Subproductos de interés nutricional y funcional de Agave salmiana

RESUMEN Agave salmiana es una subespecie originaria de México, ha sido participe en distintos periodos históricos, utilizado en la construcción, vestimenta, alimento y bebida. Destacando el aguamiel como subproducto, cuya particularidad es su alto contenido de azúcares (fructooligosacáridos). Algunos subproductos derivan del aguamiel, como el pulque y el jarabe de agave; el primero resultado de la fermentación y el segundo de la concentración de solutos mediante tratamientos térmicos y/o enzimáticos. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de esta revisión fue recopilar información de los últimos años sobre Agave salmiana y subproductos de interés nutricional y funcional, así como su uso en productos alimenticios, para lo cual se usaron las bases de datos: Medline/PubMed, SciELO, ELSEVIER, así como Normas Oficiales Mexicanas y páginas web privadas. La estrategia de búsqueda se realizó combinando el uso de operadores booleanos "AND" y "OR", utilizando las siguientes palabras: aguamiel and characterization, pulque and microorganisms or fermentation, agave syrup and bread. Esta revisión concluye que el consumo, de manera controlada, de los subproductos de Agave salmiana, trae consigo múltiples beneficios a la salud, principalmente al fortalecer la microbiota intestinal, por lo que pueden ser incluidos en la dieta habitual de una persona sana, además, pueden ser utilizados como parte del tratamiento nutricional, en bajas cantidades, en patologías como diabetes tipo 2 e intolerancia a la insulina, colitis ulcerosa y cáncer de colon siempre con supervisión médica. Por otra parte, aún existe la necesidad de generar más información sobre el tema a través de investigación científica.

ABSTRACT Agave salmiana is a native subspecies from Mexico, it has been part of different historical periods, used in construction, clothing, food and drink; highlighting the aguamiel as a by-product, whose particularity is its high sugar content (fructooligosaccharides). Some by-products are derived from aguamiel, such as pulque and agave syrup; the first is the result of fermentation and the second of the concentration of solutes by thermal and/or enzymatic treatments. Therefore, the objective of this review was to collect recent information about Agave salmiana and by-products of nutritional and functional interest, as well as use in food products. We used the following databases were used: Medline/PubMed, SciELO, ELSEVIER, as well as the Official Mexican Standards and private web pages. The search strategy was carried out with the boolean operators "AND" and "OR", using the following words: aguamiel and characterization, pulque and microorganisms or fermentation, agave syrup and bread. This review concludes that the consumption, in a controlled manner, of the by-products of Agave salmiana, brings with it multiple health benefits, mainly by strengthening the intestinal microbiota, so they can be included in the usual diet of a healthy person. In addition, by-products can be used as part of nutritional treatments, in low amounts, for diseases such as type 2 diabetes and insulin intolerance, ulcerative colitis and colon cancer, always with medical supervision. On the other hand, there is still a need to generate more information about the subject through scientific research.

Fructanos tipo inulina: efecto en la microbiota intestinal, la obesidad y la saciedad / Inulin-type fructans: effect on gut microbiota, obesity and satiety

RESUMEN Fundamento: Los fructanos tipo inulina de cadena corta se nombran fructooligosacáridos (FOS) y son considerados prebióticos al beneficiar la salud del huésped. Objetivo: Analizar tres de los más importantes beneficios a la salud de los fructanos tipo inulina como prebióticos. Metodología: Se revisaron documentos publicados en diferentes bases de datos (PubMed, Medline, NCBI) en idioma inglés. Se escogieron los que aportaron datos sobre la influencia de los prebióticos en la microbiota intestinal, la obesidad y la saciedad. Se utilizó el método de análisis documental para evaluar los resultados de diferentes ensayos clínicos. Resultados: Se revisaron un total de 70 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 49 que contenían ensayos clínicos controlados y evidencias sobre los efectos beneficiosos en la salud de los fructanos tipo inulina. Conclusiones: Los fructanos tipo inulina en general, y los fructooligosacáridos en particular, al ser fermentados en el tracto gastrointestinal producen ácidos grasos de cadena corta; estos productos de la fermentación favorecen el desarrollo de microorganismos beneficiosos en detrimento de otros perjudiciales. De igual forma los ácidos grasos de cadena corta pueden regular el metabolismo de los lípidos y la sensación de saciedad.

ABSTRACT Background: Short-chain inulin-type fructans (ITF) are named fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and considered prebiotics to benefit the health of the host. Objective: To analyze three of the most important health benefits of inulin-type fructans as prebiotics. Methodology: Documents published in different databases (PubMed, Medline, NCBI) in English were reviewed. Those which provided data on the influence of prebiotics on the gut microbiota, obesity and satiety were chosen. The documentary analysis method was used to evaluate the results of different clinical trials. Results: A total of 70 articles were reviewed, of which 49 were selected and contained controlled clinical trials and evidence of the beneficial health effects of inulin-type fructans. Conclusions: Inulin-type fructans in general, and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in particular, when fermented in the gastrointestinal tract produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFA); these fermentation products favor the development of beneficial microorganisms to the detriment of other harmful ones. Similarly, short chain fatty acids can regulate lipid metabolism and satiety.

Enzymatic preparation of fructooligosaccharides-rich burdock syrup with enhanced antioxidative properties

Background: Burdock (Arctium lappa L.) is a fructan-rich plant with prebiotic potential. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient enzymatic route to prepare fructooligosaccharides (FOS)-rich and highly antioxidative syrup using burdock root as a raw material. Results: Endo-inulinase significantly improved the yield of FOS 2.4-fold while tannase pretreatment further increased the yield of FOS 2.8-fold. Other enzymes, including endo-polygalacturonase, endo-glucanase and endo-xylanase, were able to increase the yield of total soluble sugar by 11.1% (w/w). By this process, a new enzymatic process for burdock syrup was developed and the yield of burdock syrup increased by 25% (w/w), whereas with FOS, total soluble sugars, total soluble protein and total soluble polyphenols were enhanced to 28.8%, 53.3%, 8.9% and 3.3% (w/w), respectively. Additionally, the scavenging abilities of DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, and total antioxidant capacity of the syrup were increased by 23.7%, 51.8% and 35.4%, respectively. Conclusions: Our results could be applied to the development of efficient extraction of valuable products from agricultural materials using enzyme-mediated methods.

Development and characterization of light yoghurt elaborated with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis Bb-12 and fructooligosaccharides / Desenvolvimento e caracterização de iogurte light elaborado com Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis Bb-12 e fruto-oligossacarídeos

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding probiotic culture (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis Bb-12) and prebiotics (fructooligosaccharide - FOS) to yoghurt formulations stored at 4°C for 28 days, using an experimental design (independent variables: (0-3% of FOS and probiotic starter cultures 0-3%). The pH, acidity, fat, syneresis, protein, ºBrix, sugars, FOS and probiotic bacteria count were analyzed. The probiotic- and prebiotic-added yoghurt formulations showed lower acidity, syneresis and glucose than the control yoghurt and compared to formulations containing probiotic and prebiotic separately. The 3% probiotic and prebiotic formulation showed a lower loss of concentration of FOS, and after 28 days presented 1.5g of FOS per 100g (0.3% kestose, 0.7% nystose, 0.5% fructosyl-nystose). Furthermore, the addition of prebiotics exerted a protective effect on probiotic bacteria, enhancing their survival.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da adição de cultura probiótica (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis Bb-12) e prebióticos (fructooligosacarídeo - FOS) a formulações de iogurte armazenadas a 4°C por 28 dias, utilizando um planejamento experimental (variáveis independentes: (0-3% de FOS e cultura probiótica starter 0-3%). Foram analisados pH, acidez, gordura, sinérese, proteína, ºBrix, açúcares, FOS e contagem de bactérias probióticas. As formulações de iogurte adicionado de probiótico e prebiótico apresentaram menor acidez, sinérese e glicose quando comparados ao iogurte controle e também em comparação com as formulações contendo probiótico e prebiótico sozinhas. A formulação com 3% de probiótico e prebiótico apresentou menor perda de concentração de FOS e, após 28 dias, apresentou 1,5g de FOS por 100g (0,3% de kestose, 0,7% de nystose , 0,5% de fructosil-nistose). Além disso, a adição de prebióticos exerceu um efeito protetor sobre as bactérias probióticas e aumentou a sua sobrevivência.

Experiencia clínica con un simbiótico (Bifidobacterium longum AW11- Fos cc. Actilight) en el alivio del estreñimiento y otros síntomas digestivos / Clinical experience with a synbiotic (Bifidobacterium longum AW11- Fos cc. Actilight) in the relieve of constipation and other digestive symptoms

Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: el estreñimiento, la distensión y el dolor abdominales son muy prevalentes en la población general y representan un reto terapéutico. Los probióticos han mostrado ser efectivos en el control de estos síntomas. OBJETIVO: investigar la utilidad clínica de la administración del simbiótico Bifidobacterium longum AW11 (5x109 UFC) y fructo-oligosacáridos de cadena corta (Fos cc. Actilight 2.5 g) en el alivio del estreñimiento y otros síntomas digestivos. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: estudio abierto observacional en el que se incluyeron pacientes con síntomas digestivos de más de seis meses de evolución, sin enfermedad orgánica que explicara sus síntomas y que recibieron tratamiento con el simbiótico, un sobre diario durante ocho semanas. La intensidad y frecuencia de los síntomas se evaluaron mediante un cuestionario y las características de las evacuaciones mediante la escala de Bristol al inicio, a las cuatro y a las ocho semanas de tratamiento. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 361 pacientes con síntomas digestivos. El promedio de la duración de los síntomas fue de 2.3±4.9 años, 96% tenía estreñimiento, 79% cumplió con criterios de síndrome de intestino irritable y 16% de estreñimiento funcional (Roma III). El número de evacuaciones semanales se incrementó de 3.8±3.3 iniciales a 5.9±3.0 en la semana 8 (p<0.00001). También mejoraron significativamente: el número de evacuaciones espontáneas completas, la consistencia de las heces (escala de Bristol) y la sensación global de bienestar y disminuyeron significativamente el esfuerzo al defecar, la distensión abdominal subjetiva, la frecuencia de dolor abdominal y la sensación de malestar abdominal. La proporción de pacientes totalmente satisfechos se incrementó de 6% al inicio a 78% en la semana 8. CONCLUSIONES: la administración diaria del simbiótico con B. longum y Fos cc. es eficaz para aliviar el estreñimiento y el dolor y la distensión abdominales.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Constipation, abdominal pain and bloating are highly prevalent in general population and they constitute a therapeutic challenge. Probiotics are effective in the management of these symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To investigate in daily clinical practice if the administration of a supplement food containing Bifidobacterium longum AW11 (5x109 FCU) and short chain fructo-oligosaccharides (Fos cc. Actilight 2.5g) can relieve constipation and functional bowel symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHOD: An open and observational study was done including patients with digestive symptoms of more than six months of evolution, without organic disease explaining their symptoms and who received treatment with the synbiotic, daily during eight weeks. Intensity and frequency of symptoms were assessed by a questionnaire and the characteristics of evacuations by Bristol's scale at baseline and after four and eight weeks of treatment. RESULTS: There were included 361 patients with digestive symptoms lasting 2.3±4.9 years; 96% had constipation, 79% fulfilled Rome III criteria for irritable bowel syndrome an 16% for functional constipation. Treatment with the synbiotic increased frequency of bowel movements per week from 3.8±3.3 to 5.9±3.0 at week 8 (p<0.00001). There was a significant improvement also for: complete spontaneous bowel movements, stool consistency (Bristol scale), straining, bloating, frequency of abdominal pain, malaise, and global wellness. Percentage of patients with complete satisfaction increased from 6% in the initial visit to 78% at the week 8. CONCLUSIONS: Daily ingestion of a synbiotic (B. longum and Fos cc.) is effective to relieve constipation, abdominal pain and bloating.

Effects of a GOS+FOS supplemented formula on stool characteristics and fecal beneficial bacteria content in infants / 临床儿科杂志

Objective To investigate the impact of an infant formula supplemented with 1.34 g/L oligosaccharides mixture (galactooligosaccharides and fructooligosaccharides,GOS+FOS) on growth,stool characteristics and fecal beneficial bacteria content in healthy infants.Methods 25 formula-fed (FF) infants and 29 breast-fed (BF) infants within 3 weeks after birth were included and followed up.FF infants were exclusively fed with GOS+FOS supplemented formula at the median age of 13d (1-27d).Body weight and head circumference at 6 and 12 weeks were measured.The frequency,consistency,and color of the infant's stool,and occurrences of spit-up or vomiting during the study period were recorded daily by the parents.Stool samples were collected at 6 and 12 weeks of age,and then subjected to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for the enumeration of lactobacillus,bifidobacteria,Bifidobacterium longum,Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium adolescentis.Results No difference in daily weight gain was detected between the two groups (33.56 ± 7.03g vs.31.18 + 6.91g,P=0.22)during the observation phase from 6 to 12 weeks.FF infants had less frequent and firmer stools at 6 weeks than BF infants,and they both had similar stool frequency,color and consistency at the end of study.FF infants had less fecal Bifidobacterium,B.longum and B.breve at 6 weeks,but those differences became less significant at 12 weeks with more increase in fecal B.longum and B.breve levels in FF infants during the follow up.Conclusions The GOS+FOS supplemented formula provides adequate nutrition for growth,and promotes soft stools and intestinal bifidogenic effects in healthy infants.

Combined treatment with probiotics and fructooligosaccharides in a mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its possible mechanism / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 combined with fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) in a mouse model and to analyze the possible mechanism.Methods Fifty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups and respectively given normal diet (ND group), high-fat diet (HFD group), HFD containing Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 (HFD+L) (2.2×109 CFU/ml), HFD containing FOS (HFD+FOS) (4 g/kg per day) and HFD containing Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 and FOS for 16 consecutive weeks.Levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and diamine oxidase (DAO) in serum samples from each group were measured.Expression of tight-junction proteins (Claudin-1 and Occludin), p38 and phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) in intestinal tissues were analyzed.Results Compared with the HFD group, the HFD+FOS+L group showed decreased levels of TC, TG, LDL, LPS and DAO in serum samples, but increased serum HDL level (P<0.05).Moreover, combined treatment with Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 and FOS alleviated liver lipid deposition, significantly increased the expression of Claudin-1 and Occludin in intestine and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 (P<0.05).Conclusion Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 combined with FOS may increase the expression of Claudin-1 and Occludin through inhibiting the phosphorylation of intestinal p38, which is conducive to maintaining the intestinal mucosal barrier integrity and alleviating NAFLD.

Effects of Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 combined with fructooligosaccharides on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high-fat diet in mice / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the effects of Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 combined with fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice and its possible mechanism.@*Methods@#A total of 50 male C57 mice were randomly and equally divided into five experimental groups. Group 1 received a normal diet (ND). Other four groups received a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish NAFLD models. In addition to HFD, group 3 received Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 (2.2×109 CFU/mL), group 4 received FOS (4 g/kg per day), and group 5 received Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 (2.2×109 CFU/mL) and FOS (4 g/kg per day). All groups received continuous intervention for 16 weeks. The following indices were measured for all groups after intervention: general condition, the levels of fasting blood glucose, insulin, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-γ in the serum and liver. The mRNA levels of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, nuclear factor (NF)-κb, insulin receptor (InsR), and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 were measured by real-time RT-PCR. The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance and comparison between groups was made by Bonferroni method.@*Results@#Compared with group 2, groups 3, 4, and 5 had significantly lower body weight, Lee's index, liver index, and the levels of blood glucose and insulin resistance (P < 0.05). The serum level of LPS in group 2 was significantly higher than that in the other experimental groups (group 1: 8.80 ± 0.85 U/L, group 3: 12.31 ± 1.01 U/L, group 4: 12.27 ± 0.98 U/L, and group 5: 10.17 ± 0.79 U/L vs group 2: 15.45 ± 1.14 U/L, F = 55.117, P < 0.001). The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ in the serum and liver in group 2 were also significantly higher than those in the other groups (P < 0.05). Group 2 had significantly higher mRNA levels of TLR4 and NF-κb in the liver than the other groups (F = 82.933, P < 0.001; F = 149.033, P < 0.001); however, it had significantly lower mRNA levels of InsR and IRS-1 in the liver than the other groups (F = 33.347, P < 0.001; F = 70.225, P < 0.001).@*Conclusion@#Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 combined with FOS can reduce the level of LPS in the blood circulation, inhibit activation of the LPS/TLR4 signaling pathway, and reduce the release of inflammatory factor and the body's insulin resistance, so it can relieve NAFLD.

Synbiotic aerated dessert: diet product development and evaluation of the intake effects in individuals with metabolic syndrome / Sobremesa aerada simbiótica: desenvolvimento do produto diet e avaliação dos efeitos da ingestão sobre indivíduos com síndrome metabólica

The objective of this work was to adapt a synbiotic aerated diet dessert, produced with the addition of a probiotic culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and prebiotic ingredients (fructooligosaccharides and inulin), from the previously developed sucrose-containing formulation, and to evaluate the effects of its ingestion on adult volunteers with metabolic syndrome (MetS) during a period of 8 weeks of intervention. In addition, to improve the resistance of the probiotic to simulated gastrointestinal conditions, a microencapsulation process was optimized. For the development of the product, the formulations were produced in triplicates, in which probiotic culture survival, instrumental texture and sensory acceptability were evaluated up to 112 days of storage under freezing (-18 °C). Subsequently, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out in which the product developed was administered to forty-five volunteers with MetS assigned into two groups, each receiving 40 g/day of: synbiotic diet mousse (SDM) (n=23) and placebo diet mousse (PDM) without pro- and prebiotics (n=22). Fasting blood samples were collected at the beginning and after 8 weeks of daily consumption of both mousses to determine the anthropometric, biochemical, haematological, inflammatory, and immunological parameters. Afterward, with the goal of improving the survival of L. acidophilus La-5 to in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions, the microencapsulation process conditions of the probiotic strain via spray drying were optimized using inulin as the encapsulating agent. The viability of L. acidophilus La-5 incorporated into SDM was above 7.8 log CFU/g and remained stable throughout storage. PDM showed lower acceptability (5.77-6.50) after storage than SDM (6.67-7.03). The texture was the most appreciated attribute and hardness of the SDM increased during storage, but remained stable for PDM. The clinical trial revealed significant reductions of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, as well as of immunoglobulins (A and M), and interleukin-1ß in both groups during the intervention period. However, regarding intergroup changes, there were not any significant differences for all parameters evaluated (p>0.05). After the optimization of the microencapsulation process of the probiotic culture (80 mL/min, 82% and 10%, respectively for feed flow, aspiration rate, and inulin concentration), the microencapsulated probiotic strain incorporated in the SDM mousse showed the highest in vitro gastrointestinal survival (p<0.05) in the different stages of the assay, as follows: after the gastric phase: 5.68 log CFU/g (83.3%), the enteral phase I: 5.61 log CFU/g (82.3%), the enteral phase II: 5.56 log CFU/g (81.4%). Therefore, these results suggest that the presence of probiotic and prebiotics in SDM did not provide an additional effect on the health of volunteers with MetS. Additionally, the results confirm the appropriateness of the spray drying process to microencapsulate L. acidophilus La-5 using inulin as coating agent, providing increased resistance to the microencapsulated probiotic strain under in vitro gastrointestinal stress

O objetivo deste trabalho foi adaptar uma sobremesa aerada simbiótica diet do tipo musse, processada com a adição de uma cultura probiótica de Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 e de ingredientes prebióticos (fruto-oligossacarídeos e inulina), a partir da formulação contendo sacarose desenvolvida anteriormente, e avaliar os efeitos de sua ingestão em voluntários adultos com síndrome metabólica (MetS) durante um período de 8 semanas de intervenção. Adicionalmente, para melhorar a resistência do probiótico frente às condições gastrintestinais simuladas, otimizou-se um processo de microencapsulação da cepa probiótica. Para o desenvolvimento do produto, as formulações foram produzidas em triplicata, em que se avaliou a sobrevivência da cultura probiótica, a textura instrumental e a aceitabilidade sensorial até 112 dias de armazenamento sob congelamento (-18 oC). Em seguida, foi realizado um estudo randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado por placebo, no qual o produto desenvolvido foi administrado a quarenta e cinco indivíduos com MetS divididos em dois grupos, cada um recebendo 40 g/dia de: mousse simbiótica diet (SDM) (n=23) e musse placebo diet (PDM) sem componentes pro- e prebióticos (n=22). As amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas em jejum no início e após 8 semanas de consumo diário de ambas as musses para a determinação dos parâmetros antropométricos, bioquímicos, hematológicos, inflamatórios e imunológicos. Posteriormente, com o intuito de melhorar a sobrevivência do L. acidophilus La-5 em condições gastrointestinais simuladas in vitro, as condições de processo de microencapsulação da cepa probiótica via spray drying foram otimizadas, utilizando inulina como agente encapsulante. A viabilidade de L. acidophilus La-5 incorporados na SDM foi superior a 7,8 log UFC/g e se manteve estável ao longo do armazenamento. A PDM mostrou menor aceitabilidade (5.77-6.50) após o armazenamento do que a SDM (6.67-7.03). A textura foi o atributo mais apreciado, sendo que a dureza da SDM apresentou elevação, enquanto a da PDM manteve-se estável. O ensaio clínico revelou reduções significativas de colesterol total, colesterol-HDL, imunoglobulinas (A e M) e interleucina1ß em ambos os grupos durante o período de intervenção. Entretanto, no que se refere às mudanças intergrupos, não se observou diferenças significativas para todos os parâmetros avaliados (p>0,05). Após a otimização do processo de microencapsulação da cultura probiótica (80 mL/min, 82% e 10%, respectivamente para o fluxo de alimentação, taxa de aspiração e concentração de inulina), a cepa probiótica microencapsulada incorporada a amostra SDM apresentou a maior sobrevivência gastrointestinal in vitro (p<0,05) nas diferentes etapas do ensaio, a saber: após a fase gástrica: 5,68 log UFC/g (83,3%); fase entérica I: 5,61 log UFC/g (82,3%); fase entérica II: 5,56 log UFC/g (81,4%). Portanto, esses resultados sugerem que a presença de probiótico e prebiótico na SDM não apresentou efeitos adicionais na saúde dos voluntários com MetS. Adicionalmente, os resultados confirmaram a adequação do processo de spray drying para a microencapsulação de L. acidophilus La-5 utilizando inulina como agente de revestimento, proporcionando uma maior resistência da cepa probiótica microencapsulada às condições gastrintestinais simuladas in vitro.

Use of yacon in natura and its flour in the development of diet and conventional cakes / Uso do yacon in natura e em farinha no desenvolvimento de bolos diet e convencional

Yacon is a tuberous root that has bioactive components in its composition, such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS). The objective of this study was to evaluate physicochemical and sensory characteristics of diet and conventional cakes made with yacon in natura and its respective flour. Cakes were prepared in chocolate and carrot flavors with the addition of 50% yacon in natura and 70% yacon flour. Cakes prepared with 50% yacon in natura with the addition of sucrose in the formula showed physical aspects closer to conventional cakes. The yield of the cakes was considered satisfactory at around 90%, regardless of yacon in natura or yacon flour usage. The chocolate cakes had higher ratings regarding the sensory attributes and the purchase intent in relation to the carrot cakes, especially when using yacon in natura in the formula. The cakes containing sweetener were rated as good as those with sucrose, especially in regards to the flavor of the chocolate cakes. According to the chemical composition, cakes with 70% yacon flour had higher dietary fiber content as well as FOS, giving credit to their claim as a bioactive component.

O yacon é uma raiz tuberosa que possui em sua composição, componentes bioativos como frutooligossacarídeos (FOS). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar características físico-químicas e sensoriais de bolos diet e convencionais elaborados com yacon in natura e sua respectiva farinha. Foram elaborados bolos, nos sabores chocolate e cenoura, com adição de 50% de yacon in natura e 70% de farinha de yacon. Os bolos elaborados com 50% de yacon in natura, com a adição de sacarose na formulação apresentaram aspectos físicos mais próximos aos bolos convencionais. O rendimento dos bolos, em torno de 90% foi considerado satisfatório, independente da utilização do yacon in natura ou farinha. Os bolos de chocolate obtiveram notas mais elevadas quanto aos atributos sensoriais e intenção de compra, em relação aos bolos de cenoura, em especial quando se utilizou o yacon in natura nas formulações. Os bolos contendo adoçante foram tão bem avaliados quanto àqueles que possuíam sacarose, em especial, em relação ao sabor dos bolos de chocolate. De acordo com a composição química, os bolos com 70% de farinha yacon apresentaram maiores teores de fibra alimentar bem como de FOS, sendo considerados alimentos com alto teor de fibras, sugerindo-se também sua alegação como um componente bioativo.

Short-chain fructooligosaccharides do not alter glucose homeostasis but improve the lipid profile in obese rats / Frutooligossacarídeos de cadeia curta na dieta não altera homeostase glicêmica, porém melhora o perfil lipídico em ratos obesos

The present study investigated the effects of short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) feeding on body weight, fat accumulation, glucose homeostasis and lipid profile in cafeteria (CAF) obese rats. Male Wistar rats were divided randomly into two groups: control group (CTL, n = 10), which received a chow diet and water and CAF (n = 20), which received the cafeteria diet, standard chow and soda. After 30 weeks of diet, 10 animals of CAF group received scFOS in the diet (50 g kg-1 of diet) over a period of 50 days, forming the CAF FOS group. Were evaluated the body weight, fat pad as well as, quantity of feces, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance (IR) and serum lipids levels. Animals submitted to the CAF diet displayed obesity, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and IR. The scFOS feeding not altered obesity, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and IR. CAF rats also presented hypertriglyceridemia and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol. The CAF FOS animals had reduced serum triglycerides (TG) and increased HDL-cholesterol. Thus, the use of scFOS in the diet can be considered as a hypolipidemic agent in the obese state.

O presente estudo investigou os efeitos da adição de frutooligossacarídeos de cadeia curta (scFOS) sobre o peso corporal, acúmulo de gordura, homeostase glicêmica e perfil lipídico em ratos obesos pela dieta de cafeteria (CAF). Ratos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos: controle (CTL, n = 10), que receberam dieta padrão e água e CAF, que receberam dieta de CAF, ração padrão e refrigerante (n = 20). Após 30 semanas, dez animais do grupo CAF receberam 50 g kg-1 de dieta de scFOS na ração padrão durante 50 dias, formando o grupo CAF FOS. Foram avaliados o peso corporal e o peso das gorduras, bem como, quantidade de fezes, homeostase glicêmica e concentração de lipídios séricos. Animais do grupo CAF apresentaram obesidade, hiperglicemia, intolerância à glicose, hiperinsulinemia e RI. A adição scFOS não alterou a obesidade, intolerância à glicose, hiperinsulinemia e RI no grupo CAF FOS comparado ao grupo CAF. Animais CAF também apresentaram hipertrigliceridemia e redução na concentração de HDL-colesterol. Os animais CAF FOS apresentaram redução na concentração sérica de triglicerídeos (TG) e aumento no HDL-colesterol. Desta forma, a utilização de scFOS na dieta pode ser considerado como um agente hipolipidêmico nos estados de obesidade.

Caracterización química y cuantificación de fructooligosacáridos, compuestos fenólicos y actividad antirradical de tubérculos y raíces andinos cultivados en el noroeste de Argentina / Chemical characterization and quantification of fructooligosaccharides, phenolic compounds and antiradical activity of Andean roots and tubers grown in Northwest of Argentina

Existe un creciente interés por consumir alimentos que además de aportar los componentes básicos para una buena nutrición provean otros compuestos benéficos para la salud. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la composición química de alimentos autóctonos de la región andina y cuantificar algunos componentes funcionales. Se determinó composición centesimal, contenido de vitamina C y compuestos fenólicos totales, actividad antirradical (DPPH) en cáscara y pulpa, fibra dietaria soluble e insoluble, fructooligosacáridos (FOS), almidón total y resistente (en tubérculos y raíces crudos, hervidos y hervidos y almacenados) de 6 variedades de Ocas (Oxalis tuberosa), 4 clones de Mandiocas (Manihot esculenta Crantz) y Yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius). Los resultados mostraron mayor cantidad de compuestos bioactivos y actividad antirradical en la cáscara de ocas. En todos los casos el contenido de fibra insoluble fue mayor que la soluble. Las mandiocas tuvieron mayor contenido de almidón total que las raíces y tubérculos andinos. El proceso de ebullición disminuyó el contenido de almidón resistente en ocas y mandiocas pero cuando éstas se almacenaron por 48h a 5°C, el contenido de almidón resistente aumentó nuevamente. El contenido de FOS en ocas fue similar para todas las variedades (Aproximadamente 7%). El principal componente de los carbohidratos del yacón fueron los FOS (8,89%). Se puede concluir que las raíces y tubérculos estudiados, además de aportar nutrientes, contienen compuestos funcionales que les confieren un valor adicional como alimentos útiles para la prevención de algunas enfermedades no trasmisibles.

There is great interest in consuming foods that can provide the nutrients for a good nutrition and other health beneficial compounds. The aim of this work was to determine the chemical composition of native foods of the Andean region and to quantify some functional components. Proximal composition, vitamin C, total phenolic compounds, antiradical activity (DPPH) in peel and pulp, dietary fiber soluble and insoluble, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), total and resistant starch (in tubers and raw roots, boiled and boiled and stored) of 6 varieties of Oca (Oxalis tuberosa), 4 clones of manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius were determined. The results showed greater amount of bioactive compounds and antiradical activity in the skin of these products. The highest content was found in the oca peel. In all cases, the content of insoluble fiber was greater than the soluble. The manioc had higher total starch than Andean roots and tubers. The boiling process decreased the resistant starch content of ocas and maniocs, but when these are stored for 48 h at 5 ° C, the resistant starch content increased. The FOS content of the ocas was similar for all varieties (7%). The main component of yacon carbohydrates were FOS (8,89%). The maniocs did not contain FOS. It can be concluded that the roots and tubers studied, in addition to provide nutrients, contain functional compounds that confer additional helpful value for preventing no communicable diseases.

Physicochemical characterization of saccharides powder obtained from yacon roots (Smallanthus sonchifolius) by membrane technology

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are food ingredients applied due to combination of prebiotic benefits and interesting technological properties, being used as a sugar substitute. The knowledge of their physicochemical characteristics is important for predicting the stability of the food products where they are added. For this reason, a saccharides powder extracted from yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) roots by membrane technology and freeze-dried was investigated. Color, water activity (aw), microstructure by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy- dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and crystallinity by X-ray diffraction were evaluated. The obtained product, containing 19.75% FOS, 36.66% glucose and 43.59% fructose (w/w) was a whitish granulated powder, with aw of 0.284 and CIELAB color coordinates L*, a* and b* of 76.25±1.19, -1.03±0.09 and 1.02±0.03, respectively. It was highly hygroscopic and with agglomeration tendency, confirmed by the formation of bridges between particles on the SEM images. No peaks were identified at X-ray diffractograms, indicating its amorphous characteristics, but sample high hygrospicity and formation of a rigid mass might have hampered a trustable X-ray analysis.

Iron bioavailability in Wistar rats fed with fortified rice by Ultra Rice® technology with or without addition of yacon flour (Smallanthus sonchifolius) / Biodisponibilidad de hierro en ratas Wistar alimentadas con arroz fortificado por medio de la tecnología Ultra Rice® con o sin adición de harina de yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius).

This study aimed to evaluate iron (Fe) bioavailability in Wistar rats fed with rice fortified with micronized ferric pyrophosphate (FP) by Ultra Rice® (UR) technology with or without addition of yacon flour as a source of 7.5% of fructooligosaccharides (FOS). Diets were supplied with 12 mg iron/kg from the following sources: ferrous sulfate (FS - control diet), fortified rice with micronized ferric pyrophosphate (Ultra Rice®) (UR diet), ferrous sulfate + yacon flour (FS + Y diet) or Ultra Rice® + yacon flour (UR + Y diet). Blood samples were collected at the end of depletion and repletion stages for determination of hemoglobin concentration and calculation of the relative biological value (RBV). Also, the content of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) (acetic, propionic and butyric acids) from animals’ stools and caecum weight were determined. The UR diet showed high iron bioavailability (RBV = 84.7%). However, the addition of yacon flour in the diet containing fortified rice (UR + Y diet) decreased RBV (63.1%) significantly below the other three groups (p<0.05). Groups that received yacon flour showed higher acetic acid values compared to those who did not. In conclusion, fortified UR® with micronized ferric pyrophosphate showed high iron bioavailability but the addition of yacon flour at 7.5% FOS reduced iron bioavailability despite increased caecum weight and SCFA concentration.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la biodisponibilidad de hierro (Fe) en ratas Wistar alimentadas con arroz fortificado con pirofosfato férrico micronizado por medio de la tecnología Ultra Rice® (UR®), con o sin adición de harina de yacón. Las dietas contenían 12 mg de hierro/kg a partir de las siguientes fuentes: sulfato ferroso (SF - dieta de control), Ultra Rice® (dieta UR®), sulfato ferroso + harina de yacón (dieta SF + Y) o Ultra Rice® + harina de yacón (dieta UR® + Y). Al final del estudio, se recogieron muestras de sangre para la determinación de la concentración de hemoglobina y el cálculo del valor biológico relativo (RBV). También se determinó el contenido de ácidos grasos de cadena corta (AGCC) (ácidos acético, propiónico y butírico) en las heces de los animales. La dieta UR® mostró alta biodisponibilidad de hierro (RBV = 84,7%). Sin embargo, la adición de harina de yacón en la dieta que contenía arroz fortificado (dieta UR® + Y) disminuyó el RBV (63,1%) (p <0,05). Los grupos que recibieron harina de yacón mostraron los valores más altos de ácido acético en comparación con aquellos que no recibieron. En conclusión, el arroz fortificado con pirofosfato férrico micronizado por medio de la tecnología UR® mostró alta biodisponibilidad de hierro. La adición de harina de yacón, con el fin de proporcionar 7,5% de fructooligosacáridos (FOS) en la dieta, causó aumento del peso del ciego y de la concentración de AGCC, aunque disminuyó la biodisponibilidad de hierro.

Desarrollo de jalea de yacón de reducido valor calórico: caracterización físico-química, microbiológica y sensorial / Development of a low calorie yacon jam: physico chemical, microbiological and sensory characterization

This study aimed to evaluate the physical-chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of four formulations of yacon jams. The following characteristics were analyzed: chemical composition, soluble solids, pH, microbiological presence of total coliforms and salmonella at 45 °C, and presence of fungi and yeasts. The yacon jams exhibited high moisture content (> 62%) as well as high concentrations of carbohydrates (> 28%) and total dietary fiber (2.5%), mainly fructooligosaccharides (> 0.9%). The average energy value was 124.6 kcal/100 g. The average pH was 3.8 and the soluble solids measured 27.6 °Brix. All yacon jams complied with standard microbiological requirements and received high acceptance scores, especially the yacon jam and yacon jam with cinnamon. Yacon jam products may offer an excellent alternative to more common jams due to their lower concentrations of simple sugar, lower calorie value, increased presence of dietary fibers, and desirable sensory characteristics.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las características físico-químicas, microbiológicas y sensoriales de cuatro formulaciones de mermeladas de yacón. Las características analizadas fueron: composición química, contenido de sólidos solubles, pH, presencia microbiológica de coliformes totales, coliformes y salmonella a 45 °C, y la presencia de hongos y levaduras. Los atascos de yacón mostraron alto contenido de humedad (> 62%), así como altas concentraciones de hidratos de carbono (> 28%) y fibra dietética total (2, 5%), principalmente fructooligosacáridos (> 0, 9%). El valor energético promedio fue de 124, 6 kcal/100g. El pH promedio fue de 3, 8 y los sólidos solubles mide 27, 6 ° Brix. Todas las mermeladas de yacón cumplido con los requisitos microbiológicos estándar y recibió altos puntajes de aceptación, en especial la mermelada de yacón y mermelada de yacón con canela. Productos de mermelada de yacón pueden ofrecer una excelente alternativa a los atascos más comunes debido a sus concentraciones más bajas de azúcar simple, un valor más bajo de calorías, el aumento de la presencia de fibras dietéticas y las características sensoriales deseadas.

Producción de fructooligosacáridos por invertasa de Aspergillus niger IB56: un prebiótico de importancia para la salud humana y animal / Production of fructooligosaccharides by invertase of Aspergillus niger: a prebiotic of importance for the human health and animal

A partir de jarabe de fructosa se aislaron e identificaron microorganismos productores de invertasa. Aspergillus niger IB56 fue el que produjo mayor concentración de la enzima con actividad transferasa (5,6U/ml). Se estudió la producción de fructooligosacáridos (FOS) a diferentes pH (3,0; 4,0; 4,5; 5,0 y 5,5); temperaturas (20, 25, 30 y 40 ºC), concentración de sacarosa (150; 300 y 450 g/l) y tiempos de incubación (60; 90 y 120 min.). La máxima producción de FOS (105 g/l) se obtuvo con una concentración de sacarosa de 300 g/l; a pH 5,0; temperatura 20ºC y a los 60 min de incubación. La enzima invertasa posee especificidad para producir FOS como 1-cestosa y nistosa, prebióticos de importancia en la industria farmacéutica porque tienen efectos benéficos sobre la salud y estimulan la flora microbiana del intestino humano y animal como Lactobacillus y Bifidobacterium.

Several microorganisms that produce invertase were isolated from fructose syrup and identified. Aspergillus nigerIB56 was the one that produced the greatest concentration of the enzyme with transferase activity (5.6 U/ml). We studied the production of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) at different pH (3.0, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 and 5.5), temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 40ºC), sucrose concentrations (150, 300 and 450 g/l) and incubation times (60, 90 and 120 min.). Maximum FOS production (105 g/l) was obtained with a sucrose concentration of 300 g/l, pH 5.0, at 20 ºC after 60 min of incubation. The enzyme invertase specifically produces FOSsuch as 1-kestose and nistose, which are important prebioticsin the pharmaceutical industry because they have beneficial health effects and stimulate the intestinal microbial flora such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in humans and animals.

Mutagenesis of Aspergillus oryzae IPT-301 to improve the production of ¥â-fructofuranosidase

Aspergillus oryzae IPT-301, previously reported as a ¥â-fructofuranosidase producing microorganism, was successfully mutated using UV irradiation at 253.7 nm followed by the screening of survivors resistant to certain stress conditions. Strains were first subjected to the ¥â-fructofuranosidase activity assay using a portion from the colony grown in Petri dish as the enzyme source. Seven mutants with fructofuranosidase activity values relative to the parent culture between 140 -190 percent were selected from survivors grown at temperature of 40¨¬C or 0.018 percent (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration. They were cultivated on a rotary shaker to characterize mycelium and extracellular fructosyltransferase activities. Three mutants named IPT-745, IPT-746 and IPT-748 showed the highest amount of mycelium activity whose values increased 1.5 -1.8 fold, compared with the parent strain. It was found that more than 55 percent of total enzyme activity (mycelium- plus extracellular- activity) from these strains was detected in the mycelium fraction. Only one mutant, IPT-747, exceeded the amount of extracellular enzyme exhibited by the parent strain (1.5 times). This mutant also showed the highest value of total fructosyltransferase activity.

Revisión del papel de los oligosacáridos prebióticos en la prevención de infecciones gastrointestinales: [revisión] / Role of prebiotic oligosaccharides in prevention of gastrointestinal infections: [review]

Las enfermedades gastrointestinales siguen siendo un problema de salud pública mundial. El avance de la ciencia muestra que cambios en el balance adecuado de la microflora intestinal (MI) juegan un papel crucial en la patogénesis. La evidencia apunta a que una manera de modular esta MI es a través del uso de oligosacáridos prebióticos, que estimulan el crecimiento de bacterias benéficas y que a la vez aumentan la resistencia a la invasión por patógenos. Estudios con animales indican que el consumo de carbohidratos prebióticos podría estar implicado en la prevención y tratamiento de diarreas. En infantes humanos sanos, los estudios revelan que el consumo de mezclas de prebióticas (galactooligosacáridos/fructooligosacáridos, inulina/galactooligosacáridos) disminuyen la incidencia de fiebre, de infecciones y de patógenos gastrointestinales. Lo anterior representa un gran potencial para los alimentos funcionales que los contienen, principalmente las fórmulas infantiles. Sin embargo, los estudios de prevención de diarreas mediante el suministro de prebióticos en personas con una microflora intestinal alterada no son concluyentes, sobre todo aquellos practicados en ancianos, personas con problemas crónicos de inflamación intestinal y personas con diarreas asociadas a la toma de antibióticos. Lo anterior nos indica la necesidad de estudios bioquímicos y microbiológicos más profundos en humanos de diferentes edades y condiciones de salud intestinal, a fin de determinar en que condiciones, los prebióticos tienen algún efecto sobre las infecciones.

Gastrointestinal disorders are still a main world public health problem. Scientific progress shows that and inadequate balance in intestinal microbiota (IM) plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Evidence indicates that one way to modulate the IM is through the use of prebiotics. These oligosaccharides stimulate the growth of benefic bacteria and increase the resistance to invading pathogens. Research using animals show that the consumption of prebiotics could be implicated in prevention and treatment of diarrhea. Studies in healthy infants also indicate that the consumption of prebiotic mixtures (galactooligosaccharides/ fructooligosaccharides, inulin/ galactooligosaccharides) decreases the incidence of fever, infections and pathogens. These results represent a great potential for functional foods that contain prebiotics, mainly the infant formulas. However, results of other clinical studies for prebiotics effects on diarrhea are not conclusive. Specially those studies that include patients with an altered IM (like the elderly), patients with chronic intestinal inflammation and with diarrhea associated to antibiotic treatments. There is a need for more biochemical and microbiological studies in humans at different ages and intestinal health conditions, in order to determine when prebiotics may effectively function on infections.

Efeitos da suplementação dietética com frutooligossacarídeos e inulina no organismo humano: estudo baseado em evidências / Effects of dietary supplement with fructooligosaccharides and inulin on human organism: evidence based study

No Brasil, observa-se, atualmente, um aumento progressivo de obesidade, doenças cardiovasculares, câncer, diabetes, dislipidemia, entre outros, influenciando no perfil de morbimortalidade das populações. A nutrição precisa se adequar a esses desafios por meio do desenvolvimento de novos conceitos com o intuito de assegurar o bem-estar, a saúde e o risco mínimo do desenvolvimento de doenças. Os alimentos funcionais são conceitos novos e estimulantes, pois além de fornecerem a nutrição básica, promovem a saúde por meio de mecanismos não previstos pela nutrição convencional. Os frutooligossacarídeos (ou oligofrutose) e a inulina são açúcares não convencionais e têm tido grande impacto na indústria de alimentos devido às suas características funcionais. São oligossacarídeos resistentes encontrados naturalmente nos alimentos ou, ainda, produzidos industrialmente a partir da sacarose, sendo classificados como alimentos funcionais, alimentos prebióticos e fibras alimentares solúveis. Evidências científicas demonstram que os frutooligossacarídeos e a inulina possuem compostos bioativos capazes de atuar no organismo, produzindo efeitos metabólicos e/ou fisiológicos e/ou benéficos à saúde humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar, mediante uma revisão crítica de artigos publicados nas bases de dados MedLine, Lilacs, NCBI, Capes, Scielo, Google scholar e Cochrane, os efeitos da suplementação dietética com frutooligossacarídeos e inulina no organismo humano e, consequentemente, o impacto dessa terapia sobre a saúde dos indivíduos.

Currently, it is observed, a gradual increase in obesity, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, dislypidemia, among others, influencing morbidity and mortality profiles of the population in Brazil. Nutrition has to adjust itself to these challenges by developing new concepts aiming at assuring well-being, health and minimum risk to develop diseases. Functional foods are new and stimulating concepts, since additionally to supplying basic nutrition, they promote health through mechanisms not foreseen in conventional nutrition. Fructooligosaccharides (or oligofructose)and inulin are not conventional sugars and they have had great impact in food industry due their functional features. They are oligosaccharides resistant found naturally in foods or, still, produced industrially from saccharose,being classified as functional foods, prebiotics foods and soluble fibers. Scientific evidences demonstrate that fructooligosaccharides and inulin possess bioactive composites capable of acting in the organism, producing metabolic and/or physiological and/or beneficial effects to human health. The objective of this study was to investigate, by critical review of articles published in the MedLine, Lilacs, NCBI, Capes, Scielo, Google scholar and Cochrane databases, the effects of dietary supplement with fructooligosaccharides and inulin in human organism and, consequently, the impact of this therapy on the health of individuals.

Ocorrência e biossíntese de frutooligossacarídeos em banana / Occurrence and biosynthesis of fructooligosaccharides in banana

A banana tem sido comumente indicada como uma boa fonte de frutooligossacarídeos (FOS), que são considerados componentes funcionais de alimentos. Contudo, diferenças significantes em suas quantidades têm sido referidas na literatura. Portanto, uma parte do trabalho foi destinada à identificação e quantificação de FOS durante o amadurecimento de cultivares de bananas pertencentes aos grupos genômicos mais comumente cultivados no Brasil. Considerando as diferenças de cultivar, estágio do amadurecimento e metodologia usada para análise de FOS, os conteúdos dos açúcares foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta performance (HPAEC-PAD) e cromatografia a gás (CG-MS). Uma pesquisa inicial entre oito cultivares no estágio maduro, mostrou acúmulo de 1-cestose, primeiro membro da série de FOS, em todas elas (quantidades entre 297 e 1600 µg/g M.S). A nistose, o segundo membro, foi detectado somente na cultivar Prata. Com bases nestes dados, foram escolhidas cinco cultivares, para que fossem analisadas durante todo o amadurecimento. Os resultados mostraram uma forte correlação entre a chegada a um nível específico de sacarose (~200 mg/g M.S) e a síntese de 1-cestose. Em uma segunda fase, os níveis de sacarose e FOS total foram quantificados em diferentes fases de amadurecimento de banana Prata, armazenada em temperatura ambiente e em baixa temperatura. As supostas enzimas envolvidas em sua síntese também foram avaliadas. Para explorar a possibilidade da invertase ser responsável pela atividade de frutosiltransferase em banana, foi medido o efeito do inibidor Piridoxal HCl, os níveis de concentração do substrato e as atividades de hidrólise e transglicosilação, e o efeito do tempo no estudo cinético da enzima. A baixa temperatura atrasou todos os eventos analisados por 15 dias e os níveis de sacarose tiveram um pequeno aumento, porém constante, enquanto a banana estava armazenada ao frio, e uma rápida elevação no final do amadurecimento. Foi detectado FOS total desde o primeiro dia pós-colheita, enquanto que a 1-cestose permaneceu indetectável até os níveis de sacarose atingirem aproximadamente 200 mg/g M.S., em ambos os grupos. Os níveis de sacarose e FOS total foram ligeiramente maiores em bananas armazenadas em baixas temperaturas do que em frutos controle. Em ambas as amostras os níveis de FOS total foram maiores que de 1-cestose. Os perfis de carboidratos por HPLC e TLC sugeriram a presença de neocestose, 6-cestose e bifurcose. A enzima supostamente responsável pela atividade de transglicosilação em banana parece ser a invertase. Contudo, os altos níveis de sacarose encontrados em banana armazenadas em baixa temperatura, poderiam ser resultado de várias mudanças de enzimas degradativas e biossíntéticas, como sacarose-sintase (SuSy), sacarose-fosfato-sintase (SPS), invertase e outras, uma vez que a sacarose possui um papel central, direta ou indiretamente, em diversas vias do metabolismo de carboidrato em banana. Assim, na última parte do trabalho foram analisados o acúmulo de sacarose e a síntese e atividade de enzimas sintéticas, hidrolíticas e fosforolíticas, importantes no metabolismo de amido-sacarose, durante o amadurecimento de banana Prata nos dois tratamentos. A baixa temperatura não danificou os frutos, aumentando a vida de prateleira deles. As amostras do frio apresentaram pequeno aumento no nível de degradação de amido e um acréscimo de 20 % na sacarose acumulada durante o amadurecimento. Foi verificado o atraso na produção de etileno, CO2, e no início de degradação de amido durante o acondicionamento ao frio, concomitante ao atraso no pico de atividade de α-amilase. O atraso no climatério também manteve alta a atividade e síntese protéica de SuSy durante o armazenamento a frio, que declinaram após a retirada do frio, como no controle. As enzimas ß-amilase, fosforilase (forma citosólica e plastidial) e SPS reagiram positivamente, sofrendo uma indução positiva na síntese e atividade enzimática durante o armazenamento ao frio, que poderia ser parte do mecanismo necessário para os maiores níveis de açúcares e para o processo de tolerância do fruto à baixa temperatura

Banana has been currently indicated as a good source of fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which are considered to be functional components of foods. However, significant differences in their amounts in bananas have been observed in the literature. So, a part of this work aims to identify and quantify FOS during ripening in different banana cultivars belonging to the most common genomic groups cultivated in Brazil. Considering that these differences can be due to cultivar, stage of ripening, and the methodologies used for FOS analyses, sugar contents were analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography pulsed amperiometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). An initial screening of eight cultivars in a full-ripe stage showed that 1-Kestose, the first member of the FOS series (amounts between 297 and 1600 µg/g of D.M), was accumulated in all of them. Nystose, the second member, was detected only in Prata cultivar. Five of the cultivars were analyzed during ripening, and a strong correlation could be established with a specific sucrose level (~200 mg/g of D.M.), which seems to trigger the synthesis of 1-Kestose. In a second part of this work, the levels of sucrose and total-FOS were quantified in different phases of banana Prata ripening stored at ambient and low temperature. The supposed enzymes involved in their synthesis were also evaluated. To explore the possibility that invertase could be responsible for the fructosyltransferase activity in banana, we measured the effect of the inhibitor Pyridoxal HCl, the level of substrate concentration on both hydrolyze and transglycosylase activity in the same protein extract and the effect of time on kinetic study of the enzyme. The cold temperature delayed all the analyzed events for 15 days and sucrose levels increased low, but constantly, while banana were stored at low temperature and had a burst when it increased. Total-FOS were detected in the first days after harvest, while 1-kestose remained undetectable until the sucrose levels were around 200 mg.g (dry weight), in both groups. Total-FOS and sucrose levels were higher in banana stored at low temperature than in control. In both samples total-FOS levels were higher than 1-kestose. The carbohydrate profiles by HPLC and TLC suggest the presence of neokestose, 6-kestose and bifurcose. The enzyme supposed to be responsible for the transglycosilation activity in banana, seems to be an invertase. However, the higher sucrose levels found in banana stored at low temperature could be result of several changes in biosynthetic and degradative enzymes, such sucrose-synthase, sucrose-phosphate-synthase, invertase and others, once that sucrose plays a central role in a lot of direct and indirect carbohydrate pathways in banana fruits. So, in the last part of this work, we analyzed the sucrose accumulation and synthesis and activity of synthetic, hydrolytic and phosphorolytic enzymes that are important in the starch-sucrose metabolism during ripening of banana Prata stored at ambient and low temperature. The levels of starch degradation and sucrose accumulation (around 20% over) showed high levels in cold fruits as compared with control, during the ripening. The cold temperature delayed the ethylene and CO2 production, and the beginning of the starch degradation, concomitantly with a delay in the profile of α-amylase synthesis and activity. The late climateric also maintained the high synthesis and activity of SuSy during the cold storage that decreased just after ending the cold exposure. The ß-amylase, phosphorylase (plastidial and citossolic forms) and the SPS enzymes showed a positive induction in the both activity and synthesis of protein during the cold storage. It could be important to the higher sugars levels showed at low temperature and that could contribute to the process of cold resistance in banana fruit