Hegemonia do patriarcado numa perspectiva etológica e outros sistemas sociais contemporâneos / Patriarchal hegemony and other social systems: an ethological perspective / L'hégémonie patriarcale et d'autres systèmes sociaux: une perspective éthologique / Hegemonía del patriarcado desde una perspectiva etológica y otros sistemas contemporáneos

Resumo No mundo contemporâneo, o patriarcado se estabeleceu de forma hegemônica, por isso, este estudo tem como propósito investigar hipóteses sobre a origem evolutiva desse sistema, explorar os motivos para tal construção social e discutir a filopatria masculina como possível causa da manutenção da estrutura patriarcal. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e estudos etológicos foi possível analisar os comportamentos, conceitos, origens, padrões e conformações em nível filogenético desse sistema social. Além disso, verifica-se a existência de sociedades contemporâneas que se contrapõem ao patriarcalismo por possuírem organizações matrilineares, matrilocais e matriarcais. Dessa maneira, apesar da hegemonia do sistema patriarcal, essa estrutura não é única e estática, sendo seu dinamismo evidenciado por conformações sociais existentes na contemporaneidade.

Abstract Patriarchy is a hegemonic social system in the contemporary world. This study investigates the evolutionary origins of patriarchy, exploring its basis and whether masculine philopatry acts to maintain the patriarchal structure. An an integrative literature review of ethological studies allowed us to analysing behaviors, concepts, origins, patterns and conformations at the phylogenetic level. Moreover, it verified the existence of current matrilineal and matriarchal communities that oppose patriarchy. Despite its hegemony, patriarchy is neither unique nor static, as evidenced by distinct contemporary social configurations.

Résumé Le patriarcat est u système social hégémonique dans le monde contemporain. Cette étude a pour but d''évaluerse penche sur les origines évolutives du patriarcat, en explorant ses fondements et en examinant si la philopatrie masculine agit pour maintenir la structure patriarcale. Une revue de littérature intégrative des études éthologiques nous a permis d'analyser les comportements, les concepts, les origines, les modèles et la configuration du patriarcat au niveau phylogénétique. De plus, elle a permis de vérifier l'existence de communautés matrilinéaires et matriarcales contemporaines qui s'opposent au patriarcat. Malgré son hégémonie, le patriarcat n'est ni unique ni statique, comme en témoignent les différentes configurations sociales contemporaines.

Resumen En la contemporaneidad, el sistema patriarcal se ha establecido de forma hegemónica. Este estudio tiene como propósito plantear hipótesis sobre el origen evolutivo del patriarcado, explorar los motivos para tal construcción social y discutir la filopatria masculina como posible causa del mantenimiento de la estructura patriarcal. A partir de la investigación bibliográfica y de estudios etológicos ha sido posible hacer un análisis de los comportamientos, conceptos, orígenes, patrones y conformaciones a nivel filogenético de ese sistema social. Además, se observa la existencia de sociedades contemporáneas que se contraponen al patriarcalismo al poseer organizaciones matrilineales, matrilocales y matriarcales. De esta forma, a pesar de la hegemonía del sistema patriarcal, esta estructura no es única y estática, y su dinamismo es evidenciado por conformaciones sociales existentes en la actualidad.

Genetic diversity assessment for the vulnerable migratory cownose ray Rhinoptera bonasus (Myliobatiformes: Rhinopteridae) from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean

ABSTRACT Rhinoptera bonasus is a bento-pelagic and highly migratory species occurring from southern United States to northern Argentina. Due to overfishing effects, R. bonasus is currently at risk, classified by the IUCN Red List as vulnerable. Considering the lack of molecular data available for R. bonasus, this study aimed to describe the genetic variability and population structure of specimens sampled from three Brazilian coast ecoregions (Amazon ecoregion, Pará; Northeastern ecoregion, Pernambuco and Southeastern ecoregion, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Santa Catarina), through five polymorphic microsatellite markers. Here testing the panmixia hypothesis for Brazilian ecoregions and test natal philopathy. A total of 69 analyzed specimens revealed individual and significant genetic differentiation between the sampled locations. ST (0.12), PCA, DAPC and Bayesian analyses of the genetic population structure revealed at least two distinct genetic R. bonasus groupings. IBD tests were significant, indicating a correlation between genetic and geographical distance among populations, which can be explained by reproductive philopatric behavior. Philopatric behavior associated with R. bonasus mobility may influence the differentiation values observed for all loci in the investigated samples.

RESUMO Rhinoptera bonasus é uma espécie bento-pelágica e altamente migratória, que ocorre do sul dos Estados Unidos ao norte da Argentina. Devido aos efeitos da sobrepesca, R. bonasus está atualmente em risco, classificada pela Lista Vermelha da IUCN como vulnerável. Considerando a falta de dados moleculares disponíveis para R. bonasus, este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a variabilidade genética e estrutura populacional de espécimes amostrados em três ecorregiões do litoral brasileiro (Ecorregião Amazônica, Pará; Ecorregião Nordeste, Pernambuco e Ecorregião Sudeste, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Santa Catarina), por meio de cinco marcadores microssatélites polimórficos. Assim, testaremos as hipóteses de panmixia e filopatria natal. Um total de 69 espécimes analisados revelou diferenciação genética individual e significativa entre os locais amostrados. As análises de ST (0,12), PCA, DAPC e Bayesiana revelaram pelo menos dois agrupamentos genéticos distintos de R. bonasus. Os testes de IBD foram significativos, indicando uma correlação entre a distância genética e geográfica entre as populações, o que pode ser explicado pelo comportamento filopátrico reprodutivo. O comportamento filopátrico associado à mobilidade de R. bonasus pode influenciar os valores de diferenciação observados para todos os loci nas amostras investigadas.

Selección de sitios de anidación de Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudines: Cheloniidae) en el Pacífico Sur de Costa Rica / Nest-site selection of Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudines: Cheloniidae) in the South Pacific region of Costa Rica

Resumen La selección del sitio de anidación en tortugas marinas es determinante para la sobrevivencia de la progenie, sin embargo para Lepidochelys olivacea existe poca información al respecto. Este trabajo se enfocó en determinar si L. olivacea selecciona sus sitios de anidación de acuerdo a un patrón o preferencia espacial determinada, o si por el contrario distribuye sus nidos aleatoriamente en la playa. La recolección de datos se realizó entre julio y setiembre del 2011, en las playas de Piro y Pejeperro, Península de Osa, Costa Rica. La ubicación del nido se evaluó midiendo las distancias entre la línea de marea y el nido, entre el nido y la vegetación, y determinando la posición del nido con respecto a los sectores marcados cada 100m en la playa. En ambas playas, las tortugas mostraron una marcada preferencia por anidar lo más lejos posible de la línea de marea, lo cual protege a sus nidos de inundación pero los expone a un mayor riesgo de depredación. Además, en playa Piro se detectó una mayor concentración de nidos cerca de la desembocadura del río, y en las cercanías de un estero en el caso de Pejeperro. Si estas zonas están asociadas a un mayor éxito de eclosión, es posible que las tortugas estén regresando y seleccionado esos sitios por impronta o filopatría. Futuras investigaciones deberán enfocarse en determinar si en eventos de anidación sucesivos, L. olivacea muestra repetibilidad y mantiene sus preferencias de anidación a nivel de individuo.

Abstract In sea turtles, nest-site selection plays a key role in the survival of the offspring, with a direct influence on the sex of the hatchlings, incubation period, embryonic mortality, and hatchling size. Nest-site choice has been studied for most sea turtle species, but the information for Lepidochelys olivacea, the most abundant sea turtle species, is scarce. The present work explores the spatial nesting patterns of L. olivacea and seeks to determine whether this species employs a scatter nesting strategy or chooses to clump its nests based on a specific spatial preference. Night patrols were conducted between July and September 2011 at the beaches of Piro and Pejeperro, located in the Osa Peninsula, in the South Pacific region of Costa Rica. Nest-site location was evaluated by measuring the distance from the tide line to the nest, distance from nest to vegetation, and by noting beach sector according to beach-marker setup. In total, 84 nesting turtles were observed. Sea turtles in both beaches showed a strong preference to locate their nests as far from the tide line as possible, crawling longer distances when presented with wider stretches of beach. Turtles nesting at Piro beach also favored areas that were close to the river mouth, while turtles at Pejeperro preferred to nest near an estuary. It seems that the main driving force that influences L. olivacea to choose a nest site is to protect the eggs from tidal inundation, even if this means a higher predation risk from nesting too close to the vegetation, in addition to a longer trip to the ocean for both the female adult and the hatchlings. Nests near rivers and estuaries may have higher hatching success, which could prompt females to return and select these areas due to imprinting or philopatry. Future research focused on recapture could provide valuable information on individual behavior, and prove whether or not L. olivacea shows strong nest-site fidelity and repeatability of nesting preferences at the individual level. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 1): 375-381. Epub 2015 April 01.

Uso de hábitat de Triaenodon obesus (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae), Rhincodon typus (Orectolobiformes: Rhincodontidae) y Manta birostris (Myliobatiformes: Myliobatidae) en el Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona, Pacífico colombiano / Habitat use by Triaenodon obesus (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae), Rhincodon typus (Orectolobiformes: Rhincodontidae) and Manta birostris (Myliobatiformes: Myliobatidae) in Gorgona Island National Natural Park, Colombian Pacific Ocean

The ecotouristic approach to sharks and rays has developed rapidly in the last 20 years. We studied three species in Gorgona Island from 427 dives ( 2004-2011), including 866 photographs and videos. There was at least one sighting in 34.4% of the dives, and 25.0% of the photos and videos were useful for identification of individuals. T. obesus was seen in all months of the year, and its presence was correlated with depths of 20-30m (66.9%), sandy-rocky bottoms (79.8%), and western (61.2%) and south (52.9%) areas of the island. The southern area had groups of up to 9 individuals but abundance was not correlated with zone, depth, bottom type or temperature. R. typus and M. birostris were mainly seen at 28- 33oC, in the north, where plankton was more abundant. We identified individually five whale sharks, 15 manta rays and 38 whitetip sharks, 9 of which (one ray and 8 whitetip sharks) were recaptured in different months and years. Most of recaptured whitetip sharks were alone (63.06%), resting (49.37%) and on the bottom (82.91%) in the same area of the photographic capture, suggesting a high philopatry of this species on the island; however, the recapture of three individuals in different zones indicate connectivity between of this species in the west, south and north zones. The Gorgona Island is an important area for breeding and growth of T. obesus, with presence of gravid females and births. It is also a seasonal passage area for R. typus and M. birostris, which occur most frequently between March and September, but do not form aggregations around the island. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 329-342. Epub 2014 February 01.

Se evaluó el uso de hábitat del aletiblanco Triaenodon obesus, la mantaraya Manta birostris y el tiburón ballena Rhincodon typus en la Isla Gorgona, a partir de 427 inmersiones de buceo y del análisis de 866 fotografías y videos. T. obesus se observó a lo largo del año, y su presencia se correlacionó con profundidades entre 20 y 30m (66.9%), fondos areno-rocosos (79.8%) y las zonas occidental (61.2%) y sur (52.9%), con mayores congregaciones en esta última zona. R. typus y M. birostris se avistaron entre 28 y 33oC y su presencia se correlacionó con la zona norte de la isla, área de mayor abundancia de zoo e ictioplancton. Se identificaron 5 tiburones ballena, 15 mantarrayas y 38 aletiblancos, 9 de los cuales fueron recapturados en años diferentes. La mayoría de los aletiblancos recapturados fueron observados solos, en reposo y sobre el fondo y en la misma zona, sugiriendo alta filopatría; sin embargo, la recaptura de tres individuos en zonas diferentes, indican conectividad de la especie en la isla. Gorgona es un área importante para la reproducción y crecimiento del aletiblanco, y un área de paso para el tiburón ballena y la mantarraya, los cuales se observan con mayor frecuencia entre marzo y septiembre, pero no forman agregaciones.