Infuence of kaolin application on most important fruit and leaf characteristics of two apple cultivars under sustained defcit irrigation

BACKGROUND: Apple is one of the oldest and most valuable fruits. Water restriction is one of the major problems in the production of this fruit in some planting areas. METHODS: Effects of kaolin spray treatments were studied on two early apple cultivars of Golab and Shafi-Abadi under sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) in Alborz province, Iran during 2017 and 2018. Irrigation treatments were 100%, 85%, and 70% ETc and kaolin application were concentrations of 0, 3 and 6% in 2017 and 0, 1.5 and 3% in 2018. RESULTS: Results showed that 85% ETc treatment compared to other irrigation treatments improved apple tree crown volume in 2017. Deficit irrigation treatments significantly reduced fruit weight in both years. Application with 6% kaolin resulted in 33.3% increase in apple fruit weight compared to non-kaolin treatment at 100% ETc irrigation in the first year. Severe deficit irrigation (70% ETc) significantly reduced apple fruit length in both years, but 6% kaolin increased fruit length in both apple cultivars in 2017. Severe deficit irrigation treatment increased the firmness of apple fruit compared to control and mild deficit irrigation (85% ETc) in the first year of experiment. There was no significant difference between irrigation treatments for apple fruit firmness in the second year of experiment. Kaolin treatments of 1.5% and 3% at full irrigation increased the soluble solids content of apple fruit by 36.6% and 44.1% in 2018, respectively. Deficit irrigation treatments significantly increased leaf proline content compared to control in both years. In the first year, kaolin treatments increased leaf proline but in the second year, leaf proline was not significant. Deficit irrigation treatment of 70% ETc and 6% kaolin had the highest amount of glycine betaine content, malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in apple leaf in the first year of experiment. CONCLUSIONS: Severe deficit irrigation stress (70% ETc) increased the activity of nonenzymatic defense systems of apple trees. Kaolin as a drought stress reducing agent can be recommended in apple orchards of Golab and Shafi-Abadi cultivars as an effective and inexpensive method to improve tolerance to drought stress conditions.

Evaluación agronómica de familias de medios hermanos de lulo de Castilla, Solanum quitoense Lam / Agronomic evaluation of half sib families of lulo de Castilla, Solanum quitoense Lam

RESUMEN El lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) es una especie frutal de gran importancia para el desarrollo de la fruticultura de la región natural Andina de Colombia; sin embargo, su cultivo presenta un bajo desarrollo tecnológico, debido posiblemente, a la escasa oferta de cultivares mejorados que, respondan a los limitantes abióticos y bióticos, que se presentan en los sistemas productivos de Colombia. El objetivo fue evaluar el comportamiento agronómico del rendimiento y calidad de fruto de 50 familias de medios hermanos de lulo, formadas a partir de un esquema de selección estratificada, en cuatro localidades del departamento de Nariño, Colombia. Se utilizó el diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar con tres repeticiones, cada repetición estuvo conformada por cuatro plantas, para un total de 600 unidades experimentales por municipio. Las variables evaluadas fueron rendimiento (RTO), pérdida de frutos por Neoleucinodes elegantalis, peso de fruto (PF), diámetro ecuatorial y polar, contenido de jugo (CJ), sólidos solubles totales (SST), acidez titulable (AC), índice de madurez (IM), pH, peso de pulpa más semilla (PPS) y peso de semilla (PS). Las familias de mejor comportamiento correspondieron a FMH28 y FMH22, para el municipio de Arboleda; FMH1, FMH7 y FMH25, para el municipio de San Pedro de Cartago y FMH28, FMH4, FMH36 y FMH29 para el municipio de Tangua, las cuales, presentaron rendimientos entre 6,86 a 15,81t.ha-1, un PF entre 53,80 a 90,46g y SST entre 9,11 a 11,70°Bx. Estos valores superaron a los promedios de la población evaluada en un 45,5%, para RTO; para PF, en 11,41% y, para SST. en 10,50%.

ABSTRACT The lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) is a fruit of great importance for the development of fruit growing in the natural Andean region of Colombia; however, its cultivation presents a low technological development, possibly due to the scarce supply of improved cultivars that respond to the abiotic and biotic limitations that occur in the productive systems of Colombia. The objective was to evaluate the agronomic behavior of the yield and fruit quality of 50 half-brother families of lulo formed from a stratified selection scheme, in four localities of the department of Nariño, Colombia. The design of Complete Random Blocks with three repetitions was used; each repetition was made up of four plants for a total of 600 experimental units per municipality. The evaluated variables were yield (RTO), loss of fruits by Neoleucinodes elegantalis, fruit weight (PF), equatorial and polar diameter, juice content (CJ), total soluble solids (SST), titratable acidity (AC), index of maturity (IM), pH, pulp plus seed weight (PPS) and seed weight (PS). The best-behaving families corresponded to FMH28 and FMH22 for the municipality of Arboleda, FMH1, FMH7 and FMH25 for the municipality of San Pedro de Cartago and FMH28, FMH4, FMH36 and FMH29 for the municipality of Tangua, which had returns of 6, 86 to 15.81t.ha-1, a PF between 53.80 to 90.46g and SST between 9.11 to 11.70 ° Bx. These values exceeded the averages of the population evaluated by 45.5% for RTO, for PF in 11.41% and for SST in 10.50%.

Evaluación del rendimiento y calidad del fruto de parentales e híbridos de lulo de Castilla / Evaluation of the yield and fruit quality of parental and hybrids of lulo de Castilla

RESUMEN Solanum quitoense es una planta de gran relevancia para emprender proyectos productivos con fines de exportación, como frutal exótico o para la industria. Su importancia radica en la posibilidad de aportar al desarrollo de los productores de la región andina, debido a que el lulo es demandado en el mercado por su sabor, aroma, propiedades nutritivas y organolépticas. A pesar de su importancia, esta especie presenta deficiencias tecnológicas, entre las cuales, se destaca la falta de cultivares mejorados, que permitan garantizar mayores rendimientos y calidad de fruta y establecer su eficiencia agronómica, a través de diferentes ambientes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el comportamiento del rendimiento y de las variables relacionadas con la fruta, en poblaciones de lulo de Castilla. Se utilizaron ocho parentales y 10 híbridos. En los municipios de La Florida y Buesaco, ubicados en el departamento de Nariño, se establecieron dos ensayos, bajo un diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar, con tres repeticiones. La interacción genotipo por ambiente fue significativa para el peso de fruto (PF), diámetro ecuatorial, sólidos solubles totales, contenido de jugo y rendimiento (RTO). En La Florida, B1, B2, B3, B4xB5 y B2XLaSelva fueron los de mejor comportamiento en cuanto a RTO, con promedios entre 6,64 a 9,35t.ha-1 y PF, con 143 a 167g, en su orden. En Buesaco, se destacaron B1 y B2xB8 con RTOs de 7,72 y 9,43t.ha-1 y PF, entre 92,03 y 112,97g, promedios que están por encima del promedio regional y son la base para mejorar estas características.

ABSTRACT Solanum quitoense is a plant of great relevance to undertake productive projects for export as an exotic fruit or for industry. Its importance lies in the possibility of contributing to the development of producers in the Andean region, because the lulo is demanded in the market for its flavor, aroma, nutritional and organoleptic properties. Despite its importance, this species has technological deficiencies, among which, the lack of improved cultivars that guarantee greater yields and fruit quality and establish its agronomic efficiency through different environments is highlighted. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of the yield and traits related to the fruit in populations of lulo de Castilla. Eight parents and 10 hybrids were used. In the municipalities of La Florida and Buesaco located in the department of Nariño, two trials were established under a Randomized Complete Blocks design with three repetitions. Genotype interaction by environment was significant for fruit weight (FP), equatorial diameter, total soluble solids, juice content and yield (RTO). In La Florida, B1, B2, B3, B4xB5 and B2XLaSelva were the best performers in terms of RTO with averages between 6.64 to 9.35t.ha-1 and PF with 143 to 167g, in order. In Buesaco, B1 and B2xB8 stood out with RTOs of 7.72 and 9.43t.ha-1, PF between 92.03 and 112.97g, averages that are above the regional average and are the basis for improving these characteristics.

Crescimento, produção e qualidade de frutos de atemoieira ‘Gefner’ submetida a diferentes intensidades de poda / Growth, yield and fruit quality of atemoya trees ‘Gefner’ under different pruning intensities

Incrementos na produtividade e na qualidade dos frutos de atemoieira, principalmente no período de entressafra, são prioridades dos produtores. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento e a produção da atemoieira 'Gefner' submetida a diferentes intensidades de poda. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos, quatro repetições e uma planta por parcela. Os tratamentos utilizados foram ramos podados com 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50cm de comprimento. Foram avaliados o número de flores, comprimento e diâmetro dos ramos brotados, diâmetro da copa e altura da planta, número de frutos na pré-colheita e colheita, peso total de frutos, peso médio de frutos, diâmetro dos frutos, comprimento dos frutos, peso da casca dos frutos, peso de polpa e semente dos frutos, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e pH. As características avaliadas foram submetidas à análise de variância, tendo os efeitos dos diferentes comprimentos dos ramos podados testados e ajustados em equações de regressão. Não foram observados efeitos significativos sobre as características altura de plantas, diâmetro da copa, peso total de frutos, diâmetro dos frutos, comprimento dos frutos, peso da casca dos frutos, peso de polpa e semente dos frutos, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e pH. Entretanto, foi observada redução linear do número de flores, comprimento e diâmetro dos ramos brotados, à medida que aumentou a intensidade de poda.

Improvements in yield and fruit quality in atemoya, mainly during the period of out of season are priorities for growers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth and yield of atemoya 'Gefner' under different pruning intensities. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five treatments, four replications and one plant per block. The treatments were pruned to 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50cm in length. Number of flowers, length and diameter of branches sprouted, crown diameter, plant height, number of fruits in pre-harvest and harvest periods, total weight of fruits, fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, peel, pulp and seed weight, soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH were evaluated. The characteristics were submitted to analysis of variance, and the effects of different lengths of branches prunedtested and adjusted in the regression equation. No significant influence were observed fordiameter of the crown, plant height, number of fruit in pre-harvest and harvest periods, totalweight of fruits, fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, peel, pulp and seed weight, solublesolids, titratable acidity and pH. However, as the increased pruning intensities showed a linear reduction in the number of flowers, length and diameter of branches sprouted in atemoya tree 'Gefner'.