Comparison of Parameters of Hand and Foot Growth with Gestational Age among Human Male and Female Foetuses - A Morph Metric Analysis

Introduction: Determination of gestational age is important in civil and criminal cases. Though a reasonable assessment of gestational age can be made by measuring physical parameters such as crown-heel length, weight of foetus and by noting morphological features, organ development and appearance of ossification centres, an alternative parameter is desirable in some instances. In this study we directly Comparison of Hand and Foot Growth with Gestational Age in Human male and female Foetuses. Material and Methods: 60 formalin fixed human foetuses (25 male 35 female) were obtained from Museum of Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, and Aligarh. Foetuses were divided into five groups. (Group I:< 17wks), (Group II: 17-20wks), (Group III: 21-25wks), (Group IV: 26- 30wks), (Group V: >30wks). We taking fourteen parameters in hand and foot i.e. length and breadth of the hand and lengths of all five fingers, Length and breadth of foot, length of all five toes, were measured using Vernier callipers. Result: It was found during comparison of male and female hand and foot parameters that Breadth of hand in less than 17 weeks (p-0.047), Hand length during 17-20 weeks (p-0.029), Middle finger and ring finger during 17-20 weeks (p-0.006) and (p-0.014), Great toe during 17-20 weeks (p-0.011) was found to be statically significant. Conclusion: It was concluded that breadth of hand, foetal hand length, middle finger and ring finger, great toe are significantly correlated with gestational age significantly (p<0.05) correlated with gestational age during comparison of male and female hand and foot parameters therefore these parameters could be utilized to estimate gestational age. It could be used in medico legal cases in where hand and foot parts are available or part of it is available for estimation of gestational age.

Gender Differences in Adult Foot Shape with 3D Foot Scanner

OBJECTIVE: To analyze gender differences in adult foot shape with 3D foot scanner METHOD: Subjects included 1,107 feet of 872 healthy volunteers (male: 325, female: 547) without foot deformity. Total 23 foot parameters (foot length, inside joint length, outside joint length, ball girth, ball width, grading point length, vamp height, vamp length, waist girth point length, waist point length, waist height, waist girth, instep girth point length, instep point length, instep height, instep girth, short heel girth, long heel girth, throat opening, vamp waist angle, waist instep angle, instep-vamp height ratio, instep- ball girth ratio) were measured with 3D foot scanner. Univariate t-test was used to assess significant differences between men and women for each foot parameter, standardized to stature and foot length. RESULTS: For a given stature, 20 of 23 foot parameters were greater in men than women (p<0.05). For a given foot length, 13 of 23 foot parameters were greater in men than women (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that female feet were different from male feet in a number of shape characteristics. These differences should be taken into account in the manufacture of women's shoes.

The Relationship between Body Mass Index and Foot Parameters

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and foot parameters. METHOD: We examined 1, 107 feet of 872 volunteers (male: 325, female: 547) with 3D foot scanner (Nexcan , K & I, Korea). The relations of BMI and foot parameters were analyzed by partial correlation analysis with adjusted height. We classified subjects into 4 groups by BMI; low-weight (25 kg/m2) group. The relations of these groups and foot parameters were analyzed by univariate ANOVA with fixed height. RESULTS: Instep point length, ball width and girth, waist, instep height and girth, and vamp height showed a positive relation to BMI (p0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed that BMI was positively related to height, width, girth of foot. But, BMI had no significant relation to length of foot, and medial longitudinal arch.