Integrative geriatric assessment. A narrative review of the scales and their use in Ecuador

This study aims to describe the main tools for integrative geriatric assessment and their use in Ecuador. We performed a narrative review with a comprehensive and systematic literature search. 261 original articles were obtained from the primary search, and after the discrimination by the researchers, 76 articles were included in the final analysis. Integrative geriatric assessments cover different areas, including cognitive function, affective function, nutritional status and functionality, and seve-ral tools that are used worldwide for this purpose. In Ecuador, a deeper analysis of their use is required to evaluate their diagnostic efficacy and applicability to impro-ve health outcomes for the elderly population.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir las principales herramientas de evalua-ción integral geriátrica y su uso en el Ecuador. Realizamos una revisión narrativa con una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva y sistemática. De la búsqueda primaria se obtuvieron 261 artículos originales, y luego de la discriminación por parte de los investigadores, se incluyeron 76 artículos en el análisis final. La evaluación ge-riátrica cubre diferentes áreas, incluida la función cognitiva, la función afectiva, el estado nutricional y la funcionalidad, y se utilizan varias herramientas en todo el mundo para este propósito. En Ecuador se requiere un análisis más profundo de su uso para evaluar su eficacia diagnóstica y aplicabilidad con el fin de mejorar los resultados de salud de la población adulta mayor.

The value of the modified 5-factor frailty index in assessing postoperative complications and mortality in elderly patients with hip fractures / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To analyze the value of the modified 5-factor frailty index in assessing postoperative complications and mortality in elderly hip fracture patients.Methods:In this retrospective study, clinical data were collected of hip fracture patients aged 60 years and above surgically treated at Beijing Luhe Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University between January 2015 and December 2019.Patients' group assignment was based on whether the modified frailty index score was ≤1 or ≥2, and a post-surgery follow-up was conducted for survival at 30 days, 1 year, 2 years, and 4 years, which was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method.Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify factors affecting death in elderly patients.Results:A total of 1 208 patients were included, with 890 in the group with the index score ≤1 and 318 in the group with the index score ≥2.There was no difference in mortality at 30 days(1.6% or 14/890 vs.1.9% or 6/318, P=0.707), 1-year(11.3% or 99/874 vs.11.6% or 36/310, P=0.917), 2-years(19.7% or 168/852 vs.24.3% or 73/300, P=0.099)and 4-years(44.0% or 238/541 vs.51.5% or 106/206, P=0.071). The incidence of postoperative complications in the group with the score ≥2 was higher(14.8% or 47/318 vs.9.7% or 86/890, P=0.012), including the incidence of stroke(6.3% or 20/318 vs.1.8% or 16/890, P<0.001)and the incidence of postoperative pneumonia(6.0% or 19/318 vs.3.1% or 28/890, P=0.029), and the differences were statistically significant.Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age, being female, the Charlson comorbidity index score and low hemoglobin at admission were risk factors for 1-year, 2-year and 4-year mortality post-surgery(all P<0.05), while the modified frailty index score had no correlation with postoperative mortality. Conclusions:A modified frailty index ≥2 is predictive of increased risk of postoperative pneumonia and stroke in patients with hip fractures, but is not correlated with the risk of postoperative mortality.

The correlation between serum Klotho levels and frailty in elderly people / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To examine the correlation between serum Klotho levels and frailty in elderly people.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 150 community-dwelling elderly people aged 65 years and over were enrolled.Subjects were divided into a frail(n=50, 33.3%), a pre-frail(n=47, 31.3%)and a non-frail(n=53, 35.3%)group based on the Fried phenotype.General participant data, routine laboratory test results, short physical performance battery(SPPB)results and human body composition data were collected.Serum Klotho protein levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The relationship between serum Klotho protein levels and frailty was analyzed by using Spearmen's correlation analysis and Logistic regression analysis.Results:Klotho protein levels were lower in the frail group than in the non-frail group( P=0.001), whereas differences between the frail group and the pre-frail group and between the pre-frail group and the non-frail group were not statistically significant(all P>0.05).When Klotho protein levels were classified into four quartiles, i.e., Q 1, Q 2, Q 3, and Q 4, using three cut-off vales(2.28, 3.52, and 5.09 mg/L), the prevalences of frailty were 51.4%(19/37), 39.5%(15/38), 24.3%(9/37)and 18.4%(7/38), respectively.The prevalence of frailty decreased with increasing Klotho protein levels( χ2=11.204, P=0.011).Spearman correlation analysis showed that the Klotho protein level was negatively correlated with frailty( r=-0.310, P<0.001).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis results showed that age( OR=1.109, 95% CI: 1.011-1.217, P=0.028)and sarcopenia( OR=6.511, 95% CI: 1.279-33.147, P=0.024)were risk factors for frailty, while walking( OR=0.104, 95% CI: 0.033-0.326, P<0.001), a high SPPB score( OR=0.780, 95% CI: 0.627-0.970, P=0.026), and a high Klotho protein level( OR=0.752, 95% CI: 0.581-0.974, P=0.031)were protective factors against frailty. Conclusions:The serum Klotho protein level may be used as a parameter for the assessment of frailty.It is negatively correlated with frailty, suggesting that elderly people with low serum Klotho protein levels are at high risk of developing frailty.

Homens cuidadores informais de idosos dependentes no Brasil / Hombres cuidadores informales de ancianos dependientes en Brasil / Men as informal caregivers of dependent older adults in Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender as motivações e as implicações do cuidado de familiares idosos dependentes realizado por homens. Com base em pesquisa qualitativa realizada entre julho e dezembro de 2018 em seis cidades nas cinco regiões brasileiras, foram entrevistados 11 homens que desempenham a tarefa de cuidadores informais. Eles assumiram essa tarefa em razão de as mulheres estarem exaustas e adoecidas, assim como por reciprocidade afetiva e marital. Os filhos manifestaram desconforto na administração de cuidados pessoais aos pais, enquanto os cônjuges apresentaram dificuldades com atividades domésticas. Os cuidadores solitários estavam cansados, com dores, privação do sono, sintomas depressivos e solidão. O suporte prestado por familiares e cuidadores formais mostrou-se valioso para amenizar o sofrimento dos cuidadores que relutavam em pedir ajuda. Há necessidade de os profissionais de saúde estarem atentos aos prestadores de cuidados informais aos familiares.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender las motivaciones y las implicaciones del cuidado de familiares ancianos dependientes realizado por hombres. A partir de una investigación cualitativa realizada entre julio y diciembre de 2018 en seis ciudades en las cinco regiones brasileñas, se entrevistaron 11 hombres que desempeñan la tarea de cuidadores informales. Los hombres asumieron esta tarea porque las mujeres estaban exhaustas y enfermas y por reciprocidad afectiva y marital. Los hijos manifestaron incomodidad en la administración de cuidados personales a los padres, mientras que los cónyuges presentaron dificultades con actividades domésticas. Los cuidadores solitarios estaban cansados, con dolores, privación de sueño, síntomas depresivos y soledad. El soporte prestado por familiares y cuidadores formales se mostró valioso para disminuir el sufrimiento de los cuidadores que titubeaban en pedir ayuda. Existe la necesidad de que los profesionales de salud estén atentos a los prestadores de cuidados informales a los familiares.(AU)

The objective of study was to understand the motivations and implications of care given by men for dependent elderly family members. Qualitative research happened between July and December 2018 in six cities in the five Brazilian regions, interviewing 11 men who perform tasks as informal caregivers. The men assumed this task because the women's exhaustion and sickness, added to affective and marital reciprocity. Their sons expressed discomfort in taking personal care of their parents, while the spouses had difficulties with domestic activities. Lonely caregivers were tired, in pain, sleep deprived, experiencing depressive symptoms and loneliness. Support provided by family members and formal caregivers proved to be valuable in alleviating the suffering of caregivers who were reluctant to ask for help. Health professionals are called to pay attention to informal care providers for family members.(AU)

Pluripatología en internación: características de pacientes internados en clínica médica / Pluripathology among inpatients: characteristics of hos pitalized patients in medical clinic wards

Resumen Introducción: El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar prevalencia de pluripatología y polifarmacia entre in ternados en salas de clínica médica de un hospital de agudos, sus características sociodemográficas y clínicas. Métodos: estudio observacional, prospectivo, longitu dinal, descriptivo y analítico. Se incluyeron los pacientes internados en clínica médica del Hospital Tornú entre mayo y septiembre, 2019 mediante muestreo consecuti vo. Se relevaron datos de las historias clínicas. Se evaluó dependencia funcional y pronóstico mediante índices Barthel, Charlson y score PROFUND. Resultados: Se registraron 170 pacientes (58% mascu linos). La edad de mujeres fue significativamente mayor (mediana 79 años; p= 0.002). Prevalencia de pluripatolo gía 32%; polifarmacia 38%; hipertensión 48%; diabetes 27%; deterioro cognitivo 15%; insuficiencia cardíaca 14%; accidente cerebrovascular 12%; anemia 24%; enfermedad renal crónica 10%. Reingresos 10% (94% con reinterna ción precoz; 94% con motivo de reingreso relacionado con internación previa). Mortalidad general: 12%. Los pacientes pluripatológicos presentaron edad elevada (78% > 65 años), mayor frecuencia de polifarmacia (p < 0.0001) y de dependencia (p = 0.001). La mortalidad en pluripatológicos (22%) fue mayor que en el resto (p = 0.0095) y presentaron valores más elevados índice de Charlson y score PROFUND (p < 0.0001). No hubo diferencias significativas en estadía hospitalaria ni en reinternaciones. Conclusiones: La presencia de pacientes con pluri patología se presenta como una realidad cotidiana en nuestros servicios de internación. Este estudio revela la importancia de la consideración de este tipo de pa cientes en el ámbito público debido a su frecuencia y características, demandas sanitarias y costes.

Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to de termine the prevalence of pluripathology and polyphar macy among hospitalized patients in internal medicine wards at an acute care hospital, including their socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Methods: Observational, prospective, longitudinal, descriptive and analytical study. All patients hospital ized in the internal medicine ward at Hospital Tornú from May to September 2019 were included through consecutive sampling. Data from medical records were collected. Functional dependency and prognosis were assessed using the Barthel, Charlson and PROFUND Indexes. Results: 170 patients (58% male) were registered. Wom en were significantly older. Pluripathology prevalence: 32%; polypharmacy 38%; high BP: 48%; diabetes: 27%; cognitive impairment 15%; heart failure: 14%; stroke: 12%; anemia: 24%; CKD 10%. Total readmissions 10% (94% with early readmissions; 94% with readmissions related to a previous hospitalization). Global Mortality: 12%. Patients with pluripathology were elderly (78% > 65 years old) with a higher polypharmacy frequency (p < 0.0001) and functional dependence (p = 0.001). Mortality in patients with pluripathology (22%) was higher than in others (p = 0.0095) with higher Charlson and PROFUND scores (p < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in terms of hospital stay or readmissions. Conclusions: Pluripathological patients are common in our inpatient hospital department. This study reveals the importance of considering this type of patients in public hospitals due to its frequency, characteristics and healthcare utilization and costs.

Prevalência e fatores associados à fragilidade em pessoas idosas hipertensas por meio da Escala de Fragilidade de Edmonton e Índice de Vulnerabilidade Clínico Funcional-20 / Prevalence and factors associated with frailty in older adults with hypertension using the Edmonton Frail Scale and the Clinical Functional Vulnerability Index-20

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a prevalência de fragilidade e comparar as variáveis associadas a essa fragilidade em pessoas idosas hipertensas comunitárias brasileiras por meio da Escala de Fragilidade de Edmonton (EFE) e o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Clínico-Funcional-20 (IVCF-20). Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal e analítico, conduzido com pessoas idosas hipertensas comunitárias com idade ≥60 anos, residentes na cidade de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A seleção da amostra seguiu o modelo probabilístico por conglomerado. Os dados foram coletados entre novembro de 2016 e fevereiro de 2017 por meio de aplicação de questionário em domicílio. Foram analisadas variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e clínico-assistenciais. Utilizou-se a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para obter as razões de prevalência brutas e ajustadas. Resultados Participaram 281 pessoas idosas hipertensas. A prevalência geral de fragilidade pela EFE foi de 31,3% e pelo IVCF-20 foi de 22,1%. As variáveis, que após a análise múltipla, foram estatisticamente associadas à fragilidade em idosos hipertensos, pela EFE e IVCF-20 simultaneamente, foram: idade avançada (80 anos ou mais), apresentar como comorbidade artrite reumatoide/artrose, acidente vascular encefálico, autopercepção de saúde negativa, quedas e internações nos últimos 12 meses. Apenas pela EFE, menos de 4 anos de estudo, não ter prática religiosa e não possuir renda própria foram as variáveis associadas. Enquanto pelo IVCF-20, somente a renda familiar mensal associou-se à fragilidade. Conclusão Verificou-se que a fragilidade avaliada pela EFE e pelo IVCF-20 possui similaridade, no entanto, a EFE é mais sensível. Esses resultados demonstram a necessidade dos profissionais da saúde identifiquem precocemente a fragilidade.

Abstract Objective To assess the prevalence of frailty and compare the variables associated with frailty in Brazilian community-dwelling older adults with hypertension using the Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS) and the Clinical Functional Vulnerability Index-20 (IVCF-20). Methods This is a cross-sectional analytical study conducted with community-dwelling older adults with hypertension aged ≥60 years residing in the city of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Sample selection followed a probabilistic cluster sampling model. Data were collected between November 2016 and February 2017 through in-home questionnaire administration. Demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical-care variables were analyzed. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to obtain crude and adjusted prevalence ratios. Results A total of 281 older adults with hypertension participated in the study. The overall prevalence of frailty as assessed by the EFS was 31.3%, and by the IVCF-20 was 22.1%. Variables that were statistically associated with frailty in older adults with hypertension, as determined by both the EFS and IVCF-20 simultaneously, were: advanced age (80 years or older), comorbidities such as rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis, stroke, negative self-perception of health, falls, and hospitalizations in the last 12 months. Only by the EFS, variables associated with frailty included less than 4 years of education, absence of religious practice, and lack of personal income. Meanwhile, according to the IVCF-20, only monthly family income was associated with frailty. Conclusion It was found that frailty assessed by EFS and IVCF-20 exhibits similarity; however, EFS is more sensitive. These findings underscore the imperative for healthcare professionals to early identify frailty.

O cuidado de pessoas idosas em processo de fragilização: dificuldades e emoções na perspectiva de quem cuida / The care of older adults in the process of frailty: challenges and emotions from the caregiver's perspective

Resumo Objetivo Compreender dificuldades e emoções no processo de cuidado na perspectiva das pessoas que cuidam de pessoas idosas em processos de fragilização nos seus domicílios. Método Pesquisa qualitativa, ancorada no referencial teórico-metodológico da Antropologia Interpretativa e Médica. Nove cuidadoras e um cuidador foram entrevistados no domicílio da pessoa idosa cuidada. A análise êmica foi guiada pelo modelo dos Signos, Significados e Ações Resultados As dificuldades aparecem na ausência de formação para cuidar, nos constrangimentos das rotinas de higiene, na ausência de cumprimento de direitos trabalhistas, na falta de acessibilidade e de recursos materiais, nas relações familiares e na interpretação das ações da pessoa cuidada como teimosia. As emoções descritas pelas pessoas entrevistadas são de carinho, satisfação, cansaço, estresse, sobrecarga e medo de agravamento e de erro. Conclusão As pessoas que cuidam revelaram um envolvimento intenso e complexo de âmbito moral, mas também ético e emocional. Evidenciam um cenário em que é fundamental reconhecer e enxergar o trabalho de cuidar de as pessoas idosas em processo de fragilização e implementar políticas de cuidado com ações comunitárias e intersetoriais de suporte ao cuidado.

Abstract Objective To comprehend the challenges and emotions within the caregiving process from the perspective of those who care for older adults in situations of frailty within their own homes. Method A qualitative research approach rooted in the theoretical and methodological framework of Interpretative and Medical Anthropology was employed. Nine female caregivers and one male caregiver were interviewed within the homes of the elderly individuals they were caring for. Emic analysis was guided by the model of Signs, Meanings, and Actions. Results Challenges manifest in the absence of caregiver training, constraints related to hygiene routines, the absence of compliance with labor rights, lack of accessibility and material resources, family relationships, and the interpretation of the actions of the care recipients as stubbornness. Emotions described by the interviewees include affection, satisfaction, fatigue, stress, burden, and fear of worsening and making mistakes. Conclusion Caregivers revealed a deep and complex moral, ethical, and emotional involvement in their caregiving roles. They highlight a scenario where it is essential to recognize and acknowledge the work involved in caring for older adults in situations of frailty and to implement caregiving policies with community and cross-sector support actions.

Rastreamento da fragilidade em pessoas idosas com hipertensão arterial sistêmica por instrumentos diferentes / Tracking frailty in older adults with systemic arterial hypertension through different instruments

Resumo Objetivo Comparar o grau de concordância, a correlação e a acurácia entre os instrumentos Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS) e Índice de Vulnerabilidade Clínico-Funcional-20 (IVCF-20) em pessoas idosas com hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS). Método Estudo transversal e domiciliar com pessoas idosas de Montes Claros, MG. Este estudo incluiu somente indivíduos com HAS cujos dados foram coletados no período de novembro de 2016 a fevereiro de 2017. Foram determinados a sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos. A estatística Kappa analisou a concordância e confiabilidade, o coeficiente de Pearson avaliou a correlação entre os instrumentos. Resultados 281 eram hipertensas e foram incluídas neste estudo. Constatou-se que a prevalência de fragilidade foi 31,3% pela EFS e 22,1% pelo IVCF-20. A estatística Kappa foi 0,604 e coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi de 0,621 (p<0,001). A acurácia foi de 84,34%. Conclusão Os instrumentos EFS e IVCF-20 demonstraram concordância e confiabilidade moderada, forte correlação positiva e boa acurácia. Os resultados ratificam a importância de padronizar o instrumento para verificar a fragilidade de pessoas idosas hipertensas. A adequada avaliação da fragilidade busca ofertar uma assistência pautada na prevenção e promoção que capazes de evitar a piora do estado de saúde e agravos da hipertensão arterial.

Abstract Objective To compare the degree of agreement, correlation, and accuracy between the Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS) and the Clinical-Functional Vulnerability Index-20 (IVCF-20) instruments in older adults with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). Method Cross-sectional household study with older adults from Montes Claros, MG. This study included only individuals with SAH whose data were collected from November 2016 to February 2017. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were determined. The Kappa statistic analyzed agreement and reliability, while the Pearson coefficient evaluated the correlation between the instruments. Results A total of 281 individuals with hypertension were included in this study. It was found that the prevalence of frailty was 31.3% according to the EFS and 22.1% according to the IVCF-20. The Kappa statistic was 0.604, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.621 (p<0.001). The accuracy was 84.34%. Conclusion The EFS and IVCF-20 instruments verified moderate agreement and reliability, strong positive correlation, and good accuracy. The results confirm the importance of standardizing the instrument to assess frailty in older adults with hypertension. The appropriate assessment of frailty aims to provide care focused on prevention and promotion that can prevent worsening health status and complications of arterial hypertension.

Análise de pacientes idosos internados por queimaduras no Brasil / Analysis of older patients hospitalized for burns in Brazil

Objetivo: Realizar uma análise das variáveis disponíveis na plataforma do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS) de idosos queimados internados, e comparar entre idosos maiores e menores de 80 anos. Método: Estudo retrospectivo realizado por coleta de dados no DATASUS no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2019. Foram incluídos no estudo pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 60-79 anos e igual ou maior a 80 anos, sendo avaliadas variáveis como tempo médio de internação, custos com saúde e taxa de mortalidade. Resultados: No período estudado, sofreram queimaduras 168.955 pacientes com 60-79 anos e 50.410 com 80 anos ou mais. A maior mortalidade ocorre nos acidentes com chama, seguidos por queimadura de contato, terceiro lugar escaldado e por último queimadura elétrica (p=0,01). A incidência de internações em pessoas com mais de 80 anos é maior do que entre 60-79 anos (p<0,001). Houve relação diretamente proporcional entre idade e tempo de internação apenas nas faixas etárias mais avançadas. Também foi possível verificar que, quanto maiores os custos com saúde, maior a taxa de mortalidade. Conclusão: O tempo de internação é maior em pacientes mais velhos e a maior média de dias de internação está relacionada a maior taxa de mortalidade. Além disso, um maior número de dias de internação não resulta em menor taxa de mortalidade, mostrando que a prevenção e a gestão adequada dos insumos são mais importantes do que grande investimento no tratamento.

Objective: Analyze the available variables on the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) platform of hospitalized burn older people and compare older people over and under 80. Method: A retrospective study collected data in DATASUS from January 2009 to December 2019. Patients aged 60-79 years or older and 80 years or older were included in the study, with variables such as time average hospitalization, healthcare costs, and mortality rate. Results: During the studied period, 168,955 patients aged 60-79 and 50,410 aged 80 or over suffered burns. The highest mortality occurs in flame accidents, followed by contact burns, third-place scalds, and electrical burns (p=0.01). The incidence of hospitalizations in people over 80 is higher than in those aged 60-79 (p<0.001). There was a directly proportional relationship between age and length of stay only in the most advanced age groups. It was also possible to verify that the higher the health costs, the higher the mortality rate. Conclusion: The length of stay is longer in older patients, and the longer average stay is related to a higher mortality rate. Furthermore, a greater number of days of hospitalization does not result in a lower mortality rate, showing that prevention and adequate management of supplies are more important than a large investment in treatment.

Caracterización de adultos mayores con cáncer colorrectal en la comunidad

Fundamento: el cáncer colorrectal es la neoplasia más frecuente del sistema digestivo en los adultos mayores. En Cuba es un problema de salud de primer orden por su elevada incidencia y mortalidad, constituye la tercera causa de muerte en la población general. Objetivo: caracterizar a los adultos mayores con cáncer colorrectal en el Policlínico Sur Rudesindo García del Rijo de la provincia Sancti Spíritus. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva en el Policlínico Sur Rudesindo García del Rijo del municipio y provincia Sancti Spíritus, de enero a marzo del 2019. Se trabajó con una muestra intencional de 127 adultos mayores, pertenecientes a consultorios urbanos. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, nivel de escolaridad, estadio del cáncer colorrectal al diagnóstico, estado de salud, comorbilidades, capacidad y percepción del autocuidado y supervivencia. Para el estadio al diagnóstico se utilizó la clasificación anatomoclínica, la comorbilidad, se midió mediante el índice de Charlson y el Test de Capacidad y Percepción de Autocuidado del Adulto Mayor. La información se procesó mediante el análisis porcentual. Los resultados alcanzados se interpretaron los números con sus porcientos. Resultados: en la caracterización de la muestra predominaron las féminas, el grupo de edad entre 70 y 79 años y el nivel de escolaridad de secundaria básica. El estadio II con un mal estado de salud y la inadecuada percepción de autocuidado fue mayoritario. La comorbilidad fue moderada con una supervivencia entre 40 a 60 meses. Conclusiones: predominaron las mujeres entre los 70 y los 79 años y como nivel de escolaridad, la secundaria básica; además prevaleció el estadio II y la inadecuada percepción de autocuidado.

Foundation: colorectal cancer is the most common neoplasm of the digestive system in older adults. In Cuba it is a major health problem due to its high incidence and mortality; it is the third cause of death in the general population. Objective: to characterize older adults with colorectal cancer at the Rudesindo García del Rijo Sur Polyclinic in the Sancti Spíritus province. Methods a descriptive research was carried out at the Sur Rudesindo García del Rijo Polyclinic in the municipality and province of Sancti Spíritus, from January to March 2019. We worked with an intentional sample of 127 older adults, belonging to urban clinics. The variables analyzed were: age, sex, educational level, stage of colorectal cancer at diagnosis, health status, comorbidities, capacity and perception of self-care and survival. For the stage at diagnosis, the anatomoclinical classification was used, comorbidity was measured using the Charlson index and the Self-Care Capacity and Perception Test for the Elderly. The information was processed through percentage analysis. The results achieved were interpreted as numbers with their percentages. Results: in the characterization of the sample, females, the age group between 70 and 79 years and the level of lower secondary education predominated. Stage II with a poor state of health and inadequate perception of self-care was the majority. Comorbidity was moderate with survival between 40 to 60 months. Conclusions: women between 70 and 79 years of age and lower secondary education level predominated, stage II and inadequate perception of self-care also prevailed.

Condiciones de trabajo y el cuidado de sí en profesionales de enfermería en la atención domiciliaria de adultos mayores dependientes / Condições de trabalho e autocuidado dos profissionais de enfermagem na assistência domiciliar a idosos dependentes / Working conditions and self-care of nursing professionals in home care of dependent older adults

Introducción: La atención a domicilio de adultos mayores dependientes es una tarea compleja que requiere de profesionales de enfermería altamente capacitados. Sin embargo, las condiciones laborales adversas y la falta de atención al cuidado de sí mismo ponen en riesgo su salud y bienestar, así como la calidad del cuidado que brindan. Objetivo: Describir las condiciones de trabajo y el cuidado de sí en profesionales de enfermería en la atención domiciliaria de adultos mayores dependientes. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa de diseño narrativo utilizando la teoría del cuidado de sí de Michel Foucault. Muestreo por bola de nieve. Criterios de selección: ser enfermero(a) de atención domiciliaria, tener bajo su cuidado a adultos mayores dependientes y firmar el consentimiento informado. Recolección de datos mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, grabadas y transcritas textualmente para ser analizadas con ayuda del software ATLAS.ti. Participantes: 9 profesionales de enfermería domiciliaria independiente. Resultados: Emergieron 2 categorías: 1) La familia en el cuidado y 2) El lado doloroso del cuidado. Conclusiones: Además de las habilidades de comunicación eficaz para solicitar las adaptaciones arquitectónicas de la vivienda y la colaboración de los familiares, se hace evidente que cuando se usan las tecnologías de la teoría de Michel Foucault, se promueve el cuidado de sí de la enfermera. Discusión: La capacidad para tomar conciencia sumado al pensamiento crítico, son necesarios para tener el poder y autonomía sobre las decisiones que se llevan a cabo en el trabajo, reduciendo riesgos e injusticias en el ámbito que se encuentre y promover el cuidado de sí.

Introduction: Home care of dependent older adults is a complex task that requires highly trained nursing professionals. However, adverse working conditions and lack of attention to self-care jeopardize their health and well-being, as well as the quality of care they provide. Objective: To describe the working conditions and self-care of nursing professionals in the home care of dependent older adults. Methodology: Qualitative research of narrative design using Michel Foucault's theory of self-care. Snowball sampling. Selection criteria: to be a home care nurse, to have dependent older adults under his/her care and to sign the informed consent form. Data collection through semi-structured interviews, recorded and transcribed verbatim for analysis using ATLAS.ti software. Participants: 9 independent home nursing professionals. Results: 2 categories emerged: 1) The family in caregiving and 2) The painful side of caregiving. Conclusions: In addition to effective communication skills to request architectural adaptations of the home and the collaboration of family members, it is evident that when the technologies of Michel Foucault's theory are used, the nurse's self-care is promoted. Discussion: The ability to be aware and critical thinking are necessary to have power and autonomy over the decisions that are carried out at work, reducing risks and injustices in the field and promoting self-care.

Introdução: O atendimento domiciliar de idosos dependentes é uma tarefa complexa que exige profissionais de enfermagem altamente treinados. No entanto, as condições de trabalho adversas e a falta de atenção ao autocuidado prejudicam sua saúde e bem-estar, bem como a qualidade do atendimento que prestam. Objetivo: descrever as condições de trabalho e o autocuidado dos profissionais de enfermagem na assistência domiciliar a idosos dependentes. Metodologia: Pesquisa qualitativa com um projeto narrativo usando a teoria do autocuidado de Michel Foucault. Amostragem em bola de neve. Critérios de seleção: ser enfermeiro de atendimento domiciliar, estar cuidando de idosos dependentes e assinar o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Coleta de dados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, gravadas e transcritas literalmente para análise usando o software ATLAS.ti. Participantes: 9 profissionais independentes de enfermagem domiciliar. Resultados: Surgiram duas categorias: 1) A família no cuidado e 2) O lado doloroso do cuidado. Conclusões: Além de habilidades de comunicação eficazes para solicitar adaptações arquitetônicas na residência e a colaboração dos familiares, fica evidente que, quando as tecnologias da teoria de Michel Foucault são utilizadas, o autocuidado do enfermeiro é promovido. Discussão: A capacidade de conscientização e o pensamento crítico são necessários para ter poder e autonomia sobre as decisões tomadas no trabalho, reduzindo os riscos e as injustiças no campo e promovendo o autocuidado.

Fatores associados à piora da autoavaliação da saúde das brasileiras que residiam com idosos dependentes durante a primeira onda da COVID-19 / Factors associated with worsening in the self-rated health status of Brazilian women who lived with dependent elderly people during the first wave of COVID-19

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é analisar os fatores associados à piora da autoavaliação da saúde (AAS) de brasileiras que residiam com idosos com dependência funcional (IDF) durante a primeira onda da pandemia de COVID-19. Utilizou-se a ConVid - Pesquisa de Comportamentos como fonte de dados. Para a análise comparou-se o grupo de mulheres que moravam com IDF com aquelas que moravam com idosos sem dependência. Estimou-se modelos hierárquicos de razão de prevalência (RP) para testar as associações entre as características sociodemográficas, mudanças na renda, atividades de rotina e saúde na pandemia, tendo como desfecho a piora da AAS. A piora da AAS foi mais frequente no grupo de mulheres que moravam com IDF. Após o ajuste dos fatores hierárquicos, ser negra (RP=0,76; IC95% 0,60-0,96) e ter renda per capita menor que um salário-mínimo (RP=0,78; IC95% 0,64-0,96) foram fatores inversamente associados à piora da AAS entre corresidentes de IDF. O estado de ânimo ruim, o surgimento/piora de problema de coluna, o sono afetado, a AAS ruim, o sentimento de solidão e a dificuldade na realização de atividades rotineiras durante a pandemia foram fatores positivamente associados. O estudo demonstra que morar com IDF esteve associado à piora da saúde das brasileiras na pandemia, especialmente entre aquelas em posição de maior status social.

Abstract The objective is to analyze the factors associated with the worsening of the self-rated health (SRH) of Brazilian women who live with elderly people with functional dependence (EFD) during the first wave of COVID-19. ConVid - Behavior Research was used as a data source. For the analysis, the group of women who lived with EFD was compared with those who lived with the elderly without any dependence. Hierarchical prevalence ratio (PR) models were estimated to test the associations between sociodemographic characteristics, changes in income, routine activities and health in the pandemic, with the outcome of worsening SRH. This worsening was more frequent in the group of women living with EFD. After adjusting for hierarchical factors, being black (PR=0.76; 95%CI 0.60-0.96) and having a per capita income lower than minimum wage (PR=0.78; 95%CI 0.64- 0.96) were shown to be protective factors for SRH worsening among EFD co-residents. Indisposition, emergence/worsening of back problems, affected sleep, poor SRH, feeling loneliness and difficulty in carrying out routine activities during the pandemic were positively associated factors. The study demonstrates that living with EFD was associated with a worsening in the health status of Brazilian women during the pandemic, especially among those of higher social status.

Ejercicio multicomponente en el adulto mayor y su efecto en el síndrome de fragilidad / Multicomponent exercise in the older adult and its effect on frailty syndrome

El envejecimiento ocasiona un aumento en la vulnerabilidad del adulto mayor. El ejercicio multicomponente se ha propuesto como una práctica para mejorar la funcionalidad física y cognitiva del adulto mayor, reducir la frecuencia de caídas y fracturas y prevenir la sarcopenia. Por tanto, en esta revisión bibliográfica se propone determinar los efectos del ejercicio multicomponente en el adulto mayor para evitar la progresión del síndrome de fragilidad. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Hinari, PubMed, Scopus y Embase utilizando los operadores booleanos «AND¼ y «OR¼ y como palabras clave «fragilidad¼, «adulto mayor¼, «caídas¼, «fracturas¼, «sarcopenia¼ para delimitar literatura de utilidad a esta investigación. Se tomaron en cuenta artículos de revisión bibliográfica, casos y controles, metaanálisis, artículos originales, revisiones sistemáticas con vigencia menor a cinco años, en los idiomas inglés y español. El ejercicio multicomponente ocasiona una mejoría en la funcionalidad física, dependencia, prevención de caídas y reducción de la sarcopenia, siendo una herramienta útil para la regresión del síndrome de fragilidad en el adulto mayor

Aging causes an increase in the vulnerability of older adults. The practice of multicomponent exercise has been proposed to improve the physical and cognitive functionality of the older adult, reduce the frequency of falls and fractures, and prevent sarcopenia. Therefore, this literature review aims to determine the effects of multicomponent exercise in the older adult to prevent the progression of frailty syndrome. A literature search was performed in the Hinari, PubMed, Scopus and Embase databases, using the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" and as keywords "frailty", "older adult", "falls", "fractures", "sarcopenia" to delimit useful literature for this research. Literature review articles, case-controls, meta-analysis, original articles, systematic reviews less than five years old, published in both English and Spanish were taken into account. Multicomponent exercise causes an improvement in physical functionality, independence, fall prevention, and reduction of sarcopenia, being a useful tool for the regression of frailty syndrome in the elderly.

Evaluación geriátrica integral en pacientes con fractura de cadera

Introducción. Las fracturas de cadera son un conjunto de patologías frecuentes en los adultos mayores frágiles, con impacto negativo sobre la funcionalidad. Objetivo. Determinar las características clínicas, funcionales, mentales y sociales basados en la evaluación geriátrica integral. Métodos. Se evaluó a 445 pacientes, la comorbilidad se midió con el índice de Charlson, el estado funcional basal con el índice de Barthel y la escala de Lawton y Brody, el estado mental con el cuestionario de Pfeiffer, el delirio mediante el Confusion Assessment Method y la evaluación social con la Escala Sociofamiliar de Gijón. Las variables categóricas se presentaron como valor absoluto y porcentaje, y las continuas como media y desviación estándar. Resultados. El sexo femenino representó el 71,5%, el promedio de edad en mujeres fue de 81,58 años y en varones de 82,58 años. El deterioro visual fue 48,8% y el auditivo fue 46,1%. El 46,0% tuvieron más de una comorbilidad. 30,3% era independiente para actividades básicas, así como 90,3% de mujeres y 64,3% de hombres fueron dependientes para actividades instrumentales. El deterioro cognitivo estuvo presente en el 53,5% de los pacientes y delirio el 20,4%. En la segunda semana fueron operados 30,5% y en la tercera 21,6%. La mortalidad fue de 2,7% durante la hospitalización. Conclusión. Las características más frecuentes fueron de una octogenaria, con deterioro visual/auditivo, sin comorbilidad, pero pluripatológica, con dependencia leve para actividades básicas de vida diaria y deterioro cognitivo en entorno social de riesgo.

Introduction. Hip fractures are a group of frequent pathologies in frail older adults, with a negative impact on functionality. Objective. To determine the clinical, functional, mental, and social characteristics based on the comprehensive geriatric assessment. Methods. 445 patients were evaluated, comorbidity was measured with the Charlson index, baseline functional state with the Barthel index and the Lawton and Brody scale, mental state with the Pfeiffer questionnaire, delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method and social assessment with the Gijón Socio-Family Scale. Categorical variables were presented as absolute value and percentage and continuous variables as mean and standard deviation. Results. The female sex represented 71.5%, the average age in women was 81.58 years and in men 82.58 years. Visual impairment was 48.8% and hearing impairment 46.1%. 46% had more than one comorbidity. 30.3% were independent for basic activities, as well as 90.3% of women and 64.3% of men were dependent for instrumental activities. Cognitive impairment was present in 53.5% and delirium developed in 20.4%. In the second week, 30.5% were operated and in the third, 21.6%. Mortality was 2.7% during hospitalization. Conclusion. the most frequent characteristics were of an octogenarian, with visual / auditory deterioration, without comorbidity, but multipathological, with slight dependence for basic activities of daily living and cognitive deterioration in a risky social environment.

Multidimensional Frailty and Traumatic Brain Injury among Older Adults: A Literature Review / Fragilidad multidimensional y lesión cerebral traumática en adultos mayores: Una revisión de la literature / Fragilidade multidimensional e traumatismo cranioencefálico em idosos: uma revisão da literatura

Background. Numerous health conditions in the older adult population can be attributed to falls, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), which can lead to devastating short and long-term sequelae. Older adults are also more likely to experience frailty, which encompasses physical, psychological, and social deficits that may lead to adverse health outcomes. Our literature review synthesizes current evidence for understanding frailty in the context of TBI among older adults using the Integral Model of Frailty as a framework. Content synthesis. A total of 32 articles were identified, and 9 articles were included. The results of this review indicate that outcomes resulting from TBI are closely linked to the physical, psychological, and social domains of frailty. Conclusions. A small amount of literature currently examines frailty in the context of TBI among older adults. Using the Integral Model of Frailty to Invest Educ Enferm. 2023; 41(2): e02Multidimensional Frailty and Traumatic Brain Injury among Older Adults:A Literature Reviewunderstand frailty in the context of TBI can help clinicians anticipate patient outcomes and improve care plans. We emphasize the need for a greater understanding of TBI concerning frailty to improve health outcomes among older adult patients.

Antecedentes. Numerosos trastornos de salud en la población de adultos mayores pueden atribuirse a las caídas, incluida la lesión cerebral traumática (LCT), que puede provocar secuelas devastadoras a corto y largo plazo. Los adultos mayores también son más propensos a experimentar fragilidad, que abarca déficits físicos, psicológicos y sociales que pueden conducir a resultados adversos para la salud. Nuestra revisión de la literatura sintetiza la evidencia actual para la comprensión de la fragilidad en el contexto de la LCT entre los adultos mayores utilizando el Modelo Integral de Fragilidad como marco. Síntesis del contenido. Un total de 32 artículos fueron identificados, y 9 artículos fueron incluidos. Los hallazgos de esta revisión indican que los resultados de la LCT están estrechamente relacionados con los dominios físico, psicológico y social de la fragilidad. Conclusión. Una pequeña cantidad de literatura examina actualmente la fragilidad en el contexto de la LCT entre los adultos mayores. Usar el Modelo Integral de Fragilidad para entender la fragilidad en el contexto de la LCT puede ayudar a los clínicos a anticipar los resultados de los pacientes y mejorar los planes de cuidados. Enfatizamos la necesidad de una mayor comprensión de la LCT en relación con la fragilidad para mejorar los resultados de salud entre los pacientes adultos mayores.

Antecedentes. Numerosos distúrbios de saúde na população idosa podem ser atribuídos a quedas, incluindo traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE), que pode causar sequelas devastadoras a curto e longo prazo. Os idosos também são mais propensos a experimentar fragilidade, que engloba déficits físicos, psicológicos e sociais que podem levar a resultados adversos à saúde. Nossa revisão da literatura sintetiza as evidências atuais para entender a fragilidade no contexto do TCE entre idosos usando o Modelo Abrangente de Fragilidade como estrutura. Síntese de conteúdo. Um total de 32 artigos foram identificados e 9 artigos foram incluídos. As descobertas desta revisão indicam que os resultados do TCE estão intimamente relacionados aos domínios físico, psicológico e social da fragilidade. Conclusão.Um pequeno corpo de literatura atualmente examina a fragilidade no contexto do TCE entre adultos mais velhos. Usar o Modelo Abrangente de Fragilidade para entender a fragilidade no contexto do TCE pode ajudar os médicos a antecipar os resultados do paciente e melhorar os planos de tratamento. Enfatizamos a necessidade de uma maior compreensão do TCE em relação à fragilidade para melhorar os resultados de saúde entre pacientes idosos

Asociación entre bajos niveles de vitamina D y deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores chilenas: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017 / Association between low vitamin D levels and cognitive impairment in Chilean older adults: findings of the National Health Survey 2016-2017

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have shown that low vitamin D levels constitute a potential risk factor for the development of cognitive impairment. The present study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D levels and the suspicion of cognitive impairment in Chilean older adults. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We performed a cross-sectional study, including 1,287 participants ≥ 65 years (56.8% were women, age range 65 to 97 years) from the Chilean National Health Survey. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Participants were classified into three groups according to their vitamin D levels (> 29 ng/ml sufficient, 12-29 ng/ml deficit, and < 12 ng/ml severe deficit). The association between vitamin D levels and cognitive impairment was explored using logistic regression analysis, adjusted for confounding factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of vitamin D deficit and vitamin D severe deficit was 37.7% and 21.0%, respectively. Compared to older adults with sufficient levels of vitamin D, those with severe deficits had a 94% (OR: 1.94 [95% IC: 1.27; 1.66], p = 0.002) higher odds of cognitive impairment (unadjusted model). Adjusting according to sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, adiposity, sunlight exposure, and multimorbidity slightly attenuated the association to 61% (OR: 1.61 [95%IC: 1.03; 2.19], p = 0.046), but remain significant. CONCLUSION: A severe deficit of vitamin D was associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment in Chilean older adults independent of major confounding factors. Future studies are needed to provide causal evidence between vitamin D and the suspicion of cognitive impairment.

Fragilidad en adultos mayores y actividad física

La detección precoz de la fragilidad y el empleo oportuno de técnicas diagnósticas, terapéuticas y rehabilitadoras pueden modificar positivamente la expresión esperada de la discapacidad en el anciano. Las intervenciones tempranas, que incluyan ejercicio y movilización, ayudan a disminuir la gravedad de complicaciones asociadas y facilitan la recuperación funcional de este grupo etáreo. Los ejercicios de resistencia, flexibilidad, equilibrio y fuerza reducen la incidencia y el riesgo de caídas, la morbilidad y la mortalidad y previenen el deterioro funcional.

Early detection of frailty and the timely use of diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitative techniques can positively modify the expected expression of disability in the elderly. Early interventions, which include exercise and mobilization, help reduce the severity of associated complications and facilitate the functional recovery of this age group. Resistance, flexibility, balance and strength exercises reduce the incidence and risk of falls, morbidity and mortality and prevent functional deterioration.

Frailty syndrome, feelings of impotence and functional capacity in elderly patients with venous ulcers / Síndrome de fragilidade, sentimento de impotência e capacidade funcional em idosos portadores de úlcera venosa

Introduction: Chronic venous ulcers have a negative impact on the physical, psychic, and social domains, affecting the quality of life of patients, especially the elderly. This study aimed to assess frailty, functional capacity, and feelings of helplessness in older people with venous ulcers. Method: 112 older people were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of venous ulcers. All patients were interviewed using the Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS), Health Assessment Questionnaire-20 (HAQ20), and the Impotence Feelings Measurement Instrument (IMSI) from May 2017 to August 2018. Results: Regarding the EFS score, 76.8% of patients with venous ulcers were classified as vulnerable and frail, compared to 28.6% of patients in the group without ulcers. Scores on the HAQ-20 showed statistically significant differences between groups in all categories of the instrument, indicating that older people with venous ulcers had reduced general functional capacity compared to older people without ulcers. The mean IMSI score was 41.2 for the group with venous ulcers and 33.4 for the group without ulcers. Conclusion: Venous ulcers had a negative impact on functional capacity and increased frailty and feelings of powerlessness in the elderly.

Introdução: Úlceras venosas crônicas exercem impacto negativo nos domínios físico, psíquico e social, afetando a qualidade de vida de pacientes, especialmente os idosos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o nível de fragilidade, capacidade funcional e sentimento de impotência em idosos com úlcera venosa. Método: Um total de 112 idosos foram distribuídos em dois grupos de acordo com a presença ou ausência úlcera venosa. Todos os pacientes foram entrevistados utilizando-se os questionários Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS), Health Assessment Questionnaire-20 (HAQ-20) e o Instrumento de Medida de Sentimento de Impotência (IMSI) no período de maio de 2017 a agosto de 2018. Resultados: Em relação à pontuação na EFS, 76,8% dos pacientes com úlcera venosa foram classificados como vulneráveis e frágeis, em comparação a 28,6% dos pacientes do grupo sem úlcera. Pontuações no HAQ-20 mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos em todas as categorias do instrumento, indicando que idosos com úlcera venosa apresentavam redução da capacidade funcional geral em comparação aos idosos sem úlcera. A pontuação média para o IMSI foi de 41,2 para o grupo com úlcera venosa e 33,4 para o grupo sem úlcera. Conclusão: Úlceras venosas causaram impacto negativo na capacidade funcional e aumento de fragilidade e sentimento de impotência nos idosos.

Isotemporal substitution of sleep or sedentary behavior with physical activity in the context of frailty among older adults: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Frailty syndrome is associated with various physical, cognitive, social, economic, and environmental factors. Although frailty syndrome occurs progressively with age, prevention and treatment are possible. Reducing or eliminating risks and increasing protective factors may be potential strategies for reducing the prevalence of injuries related to frailty. One of the most effective actions is to decrease the time spent in sedentary behavior (SB) by increasing regular physical activity (PA). OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothetical effect of substitution of the time spent in sleep or SB with an equivalent time spent performing moderate or vigorous PA on frailty syndrome in the older population. DESIGN AND SETTING: An analytical cross-sectional study conducted using exploratory methods of survey, carried out in Alcobaça city, Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 456 older adults of both sexes, aged ≥ 60 years, participated in this study. Frailty syndrome was identified according to the criteria of the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. PA and SB were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and sleep was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The effects of time substitution on these behaviors were verified using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The replacement of 60 min/day of SB (prevalence ratio, PR = 0.52; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.28-0.96) or sleep (PR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.27-0.98) with 60 min/day of moderate PA (MPA) was associated with a 48% reduction in the prevalence of frailty syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Replacing the time spent sitting or sleeping with the same amount of MPA time may reduce frailty; the longer the duration of time spent in the substitution of sleep or SB with MPA, the greater the benefits.