Behaviors related to chronic non-communicable diseases development in university students

Abstract Introduction: The scientific literature has reported the trend of the impact of non- communicable diseases on public health, and therefore, the investment of resources that interfere in the development of a country. Objective: To identify the presence of specific behaviors associated with the development of chronic non-communicable diseases in university students, since they are a susceptible population to the modification of these tendencies. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on a 375 university students' sample. The stepwise method was applied to identify risk factors associated with the development of chronic non-communicable diseases. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were used to determine possible relationships between the variables studied. Results: The prevalence of tobacco use was 7.5%, frequent alcohol consumption was 91.5%, fruit intake was 96.3%, and vegetable intake was 95%. Additionally, only 48% of the sample practiced intense physical activity. Also, a relationship among the male sex, with the consumption of tobacco and the practice of low physical activity was found. Conclusions: Behaviors associated with chronic non-communicable diseases such as alcohol and tobacco consumption were identified in university students.

Análise da adequação do termo detox nos rótulos de bebidas industrializadas à base de frutas e vegetais / Analysis of the adequacy of the term detox on the labels of industrialized drinks based on fruits and vegetables

Dietas populares, como as detox, surgem a todo o momento. Todavia, poucos dados científicos comprovam a eficácia e segurança destas dietas. Este trabalho avaliou rótulos de bebidas à base de frutas e vegetais e identificou as que se autodenominam detox. Tratou-se de estudo transversal descritivo, realizado de setembro a outubro/2016. O tamanho da porção na informação nutricional e as alegações encontradas nos rótulos foram analisados em relação às legislações vigentes. Composição nutricional, quantidade total de ingredientes e presença de aditivos alimentares e/ou outros ingredientes não usuais em preparações culinárias foram comparados entre as bebidas detox e as comuns. De 83 produtos analisados, 9,6% (n=8) se autodenominaram detox. A composição nutricional e o número médio de ingredientes não diferiram entre as bebidas detox e as comuns. Alegações nutricionais e de saúde estavam presentes em 77,1% (n=64) dos produtos e 53,0% (n=44) apresentaram alegações não previstas na RDC nº 54/2012. As informações mais frequentes foram quanto aos teores de micronutrientes, açúcares, sódio e fibras. O termo detox, apesar de não permitido, é encontrado neste tipo de produto no mercado brasileiro. Os resultados sugerem que o termo detox seja utilizado mais como estratégia de marketing do que como real alegação de propriedade nutricional. (AU)

Popular diets, such as detox, appear all the time. However, few scientific data prove the efficacy and safety of these diets. This work evaluated labels of drinks based on fruits and vegetables and identified those that call detox. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, carried out from September to October/2016. The portion size in the nutrition information and the claims found on the labels were analyzed in relation to the current legislation. Nutritional composition, total amount of ingredients and presence of food additives and other unusual ingredients in culinary preparations were compared between detox and ordinary drinks. Of 83 products analyzed, 9.6% (n=8) called detox. The nutritional composition and the average number of ingredients did not differ between detox drinks and ordinary drinks. Nutritional and health claims were present in 77.1% (n=64) of the products and 53.0% (n=44) presented claims not provided for in RDC nº 54/2012. The most frequent information was about the levels of micronutrients, sugars, sodium and fibers. The term detox, although not allowed, is found in this type of product in the Brazilian market. The results suggest that the term detox is used more as a marketing strategy than as a real claim of nutritional property. (AU)

Aplicación y efectividad de un modelo educativo en hábitos saludables con entrega de fruta y programa de actividad física en escolares

RESUMEN El objetivo fue evaluar una intervención educativa en hábitos de alimentación saludable basada en el programa Colación BKN en pre-escolares y escolares entre los años 2013-2018. Diseño longitudinal con comparación de cortes trasversales en escolares de prekínder a cuarto año básico durante 4 años en 14 escuelas de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. El programa consistió en entrega de fruta como colación, educación alimentaria, mejora de la actividad física y kioscos escolares, con participación de profesores y familias. Como resultado se observó una mejoría de los conocimientos en alimentación saludable de los niños, con una excelente satisfacción de usuarios. Sobrepeso y obesidad se mantuvieron el 2016 y 2018, pero aumentaron el 2015 y 2017. En escuelas similares no intervenidas el exceso de peso fue mayor con respecto a las del programa. Hubo una tendencia a disminuir el consumo de dulces y bebidas azucaradas en prekínder y kínder entre 2014 y 2017 y el consumo de 3 porciones al día de frutas y verduras en niños intervenidos fue superior al promedio nacional de 2 porciones al día.Conclusiones: Hubo un aumento exitoso en el consumo de frutas y verduras, educación alimentaria y actividad física para el cambio hacia hábitos más saludables.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate an educational intervention for healthy eating habits based on the Colación BKN program, among preschool and schoolchildren, carried out in 2013-2018. We conducted a longitudinal study with cross-sectional data among preschool and school-age children (up to the fourth grade) over four years in 14 schools in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. The intervention program consisted of fruit delivery, nutrition education and improvements in physical activity and school food kiosks, with active participation of teachers and parents. There was an improvement in knowledge of healthy foods in children and excellent user satisfaction. Overweight and obesity did not increase during 2016 and 2018, but increased in 2015 and 2017. In similar not-intervened schools there was an increase of overweight and obesity compared with Colación BKN schools. For food consumption, there was a decrease in consumption of candy and soft drinks in preschool students and all children consumed more than three portions of fruits and vegetables per day, which is greater than the national average of two portions per day in the general population. Conclusions: There was a successful increase in fruit and vegetable consumption with nutrition education and promotion of healthy habits, such as physical activity and healthy food consumption.

Potencial erosivo de jugos de frutas amazónicas / Erosive potential of juices of amazonian fruits

RESUMEN La erosión dental es la pérdida irreversible de la superficie del esmalte o dentina, debido a exposición frecuente de ácidos de origen no bacteriano. A pesar de que ciertos jugos de frutas presentan potencial erosivo in vitro, no existe una evidencia conclusiva al respecto. Objetivos: Evaluar in situ el potencial erosivo de jugos de frutas amazónicas sobre el esmalte dental. Material y métodos: Se evaluó in situ la microdureza superficial Vickers (MSV) del esmalte dental luego de la exposición a las bebidas Physalis Peruviana (aguaymanto), Averrhoa Carambola (carambola), Myrciaria Dubia (camu camu), Coca cola (control positivo) y agua destilada (control negativo). Participaron quince voluntarios (18 a 30 años) quienes utilizaron placas palatinas para reproducir el medio de almacenamiento. Se colocaron 6 fragmentos por placa. Las placas fueron expuestas a las diferentes bebidas 4 v/d (9:00 am, 11:00 am, 13:00 pm y 15:00 pm) durante 5 minutos por 5 días. Por cada ciclo erosivo se expuso a dos bebidas, inmediatamente los dispositivos palatinos fueron recolocados en la boca de los participantes. Hubo un periodo de washout de 8 días entre cada ciclo. Se calculó la diferencia de MSV antes y después de la exposición. El análisis de ANOVA/Tukey se utilizó para determinar las diferencias entre las bebidas en el programa SPSS 19, con un nivel de significancia de 0,5%. Resultados: Las cuatro bebidas evaluadas disminuyeron la MSV del esmalte (p<0,05) sin diferencia significativa entre ellas. Conclusiones: Los jugos a base de camu camu, aguaymanto y carambola son potencialmente erosivos.

SUMMARY Dental erosion is the irreversible loss of the surface of the enamel or dentin, due to frequent exposure of non- bacterial acids. Although certain fruit juices have erosive potential in vitro, there is no conclusive evidence in this regard. Objective: To evaluate in situ the erosive potential of Amazonian fruit juices on dental enamel. Material and methods: The Vickers surface microhardness (VMH) of dental enamel was evaluated in situ after exposure to drinks Physalis Peruviana (aguaymanto), Averrhoa Carambola (carambola), Myrciaria Dubia (camu camu), Coca cola (positive control) and distilled water (negative control). Fifteen volunteers (18 to 30 years) participated who wore palatal appliances to reproduce the storage medium. Each one containing 6 enamel blocks. The appliances were exposed to the different drinks 4 times a day (9:00 am, 11: 00 am, 13:00 pm and 15:00 pm) for 5 minutes during 5 days. For each erosive cycle, they were exposed to two drinks, immediately the palatal devices were repositioned in the participants' mouth. There was an 8-day washout period between each cycle. The difference in VMH before and after exposure was calculated. The ANOVA/Tukey analysis was used to determine the differences between beverages in the SPSS 19 program, with a significance level of 0.5%. Results: The four experimental groups decreased enamel VMH (p<0.05) without significant difference between them. Conclusions: The juices based on camu camu, aguaymanto and carambola are potentially erosive.

Factores asociados al consumo de frutas y verduras en Argentina: un estudio multinivel / Factors associated with the consumption of fruits and vegetables in Argentina: A multilevel study

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN Algunos estudios apuntan a una asociación entre la evolución de la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles con los patrones alimentarios y la situación nutricional de la población. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el consumo de frutas y verduras en Argentina y su asociación con factores socioeconómicos, demográficos y de actividad física, a nivel individual, provincial y regional. MÉTODOS Se utilizó un modelo multinivel, con información de la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo (2013) y del Censo Nacional (2001 y 2010). RESULTADOS El modelo demostró que ser del sexo femenino, tener más años de edad, ingreso a partir de 4.501 pesos y nivel de instrucción secundario completo o más se asocia de manera positiva al consumo de estos alimentos. En contraste, estar separado/a, divorciado/a, viudo/a o soltero/a y practicar actividad física moderada o baja se asocia negativamente a la ingesta de frutas y verduras. El efecto de la variabilidad explicada a nivel provincial y regional resultó ser mínimo. CONCLUSIONES El trabajo se enmarca en una línea de estudios que señalan que los factores relacionados con la alimentación saludable están vinculados a los entornos sociales y físicos, principalmente a características socioeconómicas del grupo de pertenencia y al contexto en que se vive. En este sentido, sería importante contar con información con mayores niveles de desagregación.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Some studies show an association between the evolution of the prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases with eating patterns and nutritional situation of the population. The purpose of this research was to describe fruit and vegetable consumption in Argentina and its association with socio-economic, demographic and physical activity factors at individual, provincial and regional levels. METHODS A multilevel model approach was used, with information provided in the Argentina National Survey of Risk Factors (2013) and National Census of Population (200! and 2010). RESULTS The model showed a positive association between fruit and vegetable consumption and being female, being older, having a monthly income over the ARS $450! threshold and having finished secondary school. In contrast, being separated, divorced, widowed or single, and practicing moderate or low physical activity were negatively associated with the intake of fruits and vegetables. The effect of the variability at provincial and regional level turned out to be minimal. CONCLUSIONS This work is part of a series of studies that link factors related to healthy eating with social and physical environments, mainly with socioeconomic characteristics of the peer group and its context. In this sense, it would be important to provide more disaggregated information.

Nutritional profile of sugar-sweetened beverages destined to the youngsters marketed in Brazil and Portugal / Perfil nutricional de bebidas açucaradas destinadas ao público infantojuvenil comercializadas no Brasil e em Portugal

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze and compare the sugar content in sugar sweetened beverages in Brazil and Portugal, according to the Pan American Health Organization nutritional profile model. Methods One hundred six equivalent sugary beverages were selected in the markets of São Paulo, Brazil and Porto, Portugal. Nutritional information reported on the labels was reviewed, according to the Pan American Health Organization nutritional profile model, regarding the critical content of free sugars, salt, total saturated fats and trans fatty acids. Results The Brazilian nectars presented higher amounts of sugar and vitamin C compared to Portuguese nectars that contained more protein. The juices in Portugal contained a higher content of vitamin C and Portuguese dairy beverages had higher levels of protein and sodium, while the Brazilian ones had more total fats. According to the critical nutrients proposed by the Pan American Health Organization, Brazil had excess sodium in dairy beverages and soft drinks, while in Portugal excess sodium was found in nectars and dairy beverages. In both countries, excess free sugars were present in all beverages. Conclusion The amount of sugar in the beverages represents an important contribution of added sugar, especially in the Brazilian nectars. The identification of this component in sugary beverages is fundamental for the adoption of strategies of food education to control obesity.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo buscou analisar e comparar o teor de açúcar presente em bebidas prontas para consumo no Brasil e em Portugal, segundo o modelo de perfil nutricional da Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde. Métodos Selecionaram-se 106 bebidas açucaradas comercializadas nos mercados das cidades de São Paulo e do Porto. Analisaram-se informações nutricionais nos rótulos, conforme o modelo de perfil nutricional da Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde, quanto ao teor crítico de açúcares livres, sal, gorduras totais, saturados e ácidos graxos trans. Resultados Os néctares brasileiros apresentaram maior quantidade de açúcar e vitamina C; os portugueses evidenciaram maior valor proteico. Os sucos em Portugal continham maior teor de vitamina C, e as bebidas lácteas portuguesas demonstraram ter maior teor de proteína e sódio; já as brasileiras, maior quantidade de gorduras totais. De acordo com os nutrientes críticos propostos pela Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde, o Brasil possuiu excesso de sódio nas bebidas lácteas e refrigerantes, enquanto Portugal, nos néctares e nas bebidas lácteas. Em ambos os países, o excesso de açúcares livres esteve presente em todas as bebidas. Conclusão A quantidade de açúcar nas bebidas representa uma expressiva contribuição de açúcar adicionado, destacando-se os néctares brasileiros. A identificação desse componente em bebidas açucaradas é fundamental para a adoção de estratégias de educação alimentar contra a obesidade.

Antioxidant and Vasodilatory Action of Grape Juices Produced in Different Regions of Brazil

Grapes and its derivatives (wines and juices) are rich in polyphenols that have high antioxidant and vasodilator capacity. These biological activities may vary in the juices marketed and produced in different regions of Brazil. Objectives: To determine the antioxidant and vasorelaxant effects of grape juice samples produced in different regions of Brazil. Methods: The content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were evaluated by the methods of Folin-Ciocalteau, DPPH, ABTS and a new electroanalytical approach (differential pulse voltammetry - DPV). Vasodilator effects were analyzed in isolated aorta from rats in an organ bath. Results: The samples from RJ and SP presented respectively the higher and lower phenolic content and also antioxidant capacity by the methods used (ABTS and DPPH). The results of the electrochemical index corroborate to the other tests, with the best results to RJ (21.69 ± 3.15 µA/V) and worse to the SP sample (11.30 ± 0.52 µA/V). In the vascular reactivity studies, the relaxation induced by each sample presented more distinct differences, following the order: RJ (87.9 ± 4.8%) > RS1 (71.6 ± 8.6%) > GO (56.2 ± 7.2%) > SP (39.9 ± 7.8%) > PR (39.4 ± 9.5%) > RS2 (19.5 ± 6.2%). Inhibition of endothelial NO practically abolished (p < 0.001) the relaxation for all samples, except one. Conclusion: The phenolic content and antioxidant capacity vary greatly among samples. The results obtained for the order of antioxidant activity were: RJ > RS1 > GO > RS2 > PR > SP. The juices were able to induce vascular relaxation at quite varied levels, and the RJ sample the most effective. The L-NAME practically blocked all samples except one (RS2)

Promoting sufficient fruit and vegetable intake among teachers: An intervention using the Solomon Four Group Design

Background@#Majority of recent deaths in the Philippines were attributed to noncommunicable diseases. While adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables can potentially decrease the burden of some of these noncommunicable diseases, health promotion and education interventions have also shown to increase the fruit and vegetable intake that will help prevent certain heart diseases and cancer.@*Objective@#This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a self-management intervention on psychosocial variables and fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) of public school teachers in Negros Oriental, Philippines.@*Methodology@#The study utilized the Solomon Four Group Design. The psychosocial variables were derived from Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory and Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior. FVI was measured using a food frequency questionnaire. An assessment of interaction between the intervention and pretest, group comparison tests, and nested ANOVA approach was performed.@*Results@#Teachers from 44 schools were included in the analysis; 112 were in the intervention group and 116 in the control group. Results indicate no significant interaction between treatment and pre-test group (F[1,224]=0.15, p=0.703) and no significant differences in the psychosocial variables scores and FVI of the intervention and control groups (p=>0.05). Significant findings in two of four psychosocial variables, particularly diet-related attitude (t=2.412, p=0.009) and knowledge regarding the recommended FVI (Fisher's exact test p=0.010), and mean FVI (t=1.898, p=0.031) were only found using data from the posttest-only intervention group who were able to attend the lecture-workshop and control group. Conclusion: The study found no evidence of pretest sensitization. There was insufficient evidence to conclude that there were differences in FVI and psychosocial variables of the intervention and control groups postintervention.

Potencial erosivo de jugos naturales, jugos industrializados y gaseosas: Revisión de Literatura / Erosive potential of natural juices, industrialized and carbonated beverages: Literature review

El estudio de las lesiones dentales de origen no carioso ha ganado un gran terreno en el último siglo, siendo cada vez más frecuente encontrar lesiones como erosión, abfracción, atrición, y abrasión. El consumo cotidiano de jugos naturales, jugos industrializados o de gaseosas postula como un factor preponderante en la etiología de la erosión dental. Existe literatura muy amplia que aborda supotencial erosivo, características de estas bebidas, la frecuencia de ingesta, edad de la persona, entre otros. El objetivo de esta revisión de literatura es presentar evi- dencia científica sobre el potencial erosivo en la dentición humana de los jugos naturales, jugos industrializados y gaseosas.

The study of dental lesions of non-carious origin has gained a lot of ground in the last century, being increasingly frequent to find injuries such as erosion, abfraction, attrition, and abrasion. The daily consumption of natural juices, industrialized juices orcarbonated juices postulates as a preponderant factor in the etiology of dental erosion. There is a very broad literature that addresses its erosive potential, characteristics of these drinks, the frequency of intake, age of the person, among others. The objective of this literature review is to present scien- tific evidence on the erosive potential in human dentition of natural juices, industrialized and carbonated juices.

Milk Reverts the Effects of an Enamel Erosive but Healthy Diet

Objective: To determine the erosive effects of popular fruits and vegetables on enamel, and the potential counter effects of milks. Material and Methods: Ten popular fruits and vegetables were individually blended in a juicer to form a fruit or vegetable juice. The labial surfaces (three for each treatment group) were then immersed for thirty minutes in a fresh juice of one of ten products: strawberry, spinach, pineapple, grapefruit, green pepper, pickle, orange, apple, tomato, and carrot. In a second experiment, human enamel was treated with Coca-Cola for 30 minutes, followed by a variety of milks: Skim, 2%, Whole, Chocolate, Lactaid, Almond, and Silk Soy. Three teeth were used for each treatments and enamel microhardness of each sample was measured at baseline, after erosive exposure, and after the 30-minute variable treatment. Results: All fruits and vegetables showed differences between the pre- and posttreatment microhardness values. For the second experiment, tested milks result in significant increases (p<0.05) in enamel microhardness. Paired-t test was used for all comparisons. A thirty-minute exposure to the juices of all fruits and vegetables examined in the study significantly changed the microhardness of enamel, with grapefruit and pickle having potentially the most erosive effect on enamel. Diets that are high in fruits and vegetables can predispose to enamel erosion. For the second experiment, filtered water, ACT fluoride rinse, and varying milks all result in remineralization of enamel. Conclusion: Eroded enamel exposed to milk demonstrated a significant greater gain of enamel microhardness as compared to filtered water.

Vegetable and fruit juice enhances antioxidant capacity and regulates antioxidant gene expression in rat liver, brain and colon

Abstract To explore the effect of fruit and vegetable (FV) juice on biomarkers of oxidative damage and antioxidant gene expression in rats, 36 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, low FV juice dosage or high FV juice dosage treatment groups. The rats were given freshly extracted FV juice or the same volume of saline water daily for five weeks. After intervention, serum and tissues specimens were collected for biomarker and gene expression measurement. FV juice intervention increased total antioxidant capacity, glutathione, vitamin C, β-carotene, total polyphenols, flavonoids levels andglutathione peroxidaseenzyme activity in rat serum or tissues (p < 0.05). FV juice intervention caused reduction of malondialdehyde levels in rat liver (p < 0.05) and significantly modulated transcript levels of glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase l (NQO1)in rat liver and brain (p < 0.05). The results underline the potential of FV juice to improve the antioxidant capacity and to prevent the oxidative damage in liver, brain and colon.

The role of emotional states in fruit and vegetable consumption in Brazilian adults / O papel dos estados emocionais no consumo de frutas e vegetais em adultos brasileiros

Abstract The objective was to investigate the association between emotional states with adequate fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC). This is a population-based cross-sectional study with 1,100 adults from a medium-sized city in Southern Brazil. Adequate FVC was defined as concomitant intake ≥ 3 fruits and ≥ 5 tablespoons of vegetables per day. Exposures were self-perception of nervousness/stress and minor psychiatric disorders (MPD). Data analysis used logistic regression. After controlling for demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral variables, adults reporting lack of nervousness/stress were twice more likely to report adequate FVC than those who reported it. Similarly, those reporting not having MPD symptoms were 52% more likely to have adequate FVC than those who did not. These effects increased and remained significant among women.

Resumo O objetivo foi verificar a associação entre a autopercepção do estado emocional com o consumo adequado de frutas, verduras e legumes (FVL). Este é um estudo transversal de base populacional com uma amostra probabilística de 1100 adultos residentes na zona urbana de um município de médio porte do Brasil. Considerou-se como consumo adequado uma ingestão ≥ 3 frutas concomitante com ≥ 5 colheres de verduras/legumes ao dia. O estado emocional foi avaliado através da autopercepção do nervosismo/stress e distúrbios psiquiátricos menores (DPM). Potenciais fatores de confundimento incluíam variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e comportamentais. Foram observadas associações significativas entre a autopercepção de nervosismo/stress e DPM com o consumo adequado de FVL. Após o controle de fatores de confusão, adultos relatando ausência de nervosismo/stress possuíam uma chance de apresentar um consumo adequado duas vezes maior do que aqueles relatando nervosismo/stress. Similarmente, participantes com ausência de distúrbios psiquiátricos possuíam uma chance de consumo adequado FVL 52% mais elevada quando comparados àqueles que relataram presença desses sintomas. Quando estratificada por gênero, esse efeito aumentou e manteve-se com significância estatística apenas entre as mulheres.

Evaluation of Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activities and Sugar Content of Fresh Mixed Fruit and Vegetables Juices / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

The notion of fruit and vegetables (FV) in preventing chronic diseases has long been discerned. To meet the recommended FV intake, FV juices have emerged as a convenient and healthy choice. Mixed fruit and vegetable juices (MFVJ) cater the blend of desirable flavor and taste of consumers. This study was carried out to determine the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities and sugar content of selected MFVJ. Folin-Ciocalteu assay was employed to quantify TPC, whereas DPPH and FRAP assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of MFVJ. The sugar content was determined using phenol-sulfuric acid method. MFVJ extracted from bitter gourd, green apple and orange (BGO) had the highest TPC content (76.4 ± 4.2 mg GAE/100 ml). Celery and green apple (CG) juice showed the highest DPPH value (522.3 ± 7.6 mg TE/100 ml) whereas carrot and starfruit (AS) juice have the highest FRAP value (419.6 ± 21.6 mg TE/100 ml). The sugar content of MFVJ was within the range of 5.7-13.3 g/100 ml. MFVJ can be considered as healthy beverages with considerable amounts of phenolic compounds and low sugar content. This study provides some useful reference for consumers who consume juices with combinations of FV. Future studies need to discover more combinations of FV juices, providing more data pertaining to MFVJ. Identification of individual phenolic compounds should also be part of future research using various instrumental analyses.

Evaluation of the Erosive Potential of Different Amazonian Fruits on Bovine Enamel

Objective: To investigate the influence of the erosive potential of Amazonian fruits on the bovine enamel microhardness. Material and Methods: A total of 30 healthy bovine incisors were divided into three groups, according to the Amazonian fruit juice used in the erosive challenge: Group A - taperebá (Spondias mombin), Group B - cupuaçu (Theobioma gandiflorum) Group C - graviola (Annona muricata), with n=10. The planning of specimens polishing was performed with decreasing grain sandpaper. Specimens were submitted to microhardness initial reading carried out in microhardness meter using Knoop indenter, using load of 50g for 15 sec. Three indentations were performed on reference surfaces with a distance of at least 100 µm from each other. Specimens were stored in distilled water up to the erosive challenge, which consisted of three steps: (1) 5-minute immersion in 10 ml of acid juice; (2) washing with distilled water and mild drying with tissue paper; (3) 60-minute immersion in 10 ml of artificial saliva. Subsequently, samples were stored in distilled water for reading of the final microhardness, after erosive challenge. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with α=0.05.. Results: All groups showed a statistically significant reduction in Knoop microhardness (KHN) after erosive challenge (p<0.0001). Group B showed the lowest average KHN (113.6) after erosive challenge, though not statistically different from Groups A and C (p=0.1592). Conclusion: Juices of fruits evaluated significantly changed the dental enamel hardness, and cupuaçu juice (Theobioma gandiflorum) caused the greatest surface hardness loss.

Food environment and family support in relation to fruit and vegetable intake in pregnant women

The aim of the study was to investigate predictor factors related to self-perceived food environment, food practices, and family support and fruit and vegetable intake during pregnancy. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 282 pregnant women at the second trimester of pregnancy living in the city of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. A food frequency questionnaire, and two 24-hour dietary recalls were obtained, and the Multiple Source Method was used to estimate the usual intake. Self-perceived food environment, food practice and family support were assessed by structured questionnaires. Logistic regression models adjusted for education, age, socioeconomic class, and BMI by gestational age were used to evaluate the relationship between self-perceived food environment, food practice and family support and fruit and vegetable intake. No association between self-perceived food environment and fruit and vegetable intake was found. However, the women who reported a greater number of meals per day (OR 1.95 (95% CI = 1.06; 3.56), p = 0.03), those who believed they consumed enough fruit and vegetable (3.71 (2.23; 6.20), p < 0.001), and who reported to have family support for a healthy diet (3.16 (1.78; 5.60), p < 0.001), were more likely to consume greater amounts of these foods. Our data suggests that the family support and a higher number of meals per day might be relevant to achieve a higher fruit and vegetable intake among pregnant women(AU)

A relação entre o ambiente alimentar e o suporte familiar e o consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes em gestantes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar fatores preditores relacionados à percepção do ambiente alimentar, práticas alimentares e suporte familiar e o consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes durante a gestação. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, conduzido entre 282 gestantes residentes em Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil, durante o segundo trimestre gestacional. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de um questionário de frequência alimentar e dois recordatórios de 24 horas. Para estimar o consumo usual de alimentos foi utilizado o Multiple Source Method. A percepção do ambiente alimentar, práticas alimentares e suporte familiar foram avaliados por meio de um questionário estruturado. Modelos de regressão logística ajustados por escolaridade, idade, classe social e IMC por idade gestacional foram utilizados para avaliar a relação entre a percepção do ambiente alimentar, práticas alimentares e suporte familiar com o consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes. Nenhuma relação foi encontrada entre a percepção do ambiente alimentar e o consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes. Por outro lado, as gestantes que relataram um maior número de refeições ao dia (OR 1,95 (95%IC = 1,06; 3,56), p = 0,03), aquelas que consideravam que consumiam uma quantidade suficiente de frutas, verduras e legumes (3,71 (2,23; 6,20), p < 0,001), e aquelas que relataram suporte familiar para ter uma alimentação saudável (3,16 (1,78; 5,60), p < 0,001), apresentaram maior chance de consumir uma maior quantidade destes alimentos. Os resultados sugerem que o suporte familiar e um maior número de refeições sejam relevantes para o alcance do maior consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes entre gestantes(AU)

Desarrollo de un refresco a partir de la mezcla de fresa ( Fragaria ananassa ), mora ( Rubus glaucus ), gulupa ( Passiflora edulis Sims ) y uchuva ( Physalis peruviana L. ) fortificado con hierro dirigido a niños en edad preescolar / Development of an iron-fortified drink from strawberry ( Fragaria ananassa ), blackberry ( Rubus glaucus ), purple passion fruit ( Passiflora edulis sims ) and gooseberry ( Physalis peruviana l. ) for preschoolers

RESUMEN Antecedentes la deficiencia de hierro, es reconocida a nivel mundial como uno de los principales problemas de salud pública asociados a la nutrición. En Colombia es necesario mejorar las estrategias nutricionales encaminadas a la población infantil, con el fin de incrementar su calidad de vida. Objetivo: desarrollar un refresco a partir de la mezcla de fresa, mora, gulupa y uchuva fortificado con hierro para niños en edad preescolar. Materiales y métodos para el desarrollo del producto, se seleccionaron cuatro frutas y se caracterizaron fisicoquímicamente. Para establecer la formulación del refresco, se realizó un diseño experimental ortogonal L82 , evaluando la aceptación sensorial como variable respuesta. Finalmente, se caracterizó el producto desarrollado, determinando el contenido de hierro y vitamina C. Resultados los ocho prototipos evaluados durante el desarrollo de la formulación, cumplieron con los requisitos establecidos en la normativa colombiana para los refrescos de fruta. El prototipo final presentó un contenido de 36,7% de fruta y el 40% del valor diario recomendado de hierro, en una porción de 250 ml. Conclusiones las cuatro frutas estudiadas pueden ser utilizadas en el desarrollo de refrescos con un importante aporte de vitamina C y fortificados con hierro, como estrategia nutricional para prevenir la deficiencia de este mineral en niños.

ABSTRACT Background Iron deficiency is recognized worldwide as a major public health concern, related to nutrition. In Colombia, the improvement of the nutritional strategies for children are required to increase their life quality. Objective To develop a mixed fruit beverage from strawberry, blackberry, gooseberry and purple passion fruit, fortified with iron for preschoolers. Materials and methods For the product development, four fruits were selected and characterized. To establish the beverage formulation, an orthogonal experimental design L825 was performed, evaluating the sensory acceptance as the response variable. Finally, the selected product was characterized by determining the content of iron and vitamin C. Results The eight prototypes obtained during the development of the beverage formulation accomplished the requirements of the Colombian law. The final prototype had a fruit content of 36.7 wt% and an iron intake value of 40 wt%, in a portion of 250 ml. Conclusions the four fruits studied can be used for the development of iron-fortified beverages, with an important contribution of vitamin C, as a nutritional strategy to prevent the deficiencies of this mineral in children.

Caracterización de hábitos relacionados con enfermedades crónicas en población universitaria de Honduras / Characterization of habits related to chronic diseases in the university population of Honduras

Objetivo: caracterizar por primera vez los principales hábitos relacionados con las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en estudiantes universitarios. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal en una muestra estimada de 248 estudiantes entre indígenas y mestizos que ingresaron en 2012 en la Universidad Nacional de Agricultura, Honduras. Se contó con la aprobación del Comité de Ética del Instituto de Nutrición de Centroamérica y Panamá y con el consentimiento de los participantes. Se aplicó el cuestionario STEPS para recolectar información sociodemográfica, consumo de frutas, verduras, tabaquismo, alcoholismo y actividad física. Se realizó examen físico que incluyó toma de presión arterial, medida de la cintura, talla, peso y glucometría. Resultados: en la muestra, 139 (56,28 por ciento) eran hombres. La edad promedio fue de 21,5 años. El 22,22 por ciento tenía sobrepeso; 4,12 por ciento bajo peso y 3,29 por ciento obesidad; 12,75 por ciento declararon fumar y 53,5 por ciento consumir alcohol. En promedio, hombres y mujeres, consumían 1,6 y 1,1 porciones de frutas y verduras al día respectivamente. El 94,74 por ciento utilizaba bicicleta o caminaba al menos 10 minutos; 58,1 por ciento practicaba deportes. El 98 pior ciento tenía presión arterial normal y el 5,74 por ciento prediabetes (101-125 mg/dL en ayunas). Conclusiones: la población estudiantil lenca y otras etnias no se diferencian en su estado nutricional de los mestizos. La población posee factores protectores para las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como actividad física y bajo consumo de tabaco, pero ingieren apenas frutas y verduras. Las mujeres participan menos en deportes(AU)

Objective: to characterize for the first time the main habits related to non-communicable chronic diseases in university students. Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in an estimated sample of 248 students from native and mixed groups, who joined the National University of Agriculture in 2012 in Honduras. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama. The participants gave their informed consent. The questionnaire STEPS was used for collecting socio-demographic information, data on consumption of fruits, vegetables, smoking, alcohol and physical activity. A physical examination including measurement of height, weight, waist, blood pressure and blood glucose levels was performed in all of them. Results: of the surveyed 248 students, 139 (56.28 percent) were men. The average age was 21.5 years and 63.71 percent of the participants had a monthly family income of less than US$255. In the group, 22.22 percent ere overweighed, 3.29 percent obese and 4.12 percent low weighed. Alcohol was taken by 53.5 percent and 12.75 percent were current smokers. An average of 1.6 and 1.1 portions of fruits and vegetables per day were consumed, respectively. In this sample, 94.74 percent rode a bicycle or walked at least 10 minutes a day; 58.1 percent played sports. Most of them (98 percent ad normal blood pressure and 5.74 percent howed pre-diabetic glucose levels (101-125 mg/dL on fasting). Conclusions: the lencas and other native groups were not important different in nutritional status from students of mixed race. The population has protective factors that prevent it from developing non communicable diseases like physical activity and low smoking indexes; however, they barely consume fruits and vegetables. Women were especially less involved in sports(AU)

Comparison of Fruits and Vegetables Intake and Physical Activity between Hypercholesterolemic Adults and Nonhypercholesterolemic Adults in Malaysia

Hypercholesterolemia is an important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease. Lifestyle changes in diet and physical activity can improve cholesterol levels. This study aimed to compare the fruits and vegetables (FV) intake and physical activity (PA) between hypercholesterolemic adults and nonhypercholesterolemic adults in Malaysia, and to investigate factors associated with meeting the recommended levels of FV intake and PA in a hypercholesterolemic population. Methods: This study was based on 17,988 participants (response rate 98.7%) aged 18 years and above who responded to the hypercholesterolemia questionnaire in the 2011 Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS), a cross-sectional study with two-stage stratified sampling design. Data were obtained by trained enumerators via face-to-face interviews and were analysed by descriptive analysis, chi-square test, and univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Results: Out of the total population assessed, 39.0% had hypercholesterolemia. The prevalence of consuming five or more servings of FV per day is low (7.8%) while 36.0% were physically inactive among the hypercholesterolemic adults. No significant differences were observed in FV intake and PA between hypercholesterolemic and non-hypercholesterolemic populations. Gender, age and educational levels were associated with FV intake and PA among hypercholesterolemic adults. Hypercholesterolemic adults who were underweight or obese were less likely to consume FV, while those who were former smokers and those who had diabetes and heart disease were less likely to be physically active. Conclusion: These findings are relevant for future health promotion strategies, suggesting that more intensive interventions are needed to increase FV intake and PA level in hypercholesterolemic population and in the general population.

Significados del consumo de frutas y hortalizas en dos comunidades de zona rural del municipio de Turbo, Urabá Antioqueño / The meanings of eating fruits and vegetables in two rural communities of municipality of Turbo, Uraba Antioqueño

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo: interpretar el significado atribuido al consumo de frutas y hortalizas en un grupo de familias de Turbo. El enfoque metodológico fue cualitativo, el cual permitió comprender las realidades alimentarias de los sujetos que vivencian la situación y en los escenarios y contextos donde ocurrieron los hechos. El método utilizado fue la etnografía; las técnicas para recabar la información fueron la entrevista cualitativa, el grupo de discusión y la observación. Hallazgos: en las familias participantes quienes más consumen frutas y hortalizas son las madres y los niños menores de nueve años, éstas son también quienes enseñan a los menores a consumir dichos alimentos. A las frutas y hortalizas les atribuyen propiedades en la prevención y curación de enfermedades, principalmente respiratorias y del tracto gastrointestinal.

The present study aimed at interpreting the meaning of fruits and vegetables consumption for a group of families of Turbo. The methodological approach was qualitative, which allowed the understanding of food realities through the subjects who experience the situations, scenarios and contexts where the studied facts occurred. The method used was ethnography; the techniques for gathering information were qualitative interviewing, group discussion, and observations. Findings: Mothers and children under nine are the ones who eat more fruits and vegetables among families; mothers are also those who teach the children to consume such foods. Fruits and vegetables are regarded as helps to prevent and cure diseases, especially respiratory and gastrointestinal ones.