Intoxicación por fosfuro de aluminio / Aluminum phosphide poisoning

Resumen En la industria agrícola se ha implementado el uso de plaguicidas lo que ha aumentado la cantidad y calidad de los productos agrícolas en varios países en desarrollo, su objetivo es mejorar la calidad de vida y sustento de los consumidores, sin embargo, el uso inadecuado puede causar graves intoxicaciones tanto por ingestión accidental, ocupacional o ingestión con fines suicidas u homicidas, lo cual los hace un tema de relevancia médico legal. El fosfuro de aluminio es un rodenticida, insecticida y fumigante sólido usado como una sustancia ideal para la conservación de los granos, ya que es altamente tóxico contra los insectos que invaden los granos en todos sus estadios sin afectar como tal las semillas y su germinación, es un compuesto accesible y económico lo que hace que su uso con fines suicidas y homicidas sea elevado, ante la intoxicación con fosfuro de aluminio se han descritos síntomas bastante inespecíficos como lo son dolor en el epigastrio, vómitos, diarrea, mareos, disnea y en algunos casos acompañado de un olor a ajo que es característico de ésta intoxicación lo que aumenta la sospecha clínica. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en diferentes bases de datos, de los artículos publicados referentes al tema de los últimos doce años, con el objetivo de profundizar en las características del fosfuro de aluminio, su mecanismo de acción y toxicidad. Se concluye que es fundamental conocer los diferentes plaguicidas y sus efectos en la salud, principalmente de aquellos con una alta letalidad, que se podrían estar utilizando clandestinamente y que al ser sumamente económicos son de fácil acceso para emplearse con fines delictivos.

Abstract The agricultural industry has implemented the use of pesticides, which has increased the quantity and quality of agricultural products in several developing countries, its objective is to improve the quality of life and livelihood of consumers, however, improper use can cause serious intoxications both by accidental ingestion, occupational or ingestion for suicidal or homicidal purposes, which makes them an issue of medico-legal relevance. Aluminum phosphide is a rodenticide, insecticide and solid fumigant used as an ideal substance for the preservation of grains, since it is highly toxic against insects that invade the grains in all their stages without affecting the seeds and their germination, it is an accessible and economic compound which makes its use for suicidal and homicidal purposes high, In the face of aluminum phosphide poisoning, quite unspecific symptoms have been described, such as pain in the epigastrium, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, dyspnea and in some cases accompanied by a garlic odor which is characteristic of this poisoning, which increases clinical suspicion. A bibliographic review was conducted in different databases, of the articles published on the subject in the last twelve years, with the aim of deepening in the characteristics of aluminum phosphide, its mechanism of action and toxicity. It is concluded that it is essential to know the different pesticides and their effects on health, those with a high lethality, which could be used clandestinely and which, being extremely cheap, are easily accessible to be used for criminal purposes

Volatile chemical composition of Piper sancti-felicis Trel essential oil and its biocidal action against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

This research assessed the fumigant activity of the essential oil from Piper sancti-felicis Trel and five of its components on the Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) biological model. Hydrodistillation was used for extraction of the essential oil, with separation and identification of the compounds through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The fumigant was evaluated through gas dispersion on the T. castaneum. The majority compounds found in the EO were b-nerolidol (15.4%), 3-carene (14.9%), p-cymene (9.1%), spathulenol (8.2%), a-cubebene (6.2%) and calamenene (5.2%). Piper sancti-felicis displayed fumigant activity with a LC50 = 108.5 & 956;g L-1 air, and other individual monoterpenes tested such as & 945;-terpinolene (LC50 = 110.1 & 956;g L-1 air), p-cymene (LC50 = 120.3 & 956;g L-1 air), 3-carene (LC50 = 130.6 & 956;g L-1 air), (R) -limonene (CL50 = 189.6 & 956;g L-1 air), and a-pinene (LC50 = 213.1 & 956;g L-1 air), were significantly less toxic than methyl pyrimiphos used as a positive control, CL50 = 87.4 & 956;g L-1 air. The essential oil of P. sancti-felicis can be considered as a natural source of biocides.

Antioxidant and biological activities of essential oil from Colombian Swinglea glutinosa(Blanco) Merr fruit

The objectives of this work were the study of the volatile chemical composition of essential oils (EO’s) from Swinglea glutinosa, as well as to evaluate their antioxidant, repellent and fumigant properties. The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation from the peel of the fruit, gathered in the city of Cartagena, Bolívar (Colombia). The volatile composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major compounds found in S. glutinosaweregermacrene D (4.8%), limonene (5.2%),-terpineol (6.5%), -pinene (8.5%), nerolidyl acetate (9.8%), and trans-nerolidol (34.6%). S. glutinosashowed antioxidant potential (85.8%) (IC50=142.49 μg mL-1). The EO deployedrepellent activity against the Tribolium castaneumweevil at a concentration of 15.73 nL cm-1at 2 hours of exposure (72%), while the result for the commercial repellent was 50% at the same concentration. EO from S. glutinosadisplayed the best fumigant activity withLC50of 153.4 μg mL-1air. The essential oil from S. glutinosacan be considerated as a natural source of biocides and antioxidants.

Fumigant toxicity and biochemical properties of (α + β) thujone and 1, 8-cineole derived from Seriphidium brevifolium volatile oil against the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

ABSTRACT The excessive use of chemical insecticides has led to negative effects on human health and the environment. Volatile oils are one of the possible potential alternatives to chemical insecticides. Traditionally Seriphidium brevifolium (Wall. ex DC.) Ling & Y.R.Ling, Asteraceae, powder from its leaves is used to treat gastric problems and expel intestinal worms by local peoples, but yet there is no literature available regarding its insecticidal activity. In this study fumigant toxicity and enzyme inhibition activities of the S. brevifolium volatile oil collected from the highlands of Skardu Baltistan, Pakistan, was evaluated against the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta. The phytochemical studies indicated that monoterpenes were the most abundant constituents, accounting for 88% of the total oil. The major dominant constituents were 2-bornanone (28.2%), 1,8-cineole (19.9%), α-thujone (7.5%), β-thujone (6.7%) which accounts for 62.3% of total constituents identified, with volatile oil yield of 4.11% (w/w). The fumigation assay indicated that the volatile oil was acutely toxic to fire ants, with an LC50 of 16.47 µl/l. Among the constituents tested, only (α + β) thujone and 1,8-cineole were toxic, with LC50 of 17.68 and 30.66 µl/ after 12 h of exposure. The volatile oil, (α + β) thujone and 1, 8-cineole showed strong fumigant activity against the red imported fire ant workers in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The volatile oil caused 100% mortality of the red imported fire ant workers, even at the lowest concentration of 20 µl/l after 24 h of exposure. In addition, the volatile oil and 1,8-cineole inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity, while (α + β) thujone inhibited carboxylesterase activity in the fire ant workers. It has been concluded that the volatile oil and some of the compounds from S. brevifolium might be developed as eco-friendly approaches for the control of red imported fire ants.

Fumigant toxicity and sublethal effects of Teucrium polium essential oil on Aphis fabae scopoli A / 中草药·英文版

Objective: Black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) is one of the most important greenhouse and crop pests with a wide range of hosts, which causes damages through feeding on vegetable sap and transmitting viral diseases. Currently, chemical methods are mainly used to control this pest. Considering the adverse effects of pesticides, it is essential to apply less chemical pesticide in pest control programs. The lethal and sublethal effects of the essential oil (EO) of Teucrium polium leaves on one-day-old adults of black bean aphid were investigated under laboratory conditions. Method: The bioassay was evaluated at the concentrations of 0.88−12 µL/L air, for 24 h after treatment. Reproductive life table parameters of new emerged aphid surveyed at sub-lethal concentrations (LC20 and LC40) of EO and the biological reproductive table was calculated by Jackknife method. Results: The mortality rate increased significantly with the increasing of EO concentration. The estimated LC50 value was 4.5 µL/L air. Laboratory exposure to sublethal concentrations of EO caused significant decrease in adult female longevity and fertility of surviving aphids and as a result caused significant reduction in the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm value). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that EO of T. polium could be used as a potential control agent for the aphid.

Pesticide exposure and subjective symptoms of cut-flower farmers / Journal of Rural Medicine

<p>Sales of cut-flowers depend much on the outer appearance of the flowers. They are not intended to be used as foodstuffs; thus, pesticides are used more liberally for cut flower growing than for other agricultural products. Flower production is often carried out in greenhouses; therefore, pesticide exposure seems to reach not only the person spraying the pesticides, but also the non-spraying workers as well. In 2009, a special research project on pesticide poisoning, affiliated with the Japanese Association of Rural Medicine, developed a study that focused on cut-flower farmers’ exposure to pesticide, subsequent adverse symptoms experienced, and treatment modalities to relieve pesticide-related symptoms. In this group of farmers, the pesticide sprayers were almost entirely male, while the females did not do any spraying. The organophosphate metabolite level in the urine of the males was higher than that of the females. However, in the female group, a positive relation was found between average working times in the greenhouse, and urine concentration of dialkylphosphates. In 2 males of this group, the level of dimethylphosphate was detected at 1,000 times the median level. Their butyrylcholinesterase activity levels on the day of testing had declined to 64%, 72% of their average level of the proximate 4 years, respectively. Communication with these subjects regarding pesticide exposure and methods of prevention appeared to be an effective approach for reducing symptom severity. Among soil fumigants, chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropene were most often used. Difficulty breathing was one of the subjective symptoms associated with chloropicrin, as well as watery eyes, coughing, and runny nose. These symptoms were effectively suppressed by the preventative practice of wearing gas masks and goggles while using soil fumigants. It would be beneficial to strongly encourage use of suitable protective gear among farmers exposed to soil fumigants.</p>

Volatile chemical composition and bioactivities from Colombian Kyllinga pumila Michx (Cyperaceae) essential oil / Composição química volátil e bioactividades do óleo essencial do colombiano Kyllinga pumila Michx (Cyperaceae)

The essential oil from the fresh leaves of Kyllinga pumila (Michx) was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty-eight volatile compounds were identified, major constituents of the oil were Methyl E,E-10,11-epoxyfarnesoate (43.8%), ß-elemene (12.5%), Z-caryophyllene (11.3%), germacrene D (7.1%) and E-caryophyllene (5.6%). Repellent and fumigant activities of the oil against Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), were done using the area preference method. Additionally, we studied their antioxidant and phytotoxic effects. Essential oils exhibited a dose- dependent repellent activity, with values 90% at the applied concentration (0.01%), for both two and four hour's exposure. Essential oil from K. pumila showed 92% mortality at 500 µL L-1 air against T. castaneum on 24 hours of exposure. The value LC50 was 153.4 µL L-1. With moderate selective phytotoxic effects on L. perenne root growth (±70% inhibition). Kyllinga pumila shows high antioxidant potential (91.5%), an effect that is comparable with ascorbic acid (92.9%) used as a standard. The results indicated that K. pumila essential oil could be a promising alternative to new natural antioxidants, repellents, and biocides.

O óleo essencial das folhas frescas de Kyllinga pumila Michx., foi obtido por hidrodestilação e caracterizado por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). O constituinte majoritário do óleo foi Metil E,E-10,11-epoxifarnesoato (43,8%), ß-elemeno (12,5%), Z-caryophylleno (11,3%), germacreno D (7,1%), E-caryophylleno (5,6%). A atividade repelente e fumigante do óleo frente à Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) foi determinada pelo método da área de preferencia. Também, foi estudado os efeitos antiferrugens e fitotóxicos. Óleos essenciais exibiram uma atividade repelente dependente da dose, com valores de 90% na concentração aplicada (0,01%), tanto para duas e quatro horas de exposição. O óleo essencial de K. pumila mostrou mortalidade de 92% a 500 µL L-1 ar frente à T. castananeum, em 24 horas de exposição. O valor LC50 foi 153,4 µL L-1. Com efeitos fitotóxicos seletivos moderado sobre o crescimento da raíz de L. perenne (± 70% de inibição). Kyllinga pumila mostra um elevado potencial antioxidante (92%), um efeito que é comparável com ácido ascórbico (95%) usado como padrão. Os resultados indicaram que o óleo essencial K. pumila poderia ser uma alternativa promissora para novos antioxidantes, repelentes e biocidas naturais.

Fumigant and repellent properties of sesquiterpene-rich essential oil from Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum (L.)

Objective: To test fumigant and repellent properties of sesquiterpene-rich essential oil from Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum (L.). Methods: The fumigant toxicity test was performed at (27±1)°C, (65±5)% relative humidity, and under darkness condition and 24 h exposure time. The chemical composition of the isolated oils was examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: The major compounds were α-cadinol (46.2%), caryophyllene oxide (25.9%), α muurolol epi (8.1%), cadalene (3.7%) and longiverbenone (2.9%). In all cases, considerable differences in mortality of insect to essential oil vapor were observed in different concentrations and exposure times. Callosobruchus maculatus (C. maculates) (LC

Fumigant and repellent properties of sesquiterpene-rich essential oil from Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum (L.)

OBJECTIVE@#To test fumigant and repellent properties of sesquiterpene-rich essential oil from Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum (L.).@*METHODS@#The fumigant toxicity test was performed at (27±1)°C, (65±5)% relative humidity, and under darkness condition and 24 h exposure time. The chemical composition of the isolated oils was examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.@*RESULTS@#The major compounds were α-cadinol (46.2%), caryophyllene oxide (25.9%), α muurolol epi (8.1%), cadalene (3.7%) and longiverbenone (2.9%). In all cases, considerable differences in mortality of insect to essential oil vapor were observed in different concentrations and exposure times. Callosobruchus maculatus (C. maculates) (LC50=148.9 μL/L air) was more susceptible to the tested plant product than Teucrium castaneum (T. castaneum) (LC50=360.2 μL/L air) based on LC50 values. In the present investigation, the concentration of 3 μL /mL acetone showed 60% and 52% repellency against T. casteneum and C. maculatus adults, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The results suggests that sesquiterpene-rich essential oils from the tested plant could be used as a potential control agent for stored-product insects.

The efficacy of the cicatrisation-fumigant Chinese herbal on the postoperative complications of the mixed hemorrhoids / 中国综合临床

Objective To observe the efficacy of Chinese herbal fumigant sitz bath for different exposure durations on patients for the complicatiors after mixed hemorrhoidectomy.Methods One hundred and twenty patients with mixed hemorrhoidectomy were randomized into four groups(2 treatment groups and 2 control groups) with 30 cases in each group.The treatment groups were treated with the Chinese Herbal fumigant sitz bath for 10 minutes and 15 minutes respectively;while the control groups were treated with the hemorrhoids lotion for 10 minutes and 15 minutes respectively.The severity of pain,edema,bleeding,constipation and urinary disturbance were scored on the second,seventh and fourteenth days after treatment.Data were analyzed statistically.Results Chinese herbal fumigant Sitz baths for 10 minutes could significantly reduce postoperative pain,edema and bleeding symptoms[(1.72±1.23) points,(0.72±1.25) points,(0.91±1.37) points,respectively,P ＜0.05],followed sequentially by groups of Chinese herbal fumigant Sitz baths for 15 minutes [(1.79±1.21)points,(0.89±1.28) points,(1.03±1.24) points]; The hemorrhoids lotion for 10 minutes ((1.86±1.25) points,(1.14±1.47) points,(1.49±1.56)) and 15 minutes[(2.03±1.48) points,(1.05±1.29) points,(1.39±1.47) points,respectively,P ＜ 0.05]With the successful cases of 27,21,18,and 6 in the groups,respectively.Though the overall response rates of for the groups of 10 min's treatment,15min's treatment and 10 min's control were not significantly different between each other(P =0.0634,P =0.2560),they showed a superior efficacy in the overall response rate to the 15 min's control group(P =0.0064,P =0.0365,P =0.0089),respectively.Conclusion Chinese herbal fumigant Sitz baths for 10minutes have a success rate of 100％ on alleviating complications after mixed hemorrhoidectomy.It has a prominent efficacy on reducing postoperative edema and bleeding symptoms than other treatments studied in this program.