Ética ◊ Formalización: ¿una ética nodal? / Ethics ◊ Formalization: ¿a nodal ethics?

En el presente trabajo nos proponemos abordar la relación entre el último aparato de formalización propuesto por Lacan, el nudo borromeo, y la ética del psicoanálisis. Nos preguntaremos qué aportes (si los hay) pueden extraerse, para la ética del psicoanálisis, de la clínica nodal:¿pueden extraerse de las elaboraciones lacanianas en torno a los nudos avances en la formalización de la ética del psicoanálisis? ¿Hay una ética nodal? Estas preguntas suponen, como condición previa, preguntarnos por las relaciones entre ética y formalización en general. Comenzaremos entonces desplegando esta pregunta. Abordaremos las relaciones entre la ética, la teoría y la experiencia psicoanalíticas, para finalmente proponer algunas hipótesis acerca de las consecuencias éticas del último aparato de formalización elaborado por Lacan.

In this paper we propose to address the relationship between the last formalization scheme proposed by Lacan, the Borromean knot, and the ethics of psychoanalysis. We will ask what contributions (if any) can be drawn, to the ethics of psychoanalysis, from the nodal clinic: ¿can be drawn from the Lacanian working around knots progress in formalizing the ethics of psychoanalysis? ¿Is there a nodal ethics? These questions pose, as a precondition, ask about the relationship between ethics and formalization in general. Then we will begin deploying this question. We will address the relationship between ethics, psychoanalytic theory and experience, to finally propose some hypotheses about the ethical implications of the last scheme of formalization developed by Lacan.

Uso da glicerina para a substituição do formaldeído na conservação de peças anatômicas / Gliceryn can replace formaldehyde for anatomic conservation

A formalização é a principal forma de conservação de corpos e peças anatômicas, devido principalmente ao seu baixo custo. A técnica baseia-se na utilização do formaldeído (5-20%) como fixador e conservador. Entretanto existem vários fatores negativos à sua utilização, como odor desagradável, escurecimento, aumento de peso e rigidez das peças e sérios problemas ambientais quando descartada de forma incorreta, além de ser um produto classificado pela Agência Internacional de Pesquisas em Câncer como altamente cancerígeno. Existem várias opções para substituir o formaldeído, a glicerinação é uma delas, cujo será tratada neste trabalho. A glicerina atua como antifúngico e bactericida, além de ter muitas vantagens em relação ao formol, tratando-se de odor, textura e coloração, além de não ser prejudicial a saúde. Porém o seu custo ainda é elevado e isso explica sua pouca utilização em laboratórios de anatomia. Este trabalho tem como objetivo mostrar as vantagens do uso da glicerina em relação ao formol e propor uma possível substituição deste produto cancerígeno para preservar a saúde dos alunos, funcionários e professores dentro do laboratório, além de permitir um ambiente mais agradável para o aprendizado.(AU)

The formalization is the main form of body and anatomic conservation, mainly due to its low cost. The technique is based on the use of formaldehyde (5-20%) as fixative and preservative. However there are several negative factors on their use, unpleasant smell, browning, weight gain and stiffness of parts and serious environmental problems if disposed of incorrectly, and is a product classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as highly carcinogenic. There are several options to replace formaldehyde and glicerinação is one of them, whose which will be treated in this work. Glycerin dehydrates the cell and acts as antifungal and antibacterial, and has many advantages compared to formaldehyde. But its cost is still high and this explains their limited use in the anatomy lab. This work aims to show the advantages of using glycerin in relation to formaldehyde and propose a possible replacement of this carcinogen to preserve the health of students, staff and teachers within the laboratory, and allows a more pleasant environment for learning.(AU)

A estrutura organizacional de serviços de enfermagem em hospitais de ensino / The organizational structure of nursing services in teaching hospitals

Resumo: Para atender aos objetivos de descrever a configuração da estrutura dos serviços de enfermagem; explorar as dimensões estruturais, formalização e descentralização destes serviços; e identificar as estratégias utilizadas pelos enfermeiros gerentes para organizar o cuidado em hospitais de ensino do Paraná-Brasil e Groningen-Holanda, foi realizada uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, que se caracteriza como estudo de casos múltiplos. A pesquisa consistiu de 15 casos - 12 realizados no Paraná e 03 em Groningen. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 15 enfermeiros gerentes que ocupavam posição de destaque na estrutura organizacional destes hospitais, conduzidas por uma matriz elaborada com questões relacionadas à dimensão da divisão e coordenação do trabalho e outras para identificação de serviços de alta complexidade, trianguladas com a análise documental. Os dados foram coletados no Paraná de março a maio de 2014 e em Groningen, de abril a setembro de 2015. A teoria organizacional elaborada por Mintzberg foi utilizada para examinar as características e as relações entre os elementos da organização da estrutura de Enfermagem. O processo de análise e o cruzamento dos casos forneceu base para generalizações, e as estruturas dos serviços de enfermagem foram separadas em grupos. Posteriormente, foram exploradas as dimensões estruturais formalização e descentralização e suas variações. Para a identificação das estratégias utilizadas pelos enfermeiros gerentes para organizar o trabalho nos hospitais de ensino dos dois cenários, foi utilizada a análise temática de conteúdo e os seguintes temas emergiram: Definição da estrutura organizacional; Características dos trabalhadores; e As forças que influenciam o ambiente de trabalho. Baseando-se na abordagem metodológica e no modelo teórico, os resultados apontaram que os serviços de enfermagem apresentaram formas estruturais híbridas, com prevalência de estruturas profissionais e mecanicistas. Na estrutura dos serviços de Enfermagem pesquisados, foi encontrada a coexistência de alto grau de formalização e alto grau de descentralização; e alto grau de formalização e baixo grau de descentralização. Embora existam diferenças entre os dois países relacionadas à economia, população, sistema de saúde, entre outras, não houve diferença significativa entre o tipo de estratégia adotada pelos gerentes de enfermagem para organizar o seu trabalho. Concluiu-se que a melhor estrutura é a que melhor se adapta à situação do serviço, aos objetivos da organização, ao tipo de atividades desenvolvidas e ao ambiente externo. Outro aspecto é que as diferentes partes da estrutura podem exigir a diferenciação das funções e responsabilidades e diferentes níveis de descentralização e formalização do processo do trabalho para serem eficaz. Entende-se que os gerentes de enfermagem exercem papel fundamental na escolha e definição de elementos estruturais que irão determinar o tipo de estrutura organizacional do serviço e, consequentemente, a sua eficiência. Neste sentido, a principal contribuição desta pesquisa está relacionada à importância do gerente de enfermagem em encontrar um ponto de equilíbrio e coerência entre a estrutura adotada e as constantes mudanças nas demandas institucionais e dos sistemas de saúde para garantir um processo de trabalho alinhado aos objetivos organizacionais e às necessidades de saúde dos pacientes.

Abstract: The aim of the research was to describe the structure configuration of nursing services; explore the structural dimensions of formalization and decentralization of these services; and identify the strategies used by managers to organize nursing care in teaching hospitals of Paraná-Brazil and Groningen-Holland. It was held a qualitative approach research, which is characterized as a multiple case study. The survey consisted of 15 cases - 12 performed in Paraná and 03 in Groningen. 15 nurse-managers, who assumed a prominent position in the organizational structure of these hospitals, were interviewed. The survey was conducted by a matrix composed of questions about the dimension of division and coordination of work, and others, for identification of high complexity services, triangulated with document analysis. Data was collected in Paraná from March to May 2014, and in Groningen, from April to September 2015. The organizational theory developed by Mintzberg was used to examine the characteristics and relations among the elements of the organization of nursing structure. The process of analysis and cross cases provided the basis for generalizations, and the structures of nursing services were separated into groups. It was later explored the structural dimensions of formalization and decentralization and its variations. To identify the strategies used by managers to organize the nurses' work in teaching hospitals of the two scenarios, it was used the thematic analysis of content and the following themes emerged: Definition of the organizational structure; Characteristics of workers; and forces that influence the work environment. Based on the methodological approach and the theoretical model, the results showed that the nursing services presented hybrid structural forms, with prevalence of professional and mechanistic structures. In the structure of the surveyed nursing services, it has been found that there are high coexistence degree of formalization and high degree of decentralization; and high degree of formalization and low degree of decentralization. Although there are differences between the two countries, such as economy, population, health care, among others, there was no significant difference between the type of strategy adopted by nursing managers to organize their work. It was concluded that the best structure is the one that best fits the service situation, the organization's objectives, the type of activities developed, and the external environment. Another aspect is that different parts of the structure may require the differentiation of roles and responsibilities of the nurses, and different levels of decentralization and formalization of the labor process to be effective. It is understood that nursing managers play a fundamental role in the selection and definition of structural elements that will determine the type of organizational structure of the service and, therefore, its efficiency. In this sense, the main contribution of this research is related to the importance of nursing manager to find a balance point and between of the adopted structure and the constant changes in the institutional demands and health systems to ensure a working process aligned with organizational goals, and, consequently, the health needs of patients. Keywords: Organisational structure, Decentralization, Formalization, Nursing service, Management, Teaching hospital, Nursing; Strategies; Personnel Administration; Teaching hospitals. The aim of the research was to describe the structure configuration of nursing services; explore the structural dimensions of formalization and decentralization of these services; and identify the strategies used by managers to organize nursing care in teaching hospitals of Paraná-Brazil and Groningen-Holland. It was held a qualitative approach research, which is characterized as a multiple case study. The survey consisted of 15 cases - 12 performed in Paraná and 03 in Groningen. 15 nurse-managers, who assumed a prominent position in the organizational structure of these hospitals, were interviewed. The survey was conducted by a matrix composed of questions about the dimension of division and coordination of work, and others, for identification of high complexity services, triangulated with document analysis. Data was collected in Paraná from March to May 2014, and in Groningen, from April to September 2015. The organizational theory developed by Mintzberg was used to examine the characteristics and relations among the elements of the organization of nursing structure. The process of analysis and cross cases provided the basis for generalizations, and the structures of nursing services were separated into groups. It was later explored the structural dimensions of formalization and decentralization and its variations. To identify the strategies used by managers to organize the nurses' work in teaching hospitals of the two scenarios, it was used the thematic analysis of content and the following themes emerged: Definition of the organizational structure; Characteristics of workers; and forces that influence the work environment. Based on the methodological approach and the theoretical model, the results showed that the nursing services presented hybrid structural forms, with prevalence of professional and mechanistic structures. In the structure of the surveyed nursing services, it has been found that there are high coexistence degree of formalization and high degree of decentralization; and high degree of formalization and low degree of decentralization. Although there are differences between the two countries, such as economy, population, health care, among others, there was no significant difference between the type of strategy adopted by nursing managers to organize their work. It was concluded that the best structure is the one that best fits the service situation, the organization's objectives, the type of activities developed, and the external environment. Another aspect is that different parts of the structure may require the differentiation of roles and responsibilities of the nurses, and different levels of decentralization and formalization of the labor process to be effective. It is understood that nursing managers play a fundamental role in the selection and definition of structural elements that will determine the type of organizational structure of the service and, therefore, its efficiency. In this sense, the main contribution of this research is related to the importance of nursing manager to find a balance point and between of the adopted structure and the constant changes in the institutional demands and health systems to ensure a working process aligned with organizational goals, and, consequently, the health needs of patients.

LA FORMALIZACIÓN DEL CONSENTIMIENTO INFORMADO EN INVESTIGACIÓN Y LA PÉRDIDA SENTIMENTAL DEL PACIENTE / FORMALIZATION OF INFORMED CONSENT IN RESEARCH AND THE PATIENT'S EMOTIONAL LOSS / A FORMALIZAÇÃO DO CONSENTIMENTO INFORMADO EM PESQUISA E A PERDA SENTIMENTAL DO PACIENTE

El consentimiento informado en investigación se inscribe en la relación médico-paciente, que ha sufrido, y sigue sufriendo, importantes cambios: desde el planteamiento clásico, como relación de amistad, al planteamiento contemporáneo, como relación entre extraños (enemigos potenciales, siguiendo tesis ilustradas sobre la sociedad), que es regulada por normas éticas y legales. El principal objetivo de estas últimas es conseguir, mediante requisitos formales, que dicha relación no perjudique al paciente. Bajo esta luz, se examina y compara el consentimiento informado en las principales normativas internacionales y en la ley española. Especialmente, nos centramos en la hoja de información al paciente, la comprensión, la voluntariedad, la certificación y la comunicación de los resultados de la investigación. Se concluye con la observación de la seria limitación intrínseca de la que adolecen estas normativas, que impiden, más que favorecen, el trato adecuado al paciente.

Informed consent for research is part of the doctor-patient relationship, which has suffered and continues to suffer important changes. These range from the classic approach, such as friendship, to the contemporary approach, namely, a relationship between strangers (potential enemies, according to illustrated notions of society) regulated by ethical and legal standards. The primary objective of these standards is to ensure, through formal requirements, that the relationship does not harm the patient. With this perspective in mind, the study examines and compares informed consent in light of the most important international standards and under Spanish law. There is a particular focus on the patient information sheet, understanding, willingness, certification and communication of research results. The study concludes there are serious inherent constraints in these regulations that prevent rather than promote treating the patient properly.

O consentimento informado em pesquisa está apoiado na relação médico-paciente, que sofreu, e continua sofrendo, importantes mudanças: da proposta clássica, como relação de amizade, à proposta contemporânea, como relação entre estranhos (inimigos potenciais, seguindo teses ilustradas sobre a sociedade), que é regulada por normas éticas e legais. O principal objetivo destas últimas é conseguir, mediante requisitos formais, que essa relação não prejudique o paciente. Sob esse prisma, examina e compara-se o consentimento informado nas principais normativas internacionais e na lei espanhola. Especialmente, centra-se no prontuário do paciente, na compreensão, na voluntariedade, na certificação e na comunicação dos resultados da pesquisa. Conclui-se com a observação da séria limitação intrínseca da qual sofrem essas normativas, que impedem, mais do que favorecem, o tratamento adequado do paciente.

Estructura organizacional y su relación con la efectividad de los servicios universitarios de atención psicológica / Structure organizational and its relationship with the effectiveness of the university services of psychological attention

En este artículo se presenta un análisis acerca de la forma como se configuran los Servicios Universitarios de Atención Psicológica (SUAP), para la formación académica y profesional de los psicólogos y para la atención psicológica de los consultantes. El estudio, fundamentado en la teoría orgánica contingente, se realizó aplicando un análisis factorial exploratorio por componentes principales y un análisis factorial confirmatorio mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados muestran que los SUAP se caracterizan por tener una estructura organizacional de tipo mecanicista, fundamentada en las variables de formalización, centralización y complejidad, las cuales tienen una relación directa con su efectividad.

This article presents an analysis about how it is configured University Services of Psychological Attention (USPA), for academic and professional formation of psychologists and for the psychological attention of users. The study based on the organic contingent theory was carried out using an exploratory factor analysis by principal components and a confirmatory factor analysis through structural equation modeling. The results show that USPA are characterized by an organizational structure of type mechanistic, based on the variables of formalization, centralization and complexity which have a direct bearing over its effectiveness.

Une physique du sens? Le problème de la formalization en psychanalyse / A physics of meaning? the problem of formalization in psychoanalysis / O físico do sentido? O problema da formalização da psicanálise / El fisico del sentido? El problema de la formalización del psicoanálisis

L'enseignement de Lacan reposait au départ sur un axiome - "l'inconscient est structuré comme un langage" - et un programme: la formalisation de la psychanalyse. Cette entreprise le conduit dans un premier temps à une formalisation des lois du langage. En un second temps, Lacan définira la psychanalyse comme une praxis, un lien social fondé sur le langage, un discours. Même envisagée sous cet angle, sa formalisation reste nécessaire parce que solidaire de la "doctrine du mathème", dans une visée de transmission intégrale.

O ensino de Lacan repousava, no início, sobre um axioma - "o inconsciente está estruturado como uma linguagem" - e um programa: a formalização da psicanálise. Esta tentativa o conduziu, num primeiro momento, a uma formalização das leis da linguagem. Posteriormente, Lacan definirá a psicanálise como uma práxis, um laço social fundado sobre a linguagem, um discurso. Contudo, mesmo considerada sob este ângulo, sua formalização continua sendo necessária, uma vez que é solidária à "doutrina do matema", na perspectiva de uma transmissão integral.

Lacan's teaching was based on an axiom - "the unconscious is structured like a language" - and on a program - the formalization of psychoanalysis. Initially, this approach led to the formalization of the structure os language. Later, Lacan gave a great deal of attention to another approach: psychoanalysis is a praxis, a social link founded on language. In other words, is it a discourse. Even from this angle, its formalization does not remain less necessary because it is in line with the "theory of the matheme," from the point of view of full transmission.

RESEARCH ON IP FLOW FORMAT AND SEMANTIC FORMALIZATION / 药物分析学报

Malformed packets and overlapping fragments are harmful to Intranet end hosts. A formalization engine was introduced to formalize transit packets and reassemble fragments to eliminate the fragment semantic ambiguity. In the formalization engine, malformed packets are formalized by a packet verification engine layer according to protocol standards. In order to eliminate the fragment semantic ambiguity, OS classes of end hosts were collected by an OS detector, each fragment was reassembled according to its OS class. According to the reassembly algorithm of different OS, the pre-forward fields of the cached data were counted with the application of the pre-forward poiicies and were transmitted to save system resource. Applying the BSD-Linux pre-forward policy, the BSD- right pre-forward policy and the First pre-forward policy, the packet loss rate is dropped and system performance improved. The experiments show that the identification precision can be maintained about 90% in heavy processing load.