Distributions of Visual Receptive Fields from Retinotopic to Craniotopic Coordinates in the Lateral Intraparietal Area and Frontal Eye Fields of the Macaque / 神经科学通报·英文版

Even though retinal images of objects change their locations following each eye movement, we perceive a stable and continuous world. One possible mechanism by which the brain achieves such visual stability is to construct a craniotopic coordinate by integrating retinal and extraretinal information. There have been several proposals on how this may be done, including eye-position modulation (gain fields) of retinotopic receptive fields (RFs) and craniotopic RFs. In the present study, we investigated coordinate systems used by RFs in the lateral intraparietal (LIP) cortex and frontal eye fields (FEF) and compared the two areas. We mapped the two-dimensional RFs of neurons in detail under two eye fixations and analyzed how the RF of a given neuron changes with eye position to determine its coordinate representation. The same recording and analysis procedures were applied to the two brain areas. We found that, in both areas, RFs were distributed from retinotopic to craniotopic representations. There was no significant difference between the distributions in the LIP and FEF. Only a small fraction of neurons was fully craniotopic, whereas most neurons were between the retinotopic and craniotopic representations. The distributions were strongly biased toward the retinotopic side but with significant craniotopic shifts. These results suggest that there is only weak evidence for craniotopic RFs in the LIP and FEF, and that transformation from retinotopic to craniotopic coordinates in these areas must rely on other factors such as gain fields.

La Instalación del Trauma en dos comunidades de Colombia: Trauma Colectivo y Marcos Discursivos / The Installation of Trauma in Two Communities in Colombia: Collective Trauma and Discursive Frames

Resumen Las comunidades que enfrentan experiencias de violencia extrema sufren daños en su estructura social, que afectan relaciones interpersonales, sentimientos de integración social e identidades personales. Propusimos el concepto de instalación del trauma como construcción sociopolítica y eje de asignación de sentido, que permite a las comunidades explicar lo desconcertante. La instalación consiste en el andamiaje de recursos, materiales y simbólicos, que ofrecen interpretaciones situacionales de una experiencia; nos enfocamos en elementos simbólicos, específicamente en marcos discursivos, que son soportes de significación y organizan contenidos con el fin de comprender eventos. En esta investigación analizamos marcos discursivos de dos comunidades que enfrentaron situaciones de violencia extrema (masacres), con el objetivo de estudiar términos de instalación y elaboración del trauma colectivo. Identificamos marcos discursivos genéricos y específicos, que posibilitaron la construcción comunitaria de una narrativa del trauma. El concepto de instalación del trauma sirve para revisar estrategias de contención psicosocial ante eventos que alteran el tejido social de una comunidad.

Abstract Communities that experience extreme violence suffer damage in their social structure. This affects interpersonal relationships, feelings of social integration, and personal identities. In this article, we propose the concept of installation of trauma as both a sociopolitical construction and a strategy of meaning that allows a community to elaborate traumatic events. The installation consists of the scaffolding of resources, both material and symbolic, that offer situational interpretations of an experience. Focusing on symbolic elements, specifically on discursive frames, or structures of meaning with communicative purposes, we analyze the discursive frames of two communities that faced events of extreme violence (massacres), with the aim of studying the terms of installation and elaboration of collective trauma. This helped identify generic and specific discursive frames that allowed the community the construction of the trauma narrative. The concept of trauma installation serves to study psychosocial holding strategies in communities facing tragedy.

Avaliação do Nível de Fluxo Coronário com MOTS-C em Pacientes com IAMCSST Submetidos à ICP Primária / Evaluation of Coronary Flow Level with Mots-C in Patients with STEMI Undergoing Primary PCI

Resumo Fundamentos Os efeitos protetores da fase de leitura aberta mitocondrial do 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-C) em doenças cardiovasculares foram demonstrados em vários estudos. Entretanto, há pouca documentação da relação entre MOTS-C e fluxo sanguíneo coronariano no infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). Objetivo Nosso objetivo foi investigar o papel do MOTS-C, que é conhecido por ter propriedades citoprotetoras na patogênese do fenômeno de no-reflow, comparando a taxa de fluxo coronariano e os níveis de MOTS-C em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos à ICP primária. Métodos 52 pacientes com IAMCSST e 42 pacientes sem estenose >50% nas artérias coronárias foram incluídos no estudo. O grupo IAMCSST foi dividido em dois grupos de acordo com o grau de fluxo TIMI (do inglês Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) pós-ICP: (i) No-reflow: graus 0, 1 e 2 e (ii) grau 3 (sucesso angiográfico). Um valor de p <0,05 foi considerado significante. Resultados Os níveis de MOTS-C foram significativamente menores no grupo IAMCSST em comparação ao grupo controle (91,9 ± 8,9 pg/mL vs. 171,8±12,5 pg/mL, p<0,001). Além disso, a análise da curva Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) indicou que os níveis séricos de MOTS-C tinham um valor diagnóstico na previsão de no-reflow (Área sob a curva ROC [AUC]: 0,95, IC95%: 0,856-0,993, p < 0,001). Um valor de MOTS-C ≥84,15 pg/mL medido na hospitalização mostrou ter sensibilidade de 95,3% e especificidade de 88,9% na previsão de no-reflow. Conclusão MOTS-C é um preditor forte e independente de no-reflow e eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM) intra-hospitalar em pacientes com IAMCSST. Também foi observado que baixos níveis de MOTS-C podem ser um importante marcador prognóstico e podem ter um papel na patogênese do IAMCSST.

Abstract Background The protective effects of mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-C) on cardiovascular diseases have been shown in numerous studies. However, there is little documentation of the relationship between MOTS-C and coronary blood flow in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Objective We aimed to investigate the role of MOTS-C, which is known to have cytoprotective properties in the pathogenesis of the no-reflow phenomenon, by comparing the coronary flow rate and MOTS-C levels in patients with STEMI submitted to primary PCI. Methods 52 patients with STEMI and 42 patients without stenosis >50% in the coronary arteries were included in the study. The STEMI group was divided into two groups according to post-PCI TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) flow grade:(i) No-reflow: grade 0, 1, and 2 and (ii) grade 3(angiographic success). A p value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results MOTS-C levels were significantly lower in the STEMI group compared to the control group (91.9 ± 8.9 pg/mL vs. 171.8±12.5 pg/mL, p<0.001). In addition, the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis indicated that serum MOTS-C levels had a diagnostic value in predicting no-reflow (Area Under the ROC curve [AUC]:0.95, 95% CI:0.856-0.993, p<0.001). A MOTS-C ≥84.15 pg/mL measured at admission was shown to have 95.3% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity in predicting no-reflow. Conclusion MOTS-C is a strong and independent predictor of no-reflow and in-hospital MACE in patients with STEMI. It was also noted that low MOTS-C levels may be an important prognostic marker of and may have a role in the pathogenesis of STEMI.

Entre lo personal y lo político: experiencias de vida durante la pandemia de covid-19 en Tucumán, Argentina, en el periodo 2020-2022 / Between the personal and the political: life experiences during the covid-19 pandemic in Tucumán, Argentina, 2020-2022

Resumen Este artículo analiza sentimientos, experiencias, prácticas y acciones que subyacen a los significados atribuidos a la pandemia por covid-19. A partir de un estudio de caso situado en la provincia de Tucumán (Argentina), se desarrolló una investigación mixta, interesada en captar experiencias de vida. Los discursos evidencian la resignificación de la propia vida, la valorización de los vínculos, el capital social comunitario, el Estado y la política. Desde lo personal o desde lo político, el marco interpretativo con el que las personas significan las experiencias de vida durante la pandemia por covid-19 configura sentimientos, experiencias, prácticas y acciones diferenciadas.

Abstract This article analyzes feelings, experiences, practices, and actions that underlie the meanings attributed to the covid-19 pandemic. Based on a case study located in the province of Tucumán (Argentina), a mixed-methods investigation was developed, interested in capturing life experiences. Discourse analysis show the resignification of life itself, the valorization of close ties, community social capital, the State and politics. From the personal to the political, the interpretive frames people use to signify life experiences during the covid-19 pandemic exhibit differentiated feelings, experiences, practices, and actions.

Legal, normativo e responsivo: frames no debate sobre a reforma dos Tribunais de Contas brasileiros / Legal, normativo y responsivo: frames en el debate sobre la reforma de los tribunales de cuentas brasileños / Legal, normative, and responsive frames in the debate about the reform of Brazilian Courts of Accounts

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever os frames (enquadramentos) associados ao processo de mobilização em torno do debate sobre a reforma dos Tribunais de Contas brasileiros (TCs) no período de 2000 a 2017. Por meio de legitimacy accounts (assertivas de legitimidade) de atores legais e não legais foram identificados três frames: legal, associado à regulação, ressignificação e conformidade legal dos TCs; normativo, relacionado à transição da gestão política à competência técnica dos TCs e; responsivo, ligado à visibilidade social dos TCs. Os dados analisados consideraram discursos parlamentares, audiências públicas, debates, notícias e entrevistas com representantes de segmentos específicos como corporações profissionais, mídia, academia e sociedade civil organizada. Os achados lançam luz sobre a natureza processual da legitimidade em organizações institucionalizadas, como é o caso dos TCs, e destacam: a emergência das corporações profissionais enquanto entes mobilizadores das três esferas de segmentação; o surgimento de tônica cerimonialista em aspectos fomentadores do comportamento interoganizacional e; o aumento progressivo da responsividade ligada ao campo como decorrência do ingresso de segmentos específicos da sociedade no debate. Os resultados aprofundam a natureza político-discursiva da mudança institucional.

Resumen Esta investigación describe los marcos (frames) asociados al proceso de movilización en torno al debate sobre la reforma de los tribunales de cuentas (TC) brasileños en el período de 2000 a 2017. A través de los relatos de legitimidad de los actores legales y no legales, se identificaron tres marcos: legal, asociado a la regulación, resignificación y cumplimiento legal de los TC; normativo, asociado a la transición de la gestión política a la competencia técnica de los TC; y responsivo, asociado a la visibilidad social de los TC. Para el análisis de los datos se consideraron los discursos parlamentarios, audiencias públicas, debates, noticias y entrevistas con representantes de segmentos específicos, como corporaciones profesionales, medios de comunicación, academia y sociedad civil organizada. Las conclusiones arrojan luz sobre la dimensión procesal de la legitimidad en los tribunales y ponen de relieve: el surgimiento de las corporaciones profesionales como movilizadoras de las tres esferas de la segmentación; la aparición de un tono ceremonial en aspectos que fomentan el comportamiento interoganizacional y el aumento progresivo de la capacidad de respuesta vinculada al campo como resultado de la entrada de segmentos específicos de la sociedad en el debate. Los resultados profundizan el carácter político-discursivo del cambio institucional.

Abstract: This research describes the frames associated with the mobilization process around the debate about the reform of Brazilian Courts of Accounts (TCs) from 2000 to 2017. Through legitimacy accounts of legal and non-legal actors, three frames were identified: legal, associated with regulation, reframing, and legal compliance of TCs; normative, associated with the transition from political management to the technical competence of TCs and; responsive, associated with the social visibility of TCs. The data consisted of parliamentary speeches, public hearings, debates, news broadcasts, and interviews with representatives of specific segments such as professional corporations, media, academia, and organized civil society. The findings shed light on the procedural dimension of legitimacy in Justice organizations and highlight the emergence of professional corporations as mobilizing entities in the three spheres of segmentation; the emergence of a ceremonial tonic in aspects that promote inter-organizational behavior, and; the progressive increase in responsiveness linked to the field as a result of the entry of specific segments of society in the debate. The results deepen the political-discursive nature of institutional change.

Estabelecendo recombinação generalizada de relações substantivo-verbo por meio de treino em matriz para crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista / Establishing recombinative generalization of noun-verb relations through matrix training for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

O treino em matriz é um procedimento de ensino que implica na organização dos componentes do repertório a ser ensinado em dois eixos. Ele tem sido utilizado para favorecer a recombinação generalizada de repertórios verbais. No entanto, ainda que pessoas com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) apresentem geralmente dificuldades na linguagem, verifica-se que poucos estudos investigaram os efeitos do treino em matriz para o estabelecimento de repertórios verbais nessa população. O presente estudo avaliou, a partir de um delineamento de linha de base múltipla entre participantes, o efeito do treino em matriz na indução de recombinação generalizada de relações substantivo-verbo, em português, para duas crianças com TEA. As relações substantivo-verbo de nove figuras foram organizadas em uma matriz 3x3, sendo ensinadas diretamente três relações e testadas as outras seis. Outras nove relações substantivo-verbo foram organizadas em uma segunda matriz 3x3, sendo todas apenas testadas. O procedimento foi eficaz no estabelecimento das relações substantivo-verbo para um dos participantes e ocasionou aumento na emissão de respostas corretas das relações para o outro. Discutem-se a ampliação da validade externa do efeito do treino em matriz para crianças com TEA, questões relativas ao estabelecimento de controle de estímulos e quadros autoclíticos nesse procedimento de ensino.

Matrix training is a teaching procedure that involves the organizing the components of the repertoire to be taught in two axes. It has been used to promote the generalized recombination of verbal repertoires. However, even though people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) usually present language difficulties, few studies have investigated the effects of matrix training on the establishment of verbal repertoires in this population. The present study evaluated, from a multiple participant multiple baseline design, the effect of matrix training on the induction of generalized recombination of noun-verb relations, in Portuguese, for two children with ASD. The noun-verb relations of nine figures were organized in a 3x3 matrix, with three relations being directly taught and the other six tested. Another nine noun-verb relations were organized in a second 3x3 matrix, all of which were just tested. The procedure was effective in establishing noun-verb relations for one of the participants and produced an increase in the issuance of correct responses of the relations for the other. The expansion of the external validity of the effect of matrix training for children with ASD, issues related to the establishment of stimulus control and autoclitic frames in this teaching procedure are discussed.

Memória coletiva e teoria das representações sociais: confluências teórico-conceituais / Collective memory and social representations theory: a theoretical-conceptual confluence

Este artigo objetiva apresentar os principais aspectos teóricos e conceituais de duas teorias: Memória Coletiva, termo cunhado por Maurice Halbwachs (1877-1945) e a Teoria das Representações Sociais, pensada pelo psicólogo Serge Moscovici (1928-2014), bem como de que maneira esses dois campos se confluem, tendo em vista a influência sociológica de Émile Durkheim (1858-1917). Esse estudo reúne elementos teórico-conceituais do pensamento durkheimiano, que pode ampliar a discussão acerca das articulações entre as duas perspectivas teóricas apresentadas. Sob esse enfoque epistemológico, a discussão entre Memória Coletiva e Teoria das Representações Sociais tem sido pouco enfatizada nas produções científicas que se propuseram a concatenar as duas teorias, o que imprime originalidade ao presente trabalho. É perceptível uma relação de similaridade entre o processo de ancoragem moscoviciano com os quadros sociais da memória, sendo que ambos dependem de processos relacionais para construção social das práticas cotidianas e da capacidade de teorização da realidade social.

This paper aims to present the main theoretical and conceptual aspects of two theories: Collective Memory, a term coined by Maurice Halbwachs (1877-1945) and Social Representations Theory, developed by the psychologist Serge Moscovici (1928-2014), and how both fields converge, considering the sociological influence of Emile Durkheim (1858-1917). This study brings together theoretical and conceptual elements of Durkheim´s thought, which can broaden the discussion about the connections between the theoretical perspectives presented. Under this epistemological approach, the discussion between Collective Memory and Social Representations Theory has been little emphasized in the scientific productions that have proposed to concatenate the two theories, which brings originality to the present work. It is noticeable the similarity between the anchoring process of Moscovici and the social frames of memory, both of which depend on relational processes for the social construction of daily practices and the ability to theorize social reality.

Do impensável ao instituído: a ação coletiva dos catadores de materiais recicláveis na cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul / From the unthinkable to the instituted: the collective action of the gatherers of recyclable materials in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul

A inclusão dos catadores na agenda de políticas de gestão de resíduos na cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, que culminou com a celebração de contratos de prestação de serviços públicos, foi o resultado da ação coletiva realizada pelos catadores articulados no Movimento Nacional dos Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis (MNCR), com o apoio de demais organizações da sociedade e do Estado em nível local. Houve a ocorrência de um processo em que os catadores articulados junto ao MNCR passaram de excluídos a prestadores de serviço de destinação final e coleta seletiva de resíduos neste município. Neste artigo, realizamos a interpretação sociológica desse processo e de seus limites por meio de categorias como estigma, frames de ação coletiva e repertório de conflito presentes na literatura específica sobre relações excludentes e sobre movimentos sociais. Como forma de conferir rigor hermenêutico, será utilizado material empírico do MNCR, e também, referências de estudo da dissertação e da tese de um dos autores. (OLIVEIRA, 2010; 2016) Para descrever os limites da institucionalização no contexto local serão empregados estudos sobre esse conceito e sobre a estagnação da coleta seletiva feita pela Cooperativa dos Catadores de Santa Cruz do Sul (COOMCAT). Ao final, com base na descrição desse processo contencioso, elaboraremos algumas considerações sobre o conflito que se estabelece em torno da gestão de resíduos nesta localidade.(AU)

The inclusion of waste pickers in the waste management policy agenda in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, which culminated in the conclusion of public service contracts, was the result of the collective action taken by the waste pickers articulated in the National Movement of Recyclable Materials Collectors (MNCR), with the support of local society and state organizations. There was a process in which the collectors articulated with the MNCR went from being excluded to service providers of final disposal and selective waste collection in this municipality. In this paper, we perform the sociological interpretation of this process and its limits through categories such as stigma, collective action frames and conflict repertoires of specific literature on exclusionary relations and social movements. For conferring hermeneutic rigor, empirical material from the MNCR will be used, as well as references from the dissertation and thesis of one of the authors. (OLIVEIRA, 2010; 2016) To describe the limits of institutionalization in the local context, studies on this concept and on the stagnation of selective collection performed by Recyclable Waste Collectors Cooperative of Santa Cruz do Sul (COOMCAT) will be deployed. In the end, based on the description of this contentious process, we will elaborate some considerations about the conflict around the waste management in this locality.(AU)

Microsociología del estigma: aportes de Erving Goffman a la conceptualización psicosociológica del estigma social / Microsociology of stigma: Erving Goffman's contributions to the psychosociological conceptualization of social stigma

Pese a su presencia temprana en las sociedades humanas, el estudio del estigma desde las ciencias sociales se inicia a mediados del siglo XX, constituyendo la definición de Erving Goffman del estigma como un atributo profundamente desacreditador dentro de una interacción social particular, una de las primeras aproximaciones al estudio sistemático y formal de este concepto. A diferencia de muchos autores contemporaneos, Goffman identifica oportunamente los rasgos propios del estigma social que permiten su clara delimitación con respecto a otros fenómenos vinculados a sus manifestaciones, siendo el reconocimiento de su singularidad conceptual el primer paso hacia el análisis y la compresión de sus complejas manifestaciones en diferentes contextos socio-culturales. La microsociología de Goffman y, de manera particular, su concepto de marcos, como esquemas generales que organizan la experiencia humana, ofrece un enfoque teórico fértil y, a la vez, poco explorado, para el análisis de este fenómeno y los mecanismos implicados tanto en su construcción social como en su impacto en los diferentes ámbitos de la interacción humana. Así, los marcos construidos, entre otros procesos, a partir de las narrativas y otras formas de comunicación popular, facilitan el reconocimiento y la codificación de objetos, situaciones, experiencias y secuencias de acciones desde el sistema de valores asumido por la comunidad, modificándose y ajustándose de manera continua a través del proceso de interacción social. (AU)

Despite its early presence in human societies, stigma was not addressed by social sciences until mid-twentieth century, with Erving Goffman's definition of stigma as a profoundly discrediting attribute within a specific social interaction being one of the first attempts to produce a systematic and formal study of this phenomenon. Unlike many contemporary authors, Goffman accurately identifies features of social stigma that allow for its clear delimitation from other social phenomena related to its manifestations, understanding the acknowledgment of stigma's conceptual singularity as a first step required for analysis and comprehension of its complex manifestations in different socio-cultural contexts. Goffman's microsociology and, particularly, his concept of frames as schemata of interpretation that organize human experience, provide a fertile and, at the same time, relatively unexplored, theoretical ground for the analysis of social stigma, and the mechanisms involved both in its social construction and its impact in different areas of human interaction. From that perspective, frames constructed, among other social processes, through narratives and other forms of popular communication, facilitate the recognition and coding of objects, situations, experiences and sequences of actions based on the value system assumed by specific communities, being continually modified and adjusted through social interaction. (AU)

Effect of the inclusion of mobile phone interviews to Vigitel / Efeito da inclusão de entrevistas por telefone celular ao Vigitel

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact on the prevalence changes of risk factors for chronic diseases, published in the Surveillance System of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel), after the inclusion of data from the population only with mobile phone. METHODS Our study used data from the 26 State capitals and Federal District of Brazil obtained by the National Survey on Health (PNS) and Vigitel, both held in 2013. In each capital, we added a subsample of 200 adults living in households with only mobile phones, extracted from PNS, to the Vigitel 2013 database, with approximately 1,900 households, named Vigitel dual frame. RESULTS Vigitel results showed absolute relative biases between 0.18% and 14.85%. The system underestimated the frequency of adult smokers (10.77%), whole milk consumption (52.82%), and soft drink consumption (22.22%). Additionally, it overestimated the prevalence of hypertension (25.46%). In the simulations using Vigitel dual frame, with inclusion of the sample of adults living in households with only mobile phones, the bias of estimates was reduced in five out of eight analyzed indicators, with greater effects in regions with lower rates of landline coverage. In comparing regions, we observed negative correlation (ρ = −0.91) between the percentage of indicators with presence of bias and the percentage of households with only mobile phone. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate the benefits of including a subsample of 200 adults with only mobile phone on the Vigitel sample, especially in the capitals of the North and Northeast regions.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar o impacto nas mudanças das prevalências de fatores de risco de doenças crônicas, divulgadas no Vigitel, após a inclusão de dados provenientes da população com somente telefone celular. MÉTODOS O estudo utilizou os dados das capitais obtidos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde e do Vigitel, que foram realizados em 2013. Em cada capital, acrescentou-se uma subamostra de 200 adultos residentes em domicílios com somente celular, extraída da PNS, à base de dados do Vigitel 2013, com aproximadamente 1.900 domicílios, denominado Vigitel cadastro duplo. RESULTADOS Os resultados do Vigitel mostraram vícios relativos absolutos entre 0,18% e 14,85%. O sistema subestimou a frequência de adultos fumantes (10,77%), o consumo de leite com teor integral de gordura (52,82%) e o consumo de refrigerante (22,22%). Adicionalmente, superestimou a prevalência de hipertensão (25,46%). Nas simulações utilizando o Vigitel cadastro duplo, com inclusão da amostra de adultos residentes em domicílios com somente celular, o vício das estimativas foi reduzido em cinco de oito indicadores analisados, com maiores efeitos nas regiões com menores taxas de cobertura de telefonia fixa. Na comparação entre as regiões, observa-se correlação negativa (ρ = -0,91) entre o percentual de indicadores com presença de vício e o percentual de cobertura de domicílios com somente celular. CONCLUSÕES Os resultados do presente estudo indicam os benefícios da inclusão de uma subamostra de 200 adultos com somente celular na amostra do Vigitel, especialmente nas capitais das regiões Norte e Nordeste.

Effect of L1-ORF2 on senescence of GES-1 cells and its molecular mechanisms / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of long interspersed nuclear elements 1 open reading frame 2(L1-ORF2) gene on the senescence of GES-1 cells and its mechanism of molecular regulation. Methods Cell culture of high glucose was used to construct stable model of senescent GES-1 cells. L1-ORF2 siRNA vector was constructed and then transfected into normal GES-1 and senescent ones with liposome transfection reagents for transient expression. Forty eight hours after transfection, cell growth curves were drawn to show the speed of cell proliferation, flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle, β-galactosidase staining to detect cell aging and Western blotting to detect the expressions of L1-ORF2, P53 and P21proteins. Results Senescent GES-1 cell model and L1-ORF2 siRNA vector were constructed. Compared with negative control group, the L1-ORF2 expression decreased in normal and senescent GES-1 cells transfected with L1-ORF2 siRNA vector. There was a faster proliferation of senescent GES-1 cells (P0.05). P53 protein was expressed only in senescent GES-1 cell, while P21 protein was expressed in both normal and senescent GES-1 cells, and the latter had a higher expression level (P<0.05). The GES-1 cells transfected with L1-ORF2 siRNA vector showed lower expressions of P53 and P21 proteins than those transfected with negative control vector (P<0.05). Conclusions L1-ORF2- siRNA vector could down-regulate the expression of L1-ORF2 protein in normal and senescent GES-1 cells and promote the proliferation of senescent GES-1 cells. P21 and P53 proteins participate in the process of L1-ORF2 regulating cellular senescence.

Expression of exogenous genes in Chlamydia muridarum by transfection with shuttle vectors / 中华临床感染病杂志

Objective To add an open reading frame in the shuttle vector of pGFP ∷ CM for transfection of exogenous genes into Chlamydia muridarum.Methods The sequence of plasmid pGFP ∷ CM and new open reading frame (including promoter of pgp4,mCherry gene of red fluorescence protein and transcription termination sequence of Chlamydia trachomatis CT579) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR),and the products were transfected into Stellar competent cells.The recombinant plasmids were identified by PCR,enzyme digestion and sequencing.Then the recombinant plasmid was transfected into plasmid-free strain CMUT3,and the GFP-and mCherry-positive inclusions were observed under the fluorescence microscope.After the ampicillin selection and plaque purification,the purified CMUT3-pGFP-mCherry-CM was identified by indirect immunofluorecesent stain using anti-pgp3 and anti-glgA antibodies.Results The correct recombinant plasmid after sequencing identification,enzyme digestion and PCR amplification was successfully transfected into CMUT3,and the GFP-and mCherry-positive inclusions were observed.The transfected strain CMUT3-pGFP-mCherry-CM was purified after ampicillin selection and plaque purification.The expression of pgp3 and glgA protein in CMUT3-pGFP-mCherry-CM was similar to that in CMUT3-pGFP ∷ CM.Conclusion An open reading frame is successfully added in the plasmid pGFP ∷ CM,and the new plasmid can be transfected into CMUT3 and express exogenous protein,which can be used for further study on the function of single chlamydial protein.

3D dynamic tongue visualization based on DirectX / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Objective Tongue shape and motion is one of the important references for tongue diagnosis.However, current tongue image objectification of tongue diagnosis cannot express the characteristics of tongue.Methods In order to increase shape and dynamic information about the tongue, the methods of key frame selection and linear interpolation were used to tongue 3D dynamic visualization reconstruction model on the basis of 3D static visual model.For the convenient use of the tongue 3D dynamic visualization model, this paper put forward a model of 3D dynamic visualization interaction system which was realized based on DirectX.Results The 3D dynamic visualization model not only had a static visual model of texture and depth information, but also could intuitively describe the tongue motion.Conclusions It provides a method for the auxiliary tongue diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

Movimientos sociales, marcos de acción colectiva y precariedad laboral / Social movements, colective action frames and labour instability

En la perspectiva socio-construccionista se destaca la importancia de definir teórica y conceptuamente los marcos de acción colectiva compartidos para el estudio de los movimientos sociales. No obstante, son escasas las investigaciones que analizan el sentido y la naturaleza compartida de estos marcos entre activistas políticos. En este estudio analizamos estas dimensiones en los marcos de acción colectiva que apoyan las luchas cotidianas de los activistas de la organización sindical minoritaria, CGT (Confederación General del Trabajo). Identificamos 3 marcos de acción colectiva compartidos que sientan las bases de sus luchas cotidianas, 2 de ellos con un mayor potencial para apoyar una movilización más amplia contra la crisis económica y la precariedad laboral

The socio-construccionist approach emphasizes the importance of defining conceptual and theoretically shared collective action frames for the study of social movements. However, in order to understand collective action, up to now little research has been done analyzing the meaning and the shared nature of these frameworks among political activists. Therefore, we analyzed these dimensions in the collective action frames that support the daily struggles of the activists of the anarquist minority union CGT (General Workers Confederation). We Identified 3 shared collective action frames that support their daily actions, 2 of them with greater potential to support a broader struggle against labour instability.

Análisis preliminar de un protocolo para la evaluación de marcos deícticos / Preliminary Analysis of an Assessment of Deictic Frames Protocol

El propósito de esta investigación es explorar diferencias en la ejecución de tareas deícticas presentadas en el protocolo de McHugh, Barnes-Holmes y Barnes-Holmes (2004a), en relación con variaciones procedimentales que consistieron en exponer a unos participantes al protocolo en un formato de entrevista y a otros en una versión computarizada. La muestra estuvo conformada por 63 participantes entre 9 y 12 años, que fueron pareados por género, edad y nivel educativo, asignados a alguna de las condiciones de aplicación. Se calculó el número de errores cometido por cada participante y grupo de edad en cada marco deíctico y nivel de complejidad relacional, al igual que se estimó el efecto intersujetos mediante un ANOVA de dos vías con edad y versión (cara-a-cara y computador) como variables independientes y tipo de ensayo como variable dependiente. El efecto de la edad fue significativo para el caso de las relaciones invertidas ahora-antes y el de versión para las relaciones simples yo-tú y aquí-allá. En todos los grupos de edad se halló una tendencia a cometer mayor cantidad de errores en la versión computarizada en todos los tipos de ensayo. Los hallazgos se discuten en términos de confiabilidad del procedimiento y validez ecológica de las estrategias no automatizadas para la evaluación de relaciones de estímulo derivadas.

The aim of this study was to explore differences in the performance of deictic tasks presented in the protocol of McHugh, Barnes-Holmes y Barnes-Holmes (2004a) related to procedural variations that consisted of a group of participants exposed to the protocol in a face-to-face interview format, in contrast with another group exposed to the protocol in a computerized version. 63 participants (9 to 12 years old) were paired by gender, age and grade and were assigned to one of the conditions. The number of errors was calculated for each participant and age group in each of the deictic frames and levels of relational complexity and inter-subjects effects were estimated using a two-way ANOVA with age and version (face-to-face and computer) as the independent variables and trial type as the dependent variable. The effect of age was significant for reversed NOW-THEN relations and the effect of version for simple I-YOU and HERE-THERE relations. A trend to produce more errors across all trial types in the computerized version was identified. Findings are discussed in terms of procedural reliability and ecological validity of non automated strategies for the assessment of derived stimulus relations.

Categorías identitarias espaciales para la comprensión de las controversias públicas: análisis de su empleo en Cataluña a propósito de los debates sobre el agua en España / Spatial Identity Categories for the Understanding of Public Controversies: Analyzing the Use of these Categories in the Context of Water Debates in Spain

Para acercarnos a cómo los ciudadanos catalanes dan cuenta de las controversias hídricas en España, se analizaron seis grupos de discusión realizados en Cataluña durante 2006. Se utilizó el concepto "identidad social espacial" para las interpretaciones, adaptándolo para resaltar su carácter interaccional. Al rastrear las categorías espaciales empleadas en las discusiones, se identificó la variedad de denominaciones usadas para debatir sobre los problemas hídricos en España. El análisis se centra en las denominaciones más usadas para determinar su utilidad e identificar las acciones discursivas que los participantes realizan con ellas. Los resultados indican que los hablantes dan cuenta de los "problemas del agua" movilizando una geografía política del sentido común que resalta el carácter socioespacial y conflictivo de los asuntos hídricos.

In order to know how Catalonian citizens account water controversies in Spain, we analyzed six focus groups carried out in Catalonia in 2006. A concept of 'urban social identity' is used for our interpretations, having been adapted to highlight its interactional character. Tracking the spatial categories used in the discussions, we identified the variety of denominations employed to debate water problems in Spain. The analysis is focused on the most frequent categories to establish their utility and identify discursive actions that participants produce. Results indicate that speakers account the "water problems" mobilizing a common sense political geography that highlights the socio-spatial and conflicting character of water issues.

Diferencias culturales en el uso de marcos de referencia espacial: el caso de los niños mapuche / Cultural differences in the use of frame spatial reference: The Case of the Mapuche Indigenous Children

Investigaciones transculturales muestran la variabilidad existente en el desarrollo de la cognición espacial, cuestionando el predominio del marco de referencia relativo y la visión egocéntrica en las representaciones infantiles (Dasen & Mishra, 2010). Este estudio se centra en establecer diferencias en los marcos de referencia espacial usados por 210 escolares mapuche y chilenos, 152 rurales y 58 urbanos, de nivel socioeconómico bajo. Los participantes respondieron una tarea de memoria espacial en la que se evaluó el predominio del marco de referencia relativo o absoluto, y aunque ambos grupos culturales utilizaron los dos marcos de referencia, claramente en los niños mapuche rurales de 10 a 12 años predomina el marco absoluto. Se discuten las implicaciones de la cultura en el desarrollo de la cognición espacial.

Cross-cultural research has showed diversity in the development of spatial cognition questioning the predominance of relative frame of spatial reference and the egocentric point of view in children's representations (Dasen & Mishra, 2010). We examined the use of frames of spatial reference in Mapuche and Chileans children from Region VIII and IX of Chile. Two hundred ten children from low socioeconomic school participated in this study, 102 children were of rural origin and 58 students were of urban origin. They responded to spatial memory task to evaluate the predominance of relative or absolute frame of reference. Although the Mapuche and Chileans children used both frames of reference, in the Mapuche children the absolute frame of reference was predominant. The impacts of culture on the development of spatial cognition are discussed.

Effects of herpes simplex virus 2 latency-associated transcript open reading frame 3 on the apoptosis in Vero cells / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To explore the effects of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) latency-associated transcript open reading frame 3 (LAT ORF3) gene on Vero cells against cisplatin-induced apoptosis.Methods Recombinant plasmid enhanced green fluorescent protein-open reading frame 3 (named pEGFP-ORF3) was constructed and transfected into Vero cells; then,reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was performed to detect the expression of the target gene.Cisplatin of 3 mg/L was selected to induce the apoptosis in Vero cells.Cultured Vero cells were transfected with empty plasmid and induced by cisplatin (pEGFP-C2 group),transfected with recombinant plasmid pEGFP-ORF3 and induced by cisplatin (pEGFP-ORF3 group),only induced by cisplatin (cisplatin-induced control group),or remained untreated (normal control group).Subsequently,fluorescence microscopy was conducted to observe apoptotic bodies,Giemsa stain to observe the morphology of cell nuclei,methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay to evaluate cell proliferation,and flow cytometry to assess cell apoptosis.Data were assessed by using SPSS 13.0 software,and statistical analysis was carried out by one-way ANOVA and t test.Results HSV-2 333 LAT ORF3 gene was successfully cloned.The eukaryotic expression plasmid for LAT ORF3 was constructed,and the expression of LAT ORF3 gene in Vero cells was confirmed by RT-PCR.Giemsa stain showed blue-staining nuclei and pale cytoplasm in recombinant plasmid-transfected and cisplatin-induced Vero cells with a normal shape.The value of cell proliferation (absorbance at 490 nm) by MTT assay was 2.56 ± 0.21 in pEGFP-ORF3 group,similar to that in the normal control group (2.66 ± 0.13,P ＞ 0.05),but significantly higher than cisplatin-induced control group (1.65 ± 0.11,P ＜ 0.05) and pEGFP-C2 group (1.56 ± 0.18,P ＜ 0.05).As far as the apoptosis rate was concerned,no significant difference was observed between pEGFP-ORF3 group and normal control group (4.03％ ± 1.04％ vs.2.13％ ± 0.09％,P ＞ 0.05),but pEGFP-ORF3 group was statistically lower than pEGFP-C2 group (19.45％ ± 2.05％,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The transfected HSV-2 LAT ORF3 gene could protect Vero cells from cisplatin-induced apoptosis.

Fala materna dirigida à criança em cenários comunicativos específicos: um estudo longitudinal / Maternal speech directed to children in specific commnication frames: a longitudinal study

Esse estudo longitudinal analisa as características da fala materna dirigida à criança, identificando a transição de cenários comunicativos específicos. Quatro díades mães-bebê foram filmadas dos 13 aos 24 meses da criança. As instâncias de fala materna foram classificadas em sentenças afirmativa, negativa, imperativa e interrogativa e os cenários comunicativos classificados como atencional, convencional ou simbólico. Percebeu-se que há uma tendência do cenário atencional diminuir e do simbólico aumentar sua percentagem de tempo ao longo do desenvolvimento da criança em todas as díades observadas. Tipos específicos de sentenças maternas predominaram em determinados períodos do desenvolvimento. O estudo traz uma contribuição para a literatura relativa à fala materna no desenvolvimento inicial, com dados do contexto brasileiro.

This longitudinal study aimed to analyze characteristics of maternal speech directed to children, identifying transitions of mother-child communication settings. Four children from 13 to 24 months old and their mothers were observed longitudinally. The instances of maternal speech were classified as affirmative, negative, imperative and interrogative sentences and the mother-child communication settings were classified as attentional, conventional or symbolic. The percentage of time in attentional and symbolic settings showed a linear relation with the increase of baby's age in all mother-child dyads. Different types of maternal sentences presented diverse patterns of development across time and in the four dyads. The study offers a contribution to the literature on maternal speech and initial language development with data from a Brazilian context.

Estudio multidimensional y conceptual del proceso de cambio terapéutico en María: cambios observados en los prototipos de FRAMES / Multidimensional and conceptual study of change in mary’s therapeutic process: changes observed in the FRAMES prototypes

Este estudio pertenece a una serie de investigaciones realizadas acerca del proceso de cambio. Un grupo de investigadores en España, Argentina, México, Chile y Alemania han trabajado durante más de una década (1997-2010) en el Proyecto Salamanca-Barcelona-Madrid sobre la investigación del proceso terapéutico (SMBP; Ávila-Espada, Vidal-Didier et al., 1998a; Ávila-Espada, Gutiérrez, Mitjavila & Poch, 2002). Este estudio, realizado como un estudio intensivo de un caso único (La Publicitaria), a través de las diferentes fases del tratamiento completo (con 199 sesiones adecuadamente grabadas en audio), nos ha dado la oportunidad de obtener un mejor conocimiento del proceso terapéutico, a través del análisis de contenido de las sesiones de tratamiento con datos cualitativos y utilizando una amplia variedad de procedimientos. Está en curso una serie de trabajos, que presentan los principales resultados acerca de las dimensiones empíricas y las dinámicas del proceso de cambio. En este trabajo el foco está puesto en las FRAMES (Estructuras de Emoción Fundamentales, Repetitivas y Desadaptadas; Dahl, 1988), presentándose inferencias sobre cómo puede observarse el cambio a través de los cambios en los patrones de FRAMES. Se describen los resultados del análisis de la FRAMES dominante (Exigencia) y se identifican las principales preguntas de investigación pendientes.

This study is part of a series of researches conducted on the process of change. A group of researchers in Spain, Argentina, Mexico, Chile and Germany have worked for more than a decade (1997-2010) in the Salamanca-Barcelona-Madrid Project on Psychotherapy Process Research (SMBP; Ávila-Espada, Vidal-Didier et al., 1998a, 1998b; Ávila-Espada, Gutiérrez, Mitjavila & Poch, 2002). This project, a study conducted on single case research (The Publicist), concerning the main phases of the complete treatment (up to 199 audio recorded sessions), have given us the opportunity to gain a better understanding of the therapeutic process, through the qualitative data ofcontent analysis of sessions using a variety of procedures. A series of papers presenting the main results of the process of change dynamics and empirical dimensions are in progress. In this paper we focus on FRAMES(Fundamental Repetitive MaladaptiveEmotional Structures; Dahl, 1988), presenting results concerning some inferences on how the change can be observed through changes in FRAMES patterns. Results concerning the analysis of the main FRAMES (Exigency) are described and the main issues demanding further research are identified.