significativa (r=0,167) entre ECC y taxones de preñez (p<0,05). Así, el estudio permitió concluir que hubo una interdependencia positiva entre la CEC y el diagnóstico gestacional. Así, se confirma el efecto de la condición corporal sobre los taxones de gestación en vacas criadas en la Amazonía Oriental.
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RESUMEN La incontinencia pigmentaria es una genodermatosis de rara presentación, que es considerada una alteración hereditaria, ligada al cromosoma X, con carácter dominante. Se presenta con mayor frecuencia en mujeres, y el compromiso principal se observa en tejidos derivados del ectodermo; es decir, puede evidenciarse como anormalidades en piel, dientes, pelos, ojos y sistema nervioso. Se presenta un caso de incontinencia pigmentaria con manifestaciones cutáneas en un recién nacido varón. El caso se confirmó a través de dos biopsias evaluadas en el servicio de anatomía patológica del Hospital Cayetano Heredia. Debido al espectro amplio de presentación clínica de incontinencia pigmentaria, se recomienda considerar a esta entidad en el diagnóstico diferencial cuando nos encontramos frente a lesiones cutáneas, predominantemente vesiculares y que siguen una distribución siguiendo las líneas de Blaschko. La incontinencia pigmentaria es una enfermedad infrecuente en nuestro país, y su diagnóstico requiere de una adecuada correlación clínico patológica, y del conocimiento de las distintas fases de la enfermedad. El diagnóstico y reconocimiento oportuno y temprano de la entidad permitirá prevenir complicaciones asociadas a nivel sistémico.
ABSTRACT Incontinentia Pigmenti is a rare genodermatosis, which is considered a hereditary alteration, linked to the X chromosome, with a dominant character. It occurs more frequently in women, and the main involvement is observed in tissues derived from the ectoderm, that is, it can be seen as abnormalities in the skin, teeth, hair, eyes and nervous system. We report a case of incontinentia pigmenti with cutaneous manifestations in a male newborn is presented. The case was confirmed through two biopsies evaluated in the pathological anatomy service of the Cayetano Heredia Hospital. Due to the broad spectrum of clinical presentation of incontinence pigmenti, it is recommended to consider this entity in the differential diagnosis when we are faced with predominantly vesicular skin lesions that follow a distribution along Blaschko lines. Incontinentia pigmenti is a rare disease in our country, and its diagnosis requires an adequate clinicopathological correlation, and knowledge of the different phases of the disease. The timely and early diagnosis and recognition of the entity will prevent associated complications at the systemic level.
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Background: Social anxiety impacts our self-worth and ability to deal with crises. Resilience may serve as a tool to mitigate social anxiety. The study examines the relationship between social anxiety, self-esteem, and resilience among young adult females. Further, it illustrates the role of sexual orientation, education, and employment status on the three variables. Methodology: A purposive sample of 270 participants (233 heterosexual females and 37 LGBTQIA+ females) was obtained using the snowball sampling method. Females were chosen as the prevalence rate of social anxiety is more pronounced among females than males. Statistical analysis was done using R Studio. Results: Findings suggest moderate negative correlations between social anxiety and self-esteem (r = - 0.462, p<0.05), social anxiety and resilience (r=-0.348, p<0.05), and a moderate positive correlation between resilience and self-esteem (r=0.464, p<0.05). LGBTQIA+ females scored high on social anxiety and low on resilience and self-esteem than heterosexual females. Employment status has a significant impact on the three variables however educational qualifications did not produce any difference. Thus, the hypotheses of the study were validated. Conclusion: The findings act as a catalyst in developing psychological interventions to improve the well- being of the youth. Future research can focus on the cultural aspects of social anxiety and its influence on self-esteem and resilience.
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Background: Menopause has become a popular topic of study as life expectancy rises around the world. The average age at menopause in both developed and developing countries ranges from 45 to 53 years. Factors influencing the extent of ovarian follicle reserve dwindling, such as sociodemographic, menstrual, reproductive, and dietary factors. Aim and Objective: The present study aimed to determine the mean age of menopause and to find out the various factors affecting menopause onset. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study conducted in rural and urban areas of District Dehradun for a period of 1 year starting 1st August 2020 to 31st July 2021. Data were collected using multistage stratified random sampling from 211 cases of natural menopause. Chisquare was applied as statistical test of significance and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: According to current study, average age menopausal age is 46 years. Variables like sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, reproductive and menstrual factors were found to have a significant relationship with onset of menopause. Conclusion: Menopause, whether it occurs early or late in life, several factors are responsible for deciding its onset. As a result, it is critical to identify the factors influencing the onset of menopause.
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Background And Aims: Parturients posted for LSCS present with physiological changes due to pregnancy and gravid uterus, may have associated co-morbidities, superadded by COVID 19 infection poses a real challenge for an anesthesiologist. Urgency in obstetric anesthesia and extreme precautions needed to avoid this contagious disease further increase the burden on the anesthesiologist. This study focuses on perioperative presentation, management, and outcome of patients in a tertiary level hospital. Method: 329 pregnant females with RAT or RTPCR positive for COVID 19 and undergoing cesarean section from 1st May 2020 to 31st July 2021 were included in this retrospective observational study. Data was collected and analyzed from OT, ICU, WARD records, patient medical and electronic records, and maternal mortality data. Results: Amongst 329 parturients, 98.48%(324/329) received spinal anesthesia, one received epidural anesthesia (0.30%) and 1.21%(4/329) required general anesthesia. The incidence of hypotension was 5.77% (19/329), managed with inj. Mephentermine without inotropes. The intraoperative course was uneventful except for one case of CRA, revived successfully. Nine patients (2.73%) required ICU care. Oxygen support by either nasal prongs or face masks was given to 3.95% (13/329) patients. Three patients (0.91%) required NIV support and three patients (0.91%) required invasive ventilation postoperatively.The overall mortality was 0.61% (2/329). The mean duration of hospital stay was found to be 8.2 ± 5.03 days Conclusion: Neuraxial anesthesia remains a technique of choice for LSCS and can be safely employed in the parturients even with moderate pneumonia. General anesthesia can be reserved for patients of severe covid pneumonia
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Objective:To explore the characteristics of intestinal flora in female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with comorbid coronary heart disease.Methods:Female patients with T2DM from September 2019 to November 2020 were enrolled in this study and divided into 2 groups stratified by coronary heart disease: 22 patients with coronary heart disease(T2DM+ CHD group) and 49 patients with simple T2DM group(T2DM group). Thirty-one healthy females were selected as the normal control group(NC group). The abundance of intestinal flora, the difference in intestinal flora and its relationship with indicators such as glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose was analyzed by the real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR detection technology in the three groups.Results:The abundance of Prevotella in the T2DM group was lower, and Roseburia inulinivorans and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the T2DM+ CHD group were lower, while Bacteroides and Enterococcus spp in the T2DM+ CHD group were higher compared with NC group, respectively( P<0.05). The abundance of Bacteroides and Enterococcus spp in the T2DM+ CHD group was lower than that in the T2DM group( P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that the abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Eubacterium rectale was negatively correlated with obesity while abundance of Bacteroides and Enterococcus spp was positively correlated with HbA 1C and fasting blood glucose. The abundance of Bacteroides was positively correlated with TCH and TG(all P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that Bacteroides and Enterococcus spp were independent influencing factor of the development of female patients with T2DM and CHD. Conclusion:Female T2DM and T2DM with CHD had intestinal flora imbalance, which was related to a variety of glucose and lipid metabolism indicators, and might be closely related to the occurrence of T2DM and CHD. Bacteroides and Enterococcus spp were independent influencing factors of the development of female patients with T2DM and CHD. Regulating the intestinal flora can provide ideas for the prevention and treatment of T2DM with CHD in female.