Safety Evaluation of FONIO (Digitaria exilis)/Ricebean (Vigna Umbellata) Based Complementary Food

This study evaluated the oligosaccharides, phytochemicals, dietary fiber, microbial count, pH and acidity of fonio (Digitaria exilis)/ricebean (Vigna umbellata) based complementary foods in order to ascertain the safety of the formulations. A 3 by 4 by 4 factorial design was used. A 70:30 (treated fonio): (72 h sprouted and dehulled ricebean) blend containing 30 % peeled dried carrot and 30 % crayfish (FNBN) was formulated. A similar blend with additional 20 % milk (FNBP), a third blend containing unsprouted and undehulled ricebean (FNBU) and a fourth containing only treated fonio and sprouted ricebean (FNBM) were also formulated. The level of stachyose and raffinose in the diets ranged from 0.21±0.00 -0.40±0.02 % and 0.05±0.00 -0.10±0.01 % respectively. The levels of stachyose and raffinose in the sprouted samples (FNBP, FNBN and FNBM) were comparable (p>0.05) and low suggesting absence of flatulence. The residual phytochemicals in the formulations ranged from 0.160±0.00-0.28±0.00 % (alkaloid), 0.17±0.02-0.35±0.01 % (flavonoid) and 0.39±0.02-0.530±0.01 % (saponin). These low values indicate absence of allergy. The dietary fiber contents of the blends were lower (p<0.05) than the recommended 5 % for complementary food indicating that the digestive system of the infants can handle it. The low bacterial load and zero fungal growth observed in the products depict high level of hygiene and sanitary quality while the near neutral pH and low acidity suggest caution during handling and feeding of the infant. These conditions favour growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Results of the study show a high measure of safety of the formulations.

Effects of needle-embedding therapy on improvement of pneumoperitoneum and abdominal distension after colonoscopy / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the effects of needle-embedding therapy on improvement of pneumoperitoneum and abdominal distension after colonoscopy.Methods:A total of 102 patients who received colonoscopy in Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China between June 2018 and June 2020 were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to observation and control groups ( n = 51 per group). The control group was subjected to routine symptomatic treatment and the observation group was given needle-embedding therapy. The improvement effects on pneumoperitoneum and abdominal distension, examination duration, numerical rating scale score, and grade of abdominal distension at 6 and 24 hours after colonoscopy were compared between observation and control groups. Results:Total response rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [92.16% (47/51) vs. 74.51% (38 /51), χ 2 = 5.71, P < 0.05]. The time to enteroscope entry and the time to enteroscope withdrawal were (4.86 ± 1.23) minutes and (5.24 ± 1.13) minutes, respectively, which were significantly shorter than those in the control group [(8.79 ± 1.25) minutes, (6.97 ± 1.12) minutes, t = 16.00, 7.76, both P < 0.001]. Numerical rating scale score in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [(1.50 ± 0.41) points vs. (2.30 ± 0.42) points, t = 9.73, P < 0.001). At 6 and 24 hours after colonoscopy, the amplitude of improvement of abdominal distension in the observation group was significantly greater than that in the control group (both P < 0.05). Conclusion:Needle-embedding therapy can effectively improve pneumoperitoneum and abdominal distension after enteroscopy, shorten the examination duration, and relieve pain.

Comparison of the efficacy of CT virtual colonoscopy with two different gases / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of CT virtual colonoscopy with carbon dioxide (CO 2) versus room air and the effects of bowel cleanliness on polyp detection rate. Methods:A total of 186 patients who underwent CT virtual colonoscopy in the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University (Hangzhou Second People's Hospital), China between October 2015 and November 2020 were included in this study. They were randomly divided into CO 2 and control groups ( n = 93/group). In the CO 2 and control groups, CO 2 and room air were respectively injected through the anus to fill the intestinal cavity. The Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) score, abdominal distension score, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, Bruggrmann comfort scale (BCS) score and polyp detection rate were compared between the two groups. Results:According to BBPS score, there were 62 and 60 patients with good bowel cleanliness (BBPS score ≥ 7 points), and 31 and 33 patients with poor bowel cleanliness (BBPS score < 7 points) in the CO 2 and control groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in abdominal distension score, VAS score and BCS score measured during the examination between the two groups (all P > 0.05). At 30 minutes after examination, abdominal distension score and VAS score in the CO 2 group were (2.21 ± 0.40) points and (1.43 ± 0.34) points, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(3.50 ± 0.49) points, (3.03 ± 0.55) points, t = 2.59, 2.38, both P < 0.05)]. At 60 minutes after examination, abdominal distension score, VAS score and BCS score in the CO 2 group were (1.15 ± 0.39) points, (1.22 ± 0.28) points, (1.27 ± 0.35) points, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(2.16 ± 0.43) points, (1.91 ± 0.32) points, (1.85 ± 0.37) points, t = 2.45, 2.27, 2.40, all P < 0.05). The detection rate of small (< 6 mm) - and large (≥ 6 mm) -sized polyps in the CO 2 group was 32.7% (34/104) and 88.1% (37/42), respectively and they were 29.0% (29/100) and 85.1% (40/47) respectively in the control group. There were no significant differences in the detection rate of small- and large-sized polyps between CO 2 and control groups (both P > 0.05). The detection rate of large-sized polyps in patients with good bowel cleanliness in the CO 2 group was 92.3% (24/26) and 89.7% (26/29), respectively, which were significantly higher than those in patients with poor bowel cleanliness in the control group [81.3% (13/16), 77.8% (14/18), χ2 = 6.03, 6.44, both P < 0.05]. The detection rate of small-sized polyps in patients with poor bowel cleanliness in the CO 2 group was 41.9% (26/62) and 42.9% (21/49), respectively, which were significantly higher than those in patients with poor bowel cleanliness in the control group [19.0% (8/42), 15.7% (8/51), χ2 = 15.32, 13.78, both P < 0.01]. Conclusion:CT virtual colonoscopy with CO 2 injection is less uncomfortable than CT virtual colonoscopy with room air and it does not affect polyp detection rate. Bowel cleanliness has a remarkable effect on polyp detection rate in virtual colonoscopy.

Predictive analysis of Q-marker composition library of Zhangbang Aurantii Fructus pieces with honeyed bran associated with efficacy of “regulating vital energy and eliminating flatulence” / 中草药

Objective: Based on the idea of Q-marker, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, GC-MS and network pharmacology techniques were used to establish a potential Q-Marker component library associated with the core efficacy of Zhangbang Aurantii Fructus with honeyed bran, in order to lay the foundation for exploring the establishment of pieces quality standards. Methods: Chromatography separation was achieved on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), and eluted with a gradient of methanol-water containing 0.1% formic acid. Data acquisition was carried out in electrospray ionization (ESI) under the positive ion mode, the scanning range was 50-1 200 m/z. Ingredients in alcohol extract of Aurantii Fructus with honeyed bran were identified according to reference substance, relative molecular weight, mass spectrometric cleavage rule and literature information; The volatile oil and aromatic water was extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The inlet temperature was 260 ℃, the transmission line temperature was 250 ℃, the carrier gas was helium, the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, the split ratio was 10:1, the injection volume was 1 μL; The program temperature was 70 ℃ for the starting column, 2 ℃/min to 150 ℃ for 2 min, 6 ℃/min to 240 ℃ for 3 min, and then 25 ℃/min to 300 ℃ for 2 min. Mass spectrometry was identified by NIST08 standard mass spectrometry library to identify chemical constituents; Cytoscape 3.7.1 was used to construct a “pieces-compounds-diseases-targets” network of chemical constituents and functional dyspepsia in Aurantii Fructus with honeyed bran. Results: A total of 55 chemical components were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, and 63 chemical components were identified by GC-MS. Naringin, neohesperidin, eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside, naringenin, limonin, nobiletin, hesperitin, 5-hydroxy- 6,7,8,4’-tetramethoxyflavone, didymin, D-limonene, cymene, γ-terpinene nomilin, (1R)-(+)-α-pinene, caffeic acid and synephrine can be used as a Q-marker ingredient library for Aurantii Fructus with honeyed bran. Conclusion: UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and GC-MS can quickly and qualitatively analyze the chemical constituents in the pieces. The network pharmacology can predict the potential Q-marker library related to efficacy of regulating vital energy and eliminating flatulence, and provide the basis for the establishment of quality standards for the pieces.

The efficacy of a Persian herbal formulation on functional bloating: A double-blind randomized controlled trial / 中西医结合学报

BACKGROUND@#Bloating is a common gastrointestinal complaint which is difficult to treat.@*OBJECTIVE@#This study investigated the efficacy and compliance of a formulation called KAASER comprised of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague seed, Zingiber officinale Roscoe. rhizome and Piper nigrum L. berry in the treatment of functional bloating.@*DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION@#A total of 106 patients with functional bloating, between 20 and 50 years of age, participated in this double-blind randomized controlled trial. Patients were divided into 3 parallel groups that received 500 mg of placebo, dimethicone or KAASER, three times a day for 2 weeks.@*MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES@#The frequency and severity of bloating were primary outcomes, while the frequencies of eructation, defecation, borborygmus and early satiation were secondary outcomes. All parameters were evaluated at the beginning (week 0), and also weeks 2, 4 and 10 of the study, through self-report checklists with a scoring system.@*RESULTS@#Among the 84 patients who completed the study, the frequency and severity of bloating (P < 0.001), the frequencies of eructation, defecation and borborygmus (P = 0.03) were significantly improved in the group receiving KAASER (36 patients) compared with the dimethicone (35 patients) and placebo (35 patients) groups, during the 3 phases of follow-up. These significant differences persisted through the 2 and 8 weeks of follow-ups after cessation of medication (week 4 and 10). In early satiation, no significant differences were observed among the 3 groups.@*CONCLUSION@#The results showed that KAASER can be effectively used to treat patients suffering from bloating. Bloating, eructation, defecation and borborygmus in the KAASER group remained significantly improved after 2 and 8 weeks of cessation of medication, making this mechanism an interesting area for further investigation.@*TRIAL REGISTRATION@#Registration trial IRCT2015100324327N on Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials.

Correlación entre los síntomas digestivos y los resultados de una prueba de hidrógeno en aliento en el diagnóstico de intolerancia a carbohidratos

Antecedentes: Las pruebas de hidrógeno en aliento (PHA) se utilizan para el diagnóstico de intolerancia a carbohidratos y sobrecrecimiento bacteriano intestinal. Objetivo: Determinar si existe una correlación entre la presencia e intensidad de los síntomas experimentados por el paciente tras la carga de carbohidrato y el resultado de la PHA. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y analítico en el cual se revisaron los expedientes con PHA realizadas en el Hospital San José TEC de Monterrey. Mediante una escala visual análoga se reportaron los síntomas y su intensidad presentados durante la PHA. Se realizó estadística descriptiva y para las pruebas de lactosa se calculó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre la concentración máxima de hidrógeno y la intensidad de los síntomas (r). Resultados: 33 pacientes se sometieron a PHA: 23 de lactosa, 5 de fructosa y 5 de lactulosa. De estas, 10, 2 y 5 pruebas resultaron positivas, respectivamente. En las pruebas de lactosa, el síntoma más sensible fue la flatulencia (80%) con el coeficiente de probabilidad más alto (1,73). La diarrea tuvo la mayor especificidad (84,6%). Se observó una tendencia a positividad cuando los pacientes experimentaron síntomas. Se encontró una correlación moderadamente positiva entre las ppmh y la intensidad de los síntomas (r=0,472, p=0,023). Conclusiones: En los pacientes con intolerancia a la lactosa existe una correlación entre la intensidad de los síntomas y la positividad de la prueba de aliento. La presencia de flatulencia tras la carga de lactosa orienta a una prueba positiva.

Background: Hydrogen breath tests (HBT) are used to confirm the diagnosis of carbohydrate intolerance or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Objective: Determine the existence of a correlation between the presence and intensity of symptoms experimented by the patient after the ingestion of a carbohydrate load and the test result. Materials and methods: This is an observational, retrospective and analytic study, in which all patients files from year 2008 to 2014 containing a report of a HBT performed at Hospital San José TEC de Monterrey were revised. Using a visual analogue scale (VAS), the patient reported the intensity of gastrointestinal symptoms during the test. Descriptive statistics were obtained, and exclusively for lactose HBTs, Pearsons correlation coefficient (r) between maximum hydrogen concentration in breath and symptom intensity was calculated. Results: A HBT was performed in 33 patients: 23 with lactose, 5 with fructose, and 5 with lactulose as substrate. Of these, 10, 2, and 5 tests were positive, respectively. For lactose HBTs, the symptom with most sensitivity was flatulence (80%), which also had the greatest likelihood ratio for a positive test (1.73). Diarrhea had the greatest specificity (84.6%). A tendency for positivity was observed when patients presented symptoms. A moderately positive correlation between hydrogen ppm and symptom intensity was found (r=0.427, p=0.023). Conclusions: A correlation between symptom intensity and test positivity was found in patients with lactose intolerance. The presence of flatulence after lactose loading may be indicative of a positive test.

Progress in Study on Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Intestinal Gas / 胃肠病学

Irritable bowel syndrome( IBS)is a commonly seen chronic functional bowel disease,the prevalence showed a rising trend in recent year in China. At present,the etiology and pathogenesis of IBS have not yet been fully elucidated,and may be related to intestinal gas. Intestinal gas is usually composed of 59% N2 ,21% H2 ,9% CO2 ,7%methane(CH4 )and 4% O2 ,in which H2 and CH4 are produced only by intestinal bacteria metabolism. IBS patients usually manifested as having abdominal distension and symptoms of flatulence,suggesting the occurrence of accumulation of intestinal gas. In recent years,the relationship between symptoms of IBS and intestinal gas has attracted much attention. This article reviewed the progress in study on symptoms of IBS and intestinal gas.

Effects of different ventilations during the induction of anesthesia on postoperative nausea and ;vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of different ventilations during the induction of anesthesia on postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoning laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods One hundred and twenty patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly divided into M group and V group according to random number table, 60 patients each group. The patients in M group performed manual ventilation and the patients in V group performed mechanical ventilation. According to different tidal volume, V group were randomly divided into three groups (20 patients each group:V1,V2 and V3 group, respectively recieved body weight × 4, 6 and 8 ml/kg. After tracheal intubation,the operations were completed by maintaining the end of CO2 partial pressure (PETCO2)from 35 to 45 mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa. Tidal volume, peak airway pressure (Ppeak) and PETCO2 in anesthesia induction,and intraoperative gastric insufflation and postoperative nausea and vomiting were recorded and compared. Results The incidence rate of gastric insufflation, postoperative nausea and vomiting in V group were significantly higher than those in M group:50.0%(30/60) vs. 21.7%(13/60), 45.0%(27/60) vs. 18.3%(11/60), 26.7%(16/60) vs. 10.0%(6/60), P<0.05. The level of Ppeak in M group, V2 group and V3 group were signicantly higher than that in V1 group: (13.55 ± 1.95), (12.05 ± 1.23), (18.35 ± 3.71) cmH2O vs. (13.55 ± 1.95) cmH2O, 1 cmH2O = 0.098 kPa, P<0.05. The level of PETCO2 in M group, V2 group and V3 group were signicantly lower than that in V1 group:(19.60 ± 4.31), (27.75 ± 1.94), (23.60 ± 4.45) mmHg vs. (29.90 ± 2.40) mmHg, P<0.05. Conclusions Manual ventilation during the induction of anesthesia in patients undergoning laparoscopic cholecystectomy is better than mechanical ventilation . Proper manual positive pressure ventilation and volume mechanical ventilation with low tidal (4 ml/kg) may allow for decreasing intraoperative gastric insufflation and postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Professor Lin Huiguang’s Experience in the Treatment of Chronic Atrophic Gastritis / 浙江中医药大学学报

Objective]To summarize the treatment of Professor Lin Huiguang in treating chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG).[Method]The author studies from the teacher, collecting related medical records, analysing etiology and pathogenesis of Professor Lin Huiguang in chronic atrophic gastritis, and sums up dialectical and treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis and exemplify that. [Results]Professor Lin Huiguang thinks that the occurring of chronic atrophic gastritis because of diet, emotion, exogenous evil and so on. It causes the stomach out of harmony, dysfunction of the spleen, and qi stagnation and blood stasis, the spleen and stomach qi deficiency type, dysfunction of the spleen type, liver-spleen disharmony type, cold and heat type, stomach yin deficiency type of chronic atrophic gastritis have been put forward, and the relevant treatment also is proposed.[Conclusion]Professor Lin Huiguang has rich clinical experience and unique insights on the treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis in traditional Chinese medicine. Curative effect is distinct and it is worth learning and promoting.

Um ensaio randomizado duplo-cego e controlado por placebo com probióticos em casos de supercrescimento bacteriano no intestino delgado em crianças tratadas com omeprazol / A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial on probiotics in small bowel bacterial overgrowth in children treated with omeprazole

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência de SBID em crianças tratadas com omeprazol e testar se os probióticos influenciam essa incidência. MÉTODOS: Um ensaio duplo-cego controlado por placebo foi realizado em 70 crianças tratadas oralmente, durante 4 semanas, com 20 mg de omeprazol por dia. Desses, 36 indivíduos receberam diária e simultaneamente Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 (1,9 x 10(9) cfu) e Lactobacillus acidophillus R0052 (0,1 x 10(9) cfu) (grupo probiótico), enquanto 34 receberam placebo (grupo placebo). O diagnóstico de SBID teve como base o desenvolvimento de sintomas sugestivos em combinação com um teste respiratório com glicose positivo. RESULTADOS: Após um mês de tratamento com IBP, 30% (21/70) apresentaram um teste respiratório positivo sugerindo SBID; desses, 62% foram sintomáticos. Cinco crianças desenvolveram sintomas parecidos com os de SBID, mas apresentaram um teste respiratório negativo; 44 (63%) não apresentavam sintomas e tiveram teste respiratório negativo. Não houve diferença na incidência de testes respiratórios positivos no grupo probiótico em comparação ao grupo placebo (33% em comparação a 26,5%; p: 0,13). CONCLUSÕES: Como houve sintomas sugestivos de SBID em 26% das crianças tratadas com IBP e o teste respiratório com glicose deu resultados anormais em 72% delas, esse efeito colateral deve ser levado em consideração com mais frequência. O probiótico testado não reduziu o risco de desenvolver SBID.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the incidence of small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO) in children treated with omeprazole, and to test whether probiotics influence the incidence. METHODS: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was performed in 70 children treated orally during four weeks with 20 mg omeprazole per day. Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 (1.9 x 10(9) cfu) and Lactobacillus acidophillus R0052 (0.1 x 10(9) cfu) were simultaneously given daily to 36 subjects (probiotic group), while 34 subjects received placebo (placebo group). The diagnosis of SBBO was based on the development of suggestive symptoms, in combination with a positive glucose breath test. RESULTS: After one month of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment, 30% (21/70) had a positive breath test suggesting SBBO; of these 62% were symptomatic. Five children developed SBBO-like symptoms, but had a negative breath test; and 44 (63%) were symptom free and had a negative breath test. There was no difference in the incidence of positive breath tests in the probiotic versus the placebo group (33% vs 26.5%; p = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: Since symptoms suggesting SBBO developed in 26% of PPI-treated children, and since the glucose breath test was abnormal in 72% of these, this side-effect should be more frequently considered. The probiotic tested did not decrease the risk to develop SBBO.

Síndrome do intestino irritável - diagnóstico e tratamento / Irritable bowel syndrome - diagnosis and treatment

Síndrome do Intestino Irritável (SII) é um transtorno funcional crônico do tubo digestivo, caracterizado pela presença de dor e/ou desconforto abdominal associados à alteração do hábito intestinal ou à modificação das características das evacuações. A sua etiologia permanece desconhecida, mas provavelmente é multifatorial. A prevalência estimada da SII na população geral é de 10 a 20%, acometendo predominantemente mulheres entre 20 e 40 anos. O diagnóstico é feito baseado na sintomatologia predominante, adotando-se critérios clínicos bem estabelecidos (Roma III). O tratamento visa aliviar o sintoma predominante. Os antiespasmódicos representam as drogas de primeira escolha para o alívio da dor e do desconforto abdominal. Os antidepressivos tricíclicos têm se mostrado superiores ao placebo para os pacientes com SII e predomínio de diarreia, e a loperamida é eficaz em reduzir a frequência das evacuações nestes casos. Para os pacientes com SII e predomínio de constipação ou forma mista, as fibras solúveis representam a primeira opção. Probióticos e novos serotoninérgicos representam outras opções terapêuticas promissoras. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino portadora de SII com diarreia predominante.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by abdominal pain and change in bowel habit, with a fluctuating natural history. The exact etiology remains unknown, but it is unlikely there is a single unifying explanation. IBS affects 10-20% of the general population, with women 20-40 years old accounting for the majority of patients. The diagnosis should be made on clinical grounds, using Rome III diagnostic criteria. The clinical approach is based on treatment of the prevalent symptom. When pain predominates, antispasmodics are the first choice. Tricyclic antidepressants are more effective than placebo for patients with diarrhea predominant IBS, and loperamide is useful for reducing bowel frequency in this patients. Soluble fiber represents the first option in subjects with IBS and constipation or mixed IBS. Dietary integrators composed of probiotics and serotonin precursors are a promising therapeutic option. We report a case of a female patient with IBS-diarrhea predominant.

44 años de avances en Etiopatogenia, Diagnóstico y Tratamiento del Síndrome Flatulencia / Forty-four years of advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Flatulence Syndrome

En el presente artículo, el autor recuerda trabajos de investigación realizados, desde hace cuarenticuatro años, para aclarar la etiopatogenia y mejorar el diagnóstico y tratamiento del síndrome flatulencia.

In the present paper, the author reminds investigations performed, since forty-four years ago, to clarify the ethiopathogenesis and to improve the diagnosis and treatment of the flatulence syndrome.

Grandes síndromes gastrointestinales (3): flatulencia (2) / Gastrointestinal syndromes (3): flatulence (2)

Esta segunda parte del artículo sobre flatulencia toca aspectos sobre la etiopatogenia, diagnóstico y tratamiento del síndrome.

The second part of the article on flatulence reviewed aspects of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome.

Study on overcoming the conditions of anorexia, flatulence ans dyspepsy on acute viral hepatitis patients

At Hue Central Hospital, Transmitted disease department, 41 viral hepatitis with anorexia, flatulence and dyspepsia were divided into 2 groups: the control group using fortex, polyvitamin and the intervened group using pantyrase in addition. The study showed that acute hepatitis occurred more in male than in female patients, the most age at 16-45 years old (61%). The group using pantyrase got improvement on the symptoms of flatulence, dyspepsia, promoted the digestion and the appetition. The anorexia interrupted after 7.18  1.91 days in pantyrase group and 16.84  4.91 days in the control group

STUDIES ON THE FLATULENT PHENOMENA OF MOUSE PRODUCED BY THREE OLIGOSACCHARIDES / 营养学报

0.05), but between high dosage group and control was significant (P