Cobertura algal en dos sitios del Parque Nacional de Guanahacabibes, plataforma suroccidental de Cuba

Introducción: Las comunidades de macroalgas marinas del Parque Nacional Guanahacabibes no han sido estudiadas desde el punto de vista cuantitativo, a pesar de la influencia que la vegetación submarina tiene sobre la estructura y el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas costeros, componente que hasta ahora ha sido subestimado en la región. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación temporal y espacial de los géneros de macroalgas en dos sitios de María La Gorda, sur del Parque Nacional de Guanahacabibes, y evaluar la salud del arrecife de acuerdo con la cobertura de los diferentes morfo-tipos de macroalgas predominantes. Metodología: El muestreo fue cuatrimestral entre febrero 2014 y marzo 2017 en Yemayá y Laberinto, mediante buceo autónomo a una profundidad de 10 m. La cobertura algal fue estimada siguiendo la metodología AGRRA. Se usaron ocho transectos de 20 m por sitio de muestreo de acuerdo con las condiciones del arrecife y la forma del fondo. Cada cinco metros se colocó un cuadrante de 25 x 25 cm. Se calculó el porcentaje de cobertura que aporta cada género y de los grupos morfofuncionales a la cobertura total. Resultados: Los géneros dominantes durante el periodo de estudio fueron: Dictyota, Lobophora y Halimeda. Las algas carnosas y calcáreas mostraron mayor cubrimiento en Laberinto (carnosas= 57.8 ±15.6; calcáreas = 8.3 ± 6.8) que en Yemayá, (carnosas = 47.3 ± 23.1; calcáreas = 8.5 ± 9.3). Las formas costrosas son más abundantes en Yemayá (17.1 ± 15.1) que en Laberinto (7.7 ± 10). El índice de las carnosas fue superior en Laberinto (225.7 ± 110.2). Conclusión: La disminución en los niveles de cobertura de algas costrosas y la dominancia de formas carnosas como Dictyota y Lobophora en la zona de estudio, evidencian el deterioro en ambos sitios, a pesar de las políticas de conservación de parques nacionales.

Introduction: The macroalgal communities of the Guanahacabibes National Park have been poorly studied from the quantitative point of view, despite the influence that underwater vegetation has on the structure and functioning of coastal ecosystems, a component that until now has been underestimated in the Cuba region. Objetive: To evaluate the temporal and spatial variation of the macroalgal genera in two sites of María La Gorda, south of the Guanahacabibes National Park, and evaluate the reef health according to the coverage of the different predominant macroalgal morphotypes. Methodology: Sampling took place quarterly between February 2014 and March 2017, in Laberinto and Yemayá by SCUBA diving at a depth of 10 m. The algal coverage was estimated following the AGRRA methodology. Eight 20 m transects per sampling site were used according to reef conditions and bottom shape. Every five meters a 25 x 25 cm square was placed. The coverage (%) contributed per genus and morpho-functional group to the total coverage found was calculated. Results: The dominant genera during the study period were: Dictyota, Lobophora and Halimeda. Fleshy and calcareous algae showed greater coverage in Laberinto (fleshy= 57.8 ± 15.6; calcareous = 8.3 ± 6.8) than in Yemayá (fleshy = 47.3 ± 23.1; calcareous = 8.5 ± 9.3). Crustose algae were more abundant in Yemayá (17.1 ± 15.1) than in Laberinto (7.7 ± 10). The fleshy index was higher in Laberinto (225.7 ± 110.2). Conclusion: The decrease in the levels of crustose algal cover, as well as the dominance of fleshy forms Dictyota and Lobophora in the study area, shows the deterioration in both sites, despite the conservation policies of national parks.

Physiological regulation of salicylic acid on Helianthus tubeuosus upon copper stress and root FTIR analysis / 生物工程学报

Phytoremediation plays an important role in the treatment of heavy metal pollution in soil. In order to elucidate the mechanism of salicylic acid (SA) on copper absorption, seedlings from Xuzhou (with strong Cu-tolerance) and Weifang Helianthus tuberosus cultivars (with weak Cu-tolerance) were selected for pot culture experiments. 1 mmol/L SA was sprayed upon 300 mg/kg soil copper stress, and the photosynthesis, leaf antioxidant system, several essential mineral nutrients and the changes of root upon copper stress were analyzed to explore the mechanism of copper resistance. The results showed that Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci upon copper stress decreased significantly compared to the control group. Meanwhile, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid decreased with significant increase in initial fluorescence (F0), maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), electron transfer rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) content all decreased. The ascorbic acid (AsA) content was decreased, the glutathione (GSH) value was increased, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in the leaves were decreased, and the peroxidase (POD) activity was significantly increased. SA increased the Cu content in the ground and root system, and weakened the nutrient uptake capacity of K, Ca, Mg, and Zn in the root stem and leaves. Spray of exogenous SA can maintain the opening of leaf stomata, improve the adverse effect of copper on photosynthetic pigment and PSⅡ reaction center. Mediating the SOD and APX activity started the AsA-GSH cycle process, effectively regulated the antioxidant enzyme system in chrysanthemum taro, significantly reduced the copper content of all parts of the plant, and improved the ion exchange capacity in the body. External SA increased the content of the negative electric group on the root by changing the proportion of components in the root, promoted the absorption of mineral nutrient elements and the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances, strengthened the fixation effect of the root on metal copper, and avoided its massive accumulation in the H. tuberosus body, so as to alleviate the inhibitory effect of copper on plant growth. The study revealed the physiological regulation of SA upon copper stress, and provided a theoretical basis for planting H. tuberosus to repair soil copper pollution.

Vertical stratification of arthropods in the dry ecosystems of Colombian Guyana: morphological patterns and their ecological implications / Estratificación vertical de artrópodos en ecosistemas secos de la Guayana colombiana: patrones morfológicos y sus implicaciones ecológicas

Abstract Introduction: Despite growing interest by the ecosystems derived from the Guyanese formations, the vertical structure of the communities and relationships of the biota with the climatic conditions in these ecosystems are unknown. Objective: Characterize the structure and vertical composition of the arthropod fauna associated with three of the most representative ecosystems of the Northern area of the serranía de La Lindosa in Colombia based on morphological and ecological parameters. Methods: The arthropod fauna was sampled, from the subsurface soil level to the shrub and tree stratum. The fauna was determined up to the level of family or supraspecific group and the values of Alfa and Beta diversity were determined. Body length measurements were made, and the coloration and trophic level of each group were determined. Results: The composition and diversity of the arthropod fauna was different in each ecosystem and vertical stratum and most of the groups in all the ecosystems studied present low abundances. Groups of phytophagous and predatory habits were frequent in all ecosystems and the highest biomass of arthropod fauna comes from groups of polyphagous habits, of medium size and great abundance. Light and dark colorations are the most frequent in landscape-scale. Conclusion: The ecosystems studied are characterized by the low values of diversity and replacement and the large number of non-shared groups that apparently respond to the microclimatic characteristics; however, there are some generalities on a landsc ape scale such as the greater richness and abundance of groups in the intermediate strata, the greater proportion of groups with phytophagous habits and medium body sizes, and the predominance of dark colorations in the lower strata.

Resumen Introducción: A pesar del interés que despiertan los ecosistemas derivados de las formaciones guyanesas, se desconoce la estructura vertical de las comunidades y las relaciones de la biota con las condiciones climáticas. Objetivo: Caracterizar la estructura y composición vertical de la artropofauna asociada a tres de los ecosistemas más representativos de la zona norte de la serranía de La Lindosa en Colombia, con base en parámetros morfológicos y ecológicos. Métodos: Se muestreó la artropofauna, desde el nivel del suelo subsuperficial hasta los estratos arbustivos y arbóreos, y se identificó hasta el nivel de familia o grupo supraespecífico. Se determinaron los valores de diversidad Alfa y Beta, se realizaron mediciones de la longitud corporal y se determinó la coloración y el nivel trófico de cada grupo. Resultados: La composición y diversidad de la artropofauna fue diferente en cada ecosistema y estrato vertical y la mayoría de los grupos de artrópodos en todos los ecosistemas estudiados presentan abundancias bajas. Los grupos de hábitos fitófagos y depredadores fueron frecuentes en todos los ecosistemas y la mayor biomasa de artropofauna proviene de grupos de hábitos polífagos, de tamaño medio y de gran abundancia. Las coloraciones claras y oscuras son las más frecuentes a escala de paisaje. Conclusión: Los ecosistemas estudiados se caracterizan por los bajos valores de diversidad y recambio y por la gran cantidad de grupos no compartidos que aparentemente responden a las características microclimáticas; sin embargo, existen algunas generalidades a escala de paisaje como la mayor riqueza y abundancia de grupos en los estratos intermedios, la mayor proporción de grupos de hábitos fitófagos y tallas corporales medianas y el predominio de coloraciones oscuras en los estratos inferiores.

Insights for integrative medicinal potentials of Ethiopian Kale (Brassica carinata): Investigation of antibacterial, antioxidant potential and phytocompounds composition of its leaves / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To compare the phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of Ethiopian Kale leaves infusions, investigate the antioxidant activity and profile the major phytochemicals existing in the better solvent system. Methods: Ethiopian Kale leaves were collected from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and extracted using different solvents. The qualitative phytochemical analysis, antibacterial assays, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis are executed for all extracts. Antioxidant assay and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis are carried out for the solvent system, which showed better activity in preliminary studies. Results: The qualitative phytochemical analysis exposed the presence of different classes of phytoconstituents in most of the tested extracts. The broad spectrum of antibacterial activity (7–15 mm) was noted against the tested bacterial species. The functional groups of the extracts are reported by FTIR analysis. The antioxidant ability of ethanol extract was found to be (62.92 ± 0.34)% for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) assay and (71.12 ± 0.41)% for 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. More than 17 major phytocompounds in ethanol extract were profiled by GC–MS analysis. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Ethiopian Kale leaves contain a good source of phytochemicals and it can be a significant source for various functional applications.

Influencia de la herbivoría sobre la interacción alga-coral en un arrecife coralino de bahía Capurganá, Caribe colombiano

Introducción: Los arrecifes coralinos están entre los ecosistemas más importantes y valiosos del planeta. Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas han sufrido procesos de degradación, reduciendo su cobertura coralina y complejidad topográfica. La competencia alga-coral es un proceso ecológico importante en la dinámica de los arrecifes coralinos y estudiarla permite entender la resiliencia en estos sistemas. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la herbivoría sobre la competencia coral-alga bajo diferentes escenarios (empleando una combinación de enfoques descriptivos y experimentales) y dos épocas climáticas en Capurganá, Caribe colombiano (área de conservación marina, Hope Spot). Métodos: Entre julio 2018 y abril 2019, se evaluó el rol de la herbivoría, mediante un experimento de exclusión - no exclusión en 48 individuos coralinos bajo diferentes escenarios de interacción entre Siderastrea siderea y sus algas circundantes (tratamientos), la mitad de los corales juveniles se cubrieron con cajas metálicas de 2 400 cm2 fijas al bentos. Los tratamientos consistieron en: T1= Control, T2= Remoción de algas, T3= Daño coralino, T4= Juveniles en contacto con algas artificiales, T5= T2 + T3, T6= T2 + T4, T7= T3 + T4 y T8= T2 + T3 + T4. Resultados: Después de un muestreo total de nueve meses, se encontró diferencias entre escenarios con y sin exclusión (P= 0.006) y la época climática (P= 0.032), el crecimiento coralino fue mayor cuando las algas fueron removidas en presencia de herbívoros (DMS de Fisher, mean ± SE 9.871 ± 8.298) y la aparición de algas fue mayor dentro de las jaulas que fuera de ellas, mientras que el tratamiento de competencia no presentó interferencia en el crecimiento (P= 0.155). Los juveniles fueron colonizados por algas cuando su tejido fue dañado y sin herbívoros (mean ± SE 9.359 ± 3.901). Hubo diferencias en el crecimiento coralino entre épocas (época seca: Media 0.0029 ± SD 0.0243 cm2/día y época húmeda: Media 0.0022 ± SD 0.0161 cm2/día). Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que el crecimiento coralino depende de la presencia de herbívoros que regulan el crecimiento, reproducción y supervivencia de las algas; actualmente este proceso está siendo interrumpido como consecuencia de la sobrepesca en estos ecosistemas, por lo cual, es importante destacar que la reducción de la herbivoría resultó en un crecimiento más rápido de algas, demostrando la importancia crítica de la herbivoría para el resultado de la interacción competitiva. Sin embargo, algunas algas podrían ser benéficas para los juveniles coralinos cuando su abundancia es lo suficientemente grande para protegerlos de la depredación por peces y suficientemente pequeña para no reducir considerablemente su crecimiento. Estos procesos son decisivos en estos ecosistemas, particularmente en zonas donde éste es relevante desde una perspectiva ecológica, social, cultural y económica, lo cual hace que estos estudios sean importantes para la correcta implementación de manejo integrado en zonas arrecifales ayudando a la recuperación, protección y conservación del arrecife, y promoviendo la disminución de la pesca de herbívoros.

Introduction: Coral reefs are among the most important and valuable ecosystems on the world. However, in recent decades they have been under siege by degradation processes reducing their coral cover and topographic complexity. The coral-algae competition is an important ecological process in the dynamics of coral reefs thus studying is pivotal for understanding the resilience in these systems. Objective: To determine the effect of herbivory on coral-algae competition under different scenarios (using a combination of descriptive and experimental approaches) and two climatic seasons in Capurganá Bay, Colombian Caribbean, in a marine conservation area (Hope Spot). Methods: Between July 2018 and April 2019, the role of herbivory was evaluated, performing an exclusion - no exclusion experiment in 48 coral individuals under different scenarios of interaction between Siderastrea siderea and its surrounding algae (treatments), half of the juvenile corals were covered with 2 400 cm2 metal boxes fixed to the benthos. The treatments consisted of : T1= No manipulation (control), T2= Algae removal, T3= Coral damage, T4= Juveniles in contact with artificial algae, T5= T2 + T3, T6= T2 + T4, T7= T3 + T4 and T8= T2 + T3 + T4. Results: After nine months of experiments, differences were found between with and without exclusion (P= 0.006) and the climatic season (P= 0.032), it was found that coral growth was higher when algae were removed in the presence of herbivores (Fisher's LSD, mean ± SE 9.871 ± 8.298) and the appearance of algae was greater inside the cages than outside them, while the competitive treatment did not show growth interference (P= 0.155). Algae colonized juveniles when their tissue was damaged and herbivory was excluded (mean ± SE 9.359 ± 3.901). There were differences in coral growth between seasons, being higher in the dry season (Average 0.0029 ± SD 0.0243 cm2/day) than in the wet season (Average 0.0022 ± SD 0.0161 cm2/day). Conclusions: The coral growth depended on the presence of herbivores that regulate the growth, reproduction, and survival of algae; currently, this process is being interrupted as a result of overfishing in the reef ecosystems. However, some algae could be beneficial for juvenile corals when their abundance is large enough to protect them from fish predation and small enough not to significantly reduce their growth. These processes are decisive in these ecosystems, particularly in areas where it is relevant from an ecological, social, cultural and economic point of view, which makes these studies important for the correct implementation of integrated management in reef areas helping recovery, protection, and conservation of the reef promoting the decrease of herbivore fishing.

Principios físicoquímicos de los colorantes utilizados en microbiología / Physicochemical Principles of dyes used In Microbiology

Resumen La utilización de los colorantes en los procesos de identificación en microbiología se fundamenta en las propiedades fisicoquímicas de estas sustancias. En el campo de la física, la óptica explica cómo todos los objetos son observables dependiendo de las longitudes de onda que se absorben y se transmiten dentro del denominado "espectro visible". Dichas transiciones se deben, a su vez, a los compuestos químicos y a los movimientos electrónicos dentro de los átomos. Así mismo, cuando interacciona un colorante con una célula o un tejido, ocurren reacciones que dependen de grupos químicos funcionales denominados cromóforos y auxocromos. Dependiendo de los compuestos químicos que los constituyen, los colorantes pueden ser ácidos, básicos o neutros y esta connotación se debe a la parte activa del colorante y a la reacción que ocasiona sobre las células microbianas. De otra parte, las tinciones en microbiología pueden ser simples o diferenciales, dependiendo si toda la muestra se tiñe de uno o más colorantes. En el primer caso se encuentra el ejemplo de la coloración con azul de lactofenol y en el segundo, la coloración de Gram. En el presente artículo se reseñan las principales coloraciones utilizadas en microbiología y se explican los fundamentos físicos y químicos de dichos procesos.

Abstract The use of dyes in the identification processes in microbiology is based on the physicochemical properties of these substances. In the field of physics, optics explains how all objects are observable depending on the wavelengths that are absorbed and transmitted within the so-called "visible spectrum". These transitions are, in turn, due to chemical compounds and the electronic movements within atoms. Likewise, when a dye interacts with a cell or tissue, reactions occur that depend on functional chemical groups called chromophores and auxochromes. Depending on the chemical compounds that constitute them, the dyes can be acidic, basic or neutral and this connotation is due to the active part of the dye and the reaction it causes on the microbial cells. On the other hand, stains in microbiology can be simple or differential, depending on whether the entire sample is stained with one or more dyes. In the first case is the example of the lactophenol blue staining and in the second, the Gram staining. This article describes the main colorations used in microbiology and explains the physical and chemical foundations of these processes.

Caloric energy, biomass and structure of aquatic macroinvertebrates in the Reservoir La Nitrera, Concordia, Antioquia, Colombia / Energía calórica, biomasa y estructura de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos en la reserva la nitrera, concordia, antioquia, colombia

RESUMEN El embalse La Nitrera se encuentra localizado a 2140 m.s.n.m. en el municipio de Concordia, departamento de Antioquia (Colombia) y es la única fuente de abastecimiento de agua del municipio. La operación de un embalse sobre un sistema lótico afecta la estructura y ensamblaje de sus ecosistemas acuáticos. Esta investigación tuvo como propósito analizar la distribución de la biomasa de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos antes y después del embalse, con el fin de determinar el impacto de este sobre las comunidades hidrobiológicas. Para tal fin, se analizaron las variables hidrobiológicas en época seca, de lluvia y en diferentes periodos de transición entre el año 2016 y 2017. Se investigaron cuatro estaciones de monitoreo, realizando la determinación, conteo y definiendo el rol trófico de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos, además de un análisis termogravimétrico (TGA) de la biomasa. Con la información obtenida, se construyó un modelo trófico y se calculó la pérdida de energía calórica disponible de la biomasa (TGA). Los resultados evidenciaron que las comunidades de macroinvertebrados acuáticos presentan una modularidad similar entre ellas en las estaciones antes del embalse, y una modularidad diferente en la estación después del embalse. A través del índice de modularidad (modelo Ghepi) y el análisis TGA, se logró establecer que el embalse altera la cadena trófica de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados acuáticos.

ABSTRACT The reservoir La Nitrera is located at 2140 m.a.s.l. in Concordia's town, in the Antioquia's department (Colombia) and is the only source of water supply in the municipality. The operation of a reservoir on a lotic system generates affectations in the structure and assembly of aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of this research was to analyze the distribution of biomass of aquatic macroinvertebrates before and after of the reservoir to determine the impact of it on the hydrobiological communities. For this purpose, the hydrobiological variables were analyzed in dry season, rain season and in different periods of transition between 2016 and 2017 in four monitoring stations, making the determination, counting and defining the trophic role of aquatic macroinvertebrates, in addition to a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the biomass. With the obtained information, a trophic model and an analysis of the loss of the available caloric energy of the biomass (TGA) was made. The results showed that the communities of aquatic macroinvertebrates had a similar modularity between them in the stations before the reservoir and different modularity in the station after the reservoir. Through the modularity index (Ghepi model) and the TGA analysis, it could be established that the reservoir generates an alteration in the trophic chain of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities.

Phytoplankton scenario and microcystin in water during extreme drought in semiarid tropical water supplies, Northeastern Brazil / Cenário de fitoplanctônico e microcistinas na água durante extrema estiagem em reservatórios tropical semiárido de abastecimento de água, nordeste do Brasil

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize the limnological, microystin and phytoplankton community of five tropical eutrophic reservoirs located in the Brazilian northeastern semi-arid region, used for domestic use at the time of extreme drought and reduction of water volume. The study was conducted in July and August 2015, and an integrated sample of the water column was collected at three points near the dam in each reservoir. Analysis of limnological parameters, identification and quantification of phytoplankton, with emphasis on cyanobacteria were performed, as well as detection of microcystin by means of immunoassay (ELISA). The reservoirs presented ~ 90% water volume reduction. High turbidity and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as high cyanobacterial densities, revealed an increase in the eutrophic state for hypereutrophy. The total biovolume of phytoplankton and cyanobacterial density is high, plus an average increase in relation to previous studies of 350% and 150%, respectively. The density of cyanobacteria and microcystin concentration presented values ​​above acceptable levels for drinking water according to Brazilian legislation. A phytoplankton community was represented by 17 functional groups, including potentially toxic cyanobacteria species such as Planktothrix agardhii (S1), Microcystis aeruginosa (M), Anabaena planktonica e Anabaena spp. (H1), Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Sn). Our results confirm that conditions of extreme drought and reduction of the volume of the reservoirs influence the composition, biovolume of phytoplankton and water quality, but not the increase of total microcystin in the analysed, although above 1μg-1 registered a significant decrease of water quality in used for human consumption.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a comunidade limnológica, microistalina e fitoplanctônica de cinco reservatórios eutróficos tropicais localizados no semi-árido nordestino brasileiro, utilizados para uso doméstico no período de seca extrema e redução do volume de água. O estudo foi realizado em julho e agosto de 2015, e uma amostra integrada da coluna de água foi coletada em três pontos próximos à barragem em cada reservatório. Análises de parâmetros limnológicos, identificação e quantificação do fitoplâncton, com ênfase em cianobactérias, foram realizadas, assim como a detecção de microcistina por meio de imunoensaio (ELISA). Os reservatórios apresentaram ~ 90% de redução do volume de água. A alta turbidez e as concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo, bem como as altas densidades de cianobactérias, revelaram um aumento no estado eutrófico da hipereutrofia. O biovolume total de fitoplâncton e densidade de cianobactérias é alto, além de um aumento médio em relação a estudos anteriores de 350% e 150%, respectivamente. A densidade de cianobactérias e a concentração de microcistina apresentaram valores acima dos níveis aceitáveis ​​para água de consumo, de acordo com a legislação brasileira. Uma comunidade fitoplanctônica foi representada por 17 grupos funcionais, incluindo espécies de cianobactérias potencialmente tóxicas, como Planktothrix agardhii (S1), Microcystis aeruginosa (M), Anabaena planktonica e Anabaena spp. (H1), Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Sn). Nossos resultados confirmam que condições de seca extrema e redução do volume dos reservatórios influenciam a composição, o biovolume de fitoplâncton e a qualidade da água, mas não o aumento do total de microcistina no analisado, embora acima de 1μg-1 tenha registrado uma diminuição significativa da qualidade da água usado para consumo humano.

Seed biometry: another functional trait in caatinga

Seed biometrics is an excellent tool for understanding environmental filters, species potential and dispersal, successional stages of communities and the dynamics used by seeds to germinate, establish and develop, thus constituting a functional trait of the species. We aim to understand the relationship between aspects of seed biometrics and other phenological traits, in order to infer contributions about functional strategies in Caatinga. Between September 2017 and January 2019, 10 individuals of Cenostigma pyramidale(Tul.) LP Queiroz, Commiphora lepthophloeos(Mart.) JB Gillett, Jatropha mollissima(Pohl.) Baill., Monteverdia rigida(Mart.) Biral. Pseudobombax marginatum(A.ST.-Hil) A. Robyns, Zizyphus joazeiroMart. were monitored for the selection of three seed collection matrices. From each matrix 100 seeds were collected, which after screening resulted in 35 intact seeds that were used to measure length, width, thickness and volume. Caatinga seeds are generally small, as a result of the environmental stresses of the Brazilian semiarid. The analyzed variables separated three groups in the PCA. We noticed that these groups evidenced the successional stages in the Caatinga. One group included M. rigidaand P. marginatum,which are late secondary. C. pyramidaleand C. lepthophloeosformed another group coincident with intermediate successional stages. J. mollissimaand Z. joazeiroformed a group of pioneer species in anthropized environments. Another finding was that the area was in secondary succession. Thepioneer species presented the largest seeds and this characteristic is associated with the need for nutrient reserve that allows the embryo to germinate and last for a longer period without the need for exogenous nutrients, an essential condition for the Caatinga. With the advancement of ecological succession and the establishment of a more consolidated plant community, competition for resources, the frequent dispersion vector type and the nature of the environmental stresses present, the seeds may be smaller.

Successional trajectories of secondary forests and tree plantations in Costa Rican lowlands

Tree plantations used for carbon sequestration or forest restoration often support diverse plant communities. However, it is unknown how rates of successional change in tree plantations compare to secondary forests. In this study, we compared the successional trajectory of tree plantations to that of secondary forests that were between 8 and 23 years old. Censuses of woody plants (≥ 2 cm dbh [diameter at breast height]) in seven tree plantation plots and seven secondary forest plots (30 × 30 m) were conducted over three years (May 2013-July 2016) in a lowland tropical forest. Secondary forests were naturally regenerating from abandoned cattle pastures. Tree plantations were monocultures of two different native species (Vochysia guatemalensis and Hieronyma alchorneoides), planted for carbon sequestration. We measured the change in stem density, basal area, species density, rarefied species richness, and relative abundance of different growth forms and regeneration guilds. We found that differences in stem density and basal area between these two forest types were declining. Nevertheless, we did not find evidence for differences between forest types in the rate of accumulation of species richness when accounting for sample size. On the other hand, even though the successional trajectory in tree plantations was very similar to secondary forests, there were differences between forest types in species composition. The rate of change in relative abundance of different growth forms and regeneration guilds was similar in both forest types. Overall, our results suggest that structural - but not compositional differences - between tree plantations and secondary forests are converging during the second decade of succession.

Las plantaciones forestales usadas para el secuestro de carbono o restauración forestal pueden sostener comunidades de plantas de alta diversidad. Sin embargo, no se sabe si las tasas de cambio sucesionales de plantaciones forestales son comparables con las de bosques secundarios. En este estudio, examinamos las trayectorias sucesionales en plantaciones forestales y bosques secundarios que tenían entren 8 y 23 años de edad. Realizamos inventarios de plantas leñosas (≥ 2 cm dap) en siete parcelas de plantaciones forestales y siete parcelas de bosques secundarios durante un periodo tres años (mayo 2013 - julio 2016) en un bosque tropical de tierras bajas. Estos últimos se regeneraron naturalmente en potreros abandonados, mientras que las plantaciones forestales fueron monocultivos de dos especies nativas (Vochysia guatemalensis y Hieronyma alchorneoides), sembradas para el secuestro de carbono. Medimos el cambio en densidad de tallos, área basal, densidad de especies, riqueza de especies y abundancia relativa de diferentes grupos funcionales. Encontramos que las diferencias en densidad de tallos y área basal, entre los dos tipos de bosques, estaban disminuyendo. No obstante, no hubo evidencia de diferencias entre los tipos de bosques en relación con la acumulación de riqueza de especies cuando se consideró el tamaño de la muestra, aunque había diferencias en la composición de especies, entre los dos tipos de bosque. Asimismo, en ambas zonas, la trayectoria sucesional en plantaciones forestales se parecía mucho. Por otro lado, la tasa de cambio en la abundancia relativa de grupos funcionales fue similar en ambos tipos de bosque. Por lo tanto, nuestros resultados sugieren que la diferencia en la composición de especies entre los tipos de bosque no disminuyó durante la segunda década de sucesión.

Dieta y estructura trófica de un ensamblaje de murciélagos en los bosques montanos del Santuario Nacional Pampa Hermosa, Junín, Perú / Diet and trophic structure in an assemblage of bats in montane forest of Pampa Hermosa National Sanctuary, Junin, Peru

Se estudia la dieta y la estructura trófica de 36 especies de murciélagos del Santuario Nacional Pampa Hermosa. Se analizaron muestras fecales y geles con polen. En las fecas se encontraron semillas, polen y restos de artrópodos. Los murciélagos se clasificaron en seis grupos funcionales. En la dieta de los frugívoros sedentarios (FS), frugívoros nómades (FN) y nectarívoros (N) se identificaron 70 morfoespecies de semillas y polen; en la dieta de los insectívoros aéreos (IA) e insectívoros recolectores (IR) se identificaron nueve morfo especies de artrópodos. El análisis de componentes principales muestra la separación de los murciélagos y sus dietas. Carollia brevicauda-Piperaceae (Piper spp.), Vampyressa melissa-Moraceae (Ficus spp.), Sturnira lilium-Solanaceae; Anoura peruana y Anoura cultrata separados por el consumo de Fabaceae y Bombacaceae, respectivamente, y Myotis spp. por el consumo de artrópodos. La amplitud de nicho alimentario fue menor de 0.50, en todo el ensamblaje. Los valores de solapamiento de dieta fueron mayores de 0.5 entre: A. cultrata-A. caudifer (0.59), Sturnira lilium-Uroderma bilobatum (0.55), V. melissa-Platyrrhinus masu (0.62), y en general para los IA e IR. El análisis de agrupamiento basado en los valores de solapamiento de dieta, agrupa a los frugívoros estrictos Sternodermatinae separándolos de los murciélagos con dietas insectívoras, como Carollia spp. y Anoura spp.

We study the diet and trophic structure of 36 bat species from the Pampa Hermosa National Sanctuary. Faeces samples and gels with pollen were analyzed; seeds, pollen and remains of arthropods were found in the feces. Bats were classified in six functional groups. We found in the diet of the sedentary frugivores (FS), frugivorous nomads (FN) and nectarivores (N), 70 morphospecies of seed and pollen; in the diet of the aerial insectivorous (IA) and foliage gleaners (IR), nine morphospecies of arthropods. Principal component analysis shows the separation of bats and their diets; Carollia brevicauda-Piperaceae (Piper spp.), Vampyressa melissa-Moraceae (Ficus spp.), Sturnira lilium-Solanaceae; Anoura peruana and Anoura cultrata were separated by the consumption of Fabaceae and Bombacaceae, respectively, and Myotis spp. for the consumption of arthropods. The niche breadth was less than 0.50, in the assemblage. The values of dietary overlap were higher than 0.5, between: A. cultrata-A. caudifer (0.59), Sturnira lilium-Uroderma bilobatum (0.55), V. melissa-Platyrrhinus masu (0.62), in for the almost of AI and IR. The cluster analysis based on dietary overlap grouped to the strict frugivores Sternodermatinae in a different cluster than bats with insectivorous diets, as Carollia spp. and Anoura spp.

Antibacterial activity of the lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of the Philippine green-leafed Acalypha amentacea Roxb. (Maslakot-Ambulong) against selected human bacterial pathogens

Aims@#The specific aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the phytochemical constituents, functional group assignment, and antibacterial activities of the Philippine green-leafed Acalypha amentacea Roxb. (Maslakot-Ambulong), a wildcrafted medicinal plant of local traditional healers in the southern most region of Mindoro province. @*Methodology and results@#Aqueous leaf extracts of A. amentacea Roxb. were lyophilized and subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening and FT-IR analysis. The antibacterial activity of the plant using agar-well diffusion assay revealed highest Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) in 500 mg/mL concentration for Staphylococcus aureus (21.78 mm), Escherichia coli, (21.36 mm), Serratia marcescens (21.90 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.44 mm), and Enterococcus faecalis (20.52 mm) among other concentrations suggesting a dose dependent bioactivity. Also, compared to the antibiotic Rifampicin, A. amentacea Roxb. demonstrated better bioactivity against all the selected bacteria except S. aureus (p<0.05) and comparable to Ofloxacin when against E. faecalis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was found to be at 15.6 mg/mL for all the bacteria except for S. marcescens with 31.25 mg/mL as MIC. The bioactivity of the plant may be accounted to the presence of alkaloid, phenol, flavonoid, tannin, and saponin which were supported by its functional groups like carboxylic acid, alcohols, amine, conjugated alkene, aromatic esters, and alkyl aryl ether. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The results of this investigation, proved that A. amentacea Roxb. has bioactive antibacterial principles against the selected microorganisms. This also confirms its potentiality as a new source of antibacterial agents.

An important mechanism of herb-induced hepatotoxicity: To produce RMs based on active functional groups-containing ingredients from phytomedicine by binding CYP450s / 中草药·英文版

Reactive metabolites (RMs) generated by hepatic metabolism are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Like many synthetic drugs undergoing metabolic activation to form RMs which are often associated with drug toxicity, it is recognized that some herbal components may be also converted to toxic, or even mutagenetic and carcinogenic metabolites by cytochrome P450s (CYP450s). This review focuses on the metabolic activation of herbal components and its liver toxicological implications. By summarizing references, we found that hepatotoxic herbal components via producing RMs have some certain structural dependence. There is a correlation between the generation of RMs and the structures, which provides a good chance for the early discovery of toxic ingredients in Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs): i) A potential hepatotoxic component information database based on active functional groups can be built, which might provide an early information for the basic research of hepatotoxic substances in TCMs; ii) RMs can combine with CYP450s to form a complete antigen, which eventually leads to an antigen-specific immune response. RMs-CYP450 protein complete antigen can be set up, and the potential idiosyncratic liver toxicity might be predicted by testing RMs-CYP450 protein antibody in plasma.

Phytoplankton Functional Groups in a High-Rate Algal Pond Used for the Bioremediation of Landfill Leachate / Grupos funcionales fitoplanctónicos en una laguna algal de alta tasa usada para la biorremediación de lixiviados de rellenos sanitarios

RESUMEN El análisis de comunidades fitoplanctónicas utilizando el enfoque de grupos funcionales (GF), es empleado para predecir la respuesta de la composición de especies fitoplanctónicas a la variación de las condiciones ambientales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar por primera vez bajo condiciones de trópico americano la dinámica de los grupos funcionales de fitoplancton asociados a un sistema de laguna algal de alta tasa fotosintética (LALAT), empleada para la biorremediación de lixiviados de rellenos sanitarios, utilizando la propuesta de grupos funcionales basada en la morfología (MBFG). Se tomaron muestras de agua para análisis biológico y fisicoquímico durante siete meses. Adicionalmente, se calculó el biovolumen del fitoplancton y se realizó un análisis de correlación canónica para explicar la relación entre las variables físicoquímicas y los grupos funcionales. La LALAT trató un lixiviado de edad intermedia caracterizado por altas concentraciones de nutrientes. Se identificaron cuatro MBFG (IV, V, VI y VII). El grupo V, conformado por fitoflagelados, fue dominante durante todo el periodo de estudio. Este grupo puede sobrevivir y proliferar en ambientes con altas concentraciones de materia orgánica. Además, contribuye a la transformación de los contaminantes presentes en el lixiviado. El aumento del biovolumen de los grupos V y VII se relacionó con los periodos en los cuales la laguna presentó los menores valores de carbono orgánico disuelto. Finalmente, se encontró que el enfoque de los MBGF puede ser útil para comprender la dinámica de la comunidad de fitoplancton en la LALAT utilizado para el tratamiento de lixiviados en rellenos sanitarios.

ABSTRACT The functional group (FG) approach is used to predict the response of the composition of phytoplankton species to changes in the environmental conditions. We assessed for the first time the dynamics of phytoplankton communities in a High-Rate Algal Pond (HRAP), implemented for the bioremediation of landfill leachate, and using morphology-based functional groups (MBFG), under the American tropics conditions. These groups were later correlated with the physical and chemical variables of the system. Water samples were taken for biological, physical and chemical analysis for seven months. In addition, phytoplankton biovolumes were estimated and a canonical correlation analysis was performed to explain the relation between physical and chemical variables and FGs. Subsequently, the HRAP treated a medium-age leachate characterized by high concentrations of nutrients. Four MBFGs were identified (IV, V, VI and VII). Group V, conformed by phytoflagellates, was found to be dominant during the entire study period. This group proliferate in environments with high concentrations of organic matter, while contributing to the transformation of the contaminants present in the leachate. The largest biovolumes of Groups V and VII occurred during periods of low water levels and dissolved organic carbon. Finally, we show that the MBFG technique may be useful in understanding the dynamics of the phytoplankton community in the HRAP used for the treatment of landfill leachate.

Patrones de herbivoría en Vassobia breviflora (Solanaceae): variación en el daño foliar y selección natural mediada por herbívoros / Patterns of herbivory in Vassobia breviflora (Solanaceae): variation in foliar damage and natural selection mediated by herbivorous

Resumen La selección mediada por herbívoros moldea la evolución de los caracteres defensivos en las plantas. El conocimiento acerca del rol de los herbívoros como mediadores de selección es escaso y más aún si se consideran los grupos funcionales de herbívoros. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron (1) describir la variación en rasgos foliares entre poblaciones, entre plantas dentro de una población y a nivel sub-individual (intra-planta), (2) explorar la relación entre la variación en el nivel de herbivoría y rasgos foliares, (3) determinar la relación entre rasgos foliares y patrones de daño y (4) estimar los regímenes de selección por diferentes grupos funcionales de herbívoros. Realizamos este estudio en cuatro poblaciones de Vassobia breviflora en el noroeste de Argentina (Yungas). Los rasgos foliares considerados fueron: tamaño, área foliar (af), forma (relación longitud/ancho de la hoja; laf) y proporción de área foliar removida (pafr) (N = 1 582 hojas, 57 plantas). Los herbívoros consumieron 15.6 % del área foliar y 76.8 % de la variación en la pafr ocurrió a nivel sub-individual. El patrón de daño fue dominado por herbívoros cortadores (70 %), seguido de un patrón de herbivoría punteada (22 %), 5 % mixto y 1 % minador. Se detectó selección no lineal para laf (γii = -0.180, EE = 0.76, P < 0.05), y selección correlacional entre el daño cortador y af (γij = -1.297, SE = 0.62, P < 0.05) y entre el daño punteado y af (γij= -1.130, SE=0.76, P < 0.05). La selección natural favoreció plantas con hojas pequeñas y alta remoción foliar y hojas grandes con menor daño y se detectó selección en contra de hojas grandes con mayor daño. Además, deducido de la relación entre el tipo de daño y la adecuación relativa, la selección favorecería el daño punteado por sobre el cortador. Las plantas resolverían el conflicto con los herbívoros según el tipo de daño y la selección natural regularía el despliegue foliar como una estrategia para lidiar con la diversidad de herbívoros.(AU)

Abstract Herbivore mediated-selection shapes the evolution of defensive plant traits. Knowledge about the role of herbivores as mediators of selection is scarce and even more if herbivore functional groups are considered. The objectives of this work were (1) to describe the variation in foliar traits between populations and both between and intra-plants within a population, (2) to explore the relationship between the variation in the herbivory level and foliar traits, (3) to determine the relationship between leaf traits and damage patterns and (4) estimate the selection regimes by different herbivore functional groups. We conducted this study in four populations of Vassobia breviflora in Northwestern Argentina (Yungas). The foliar traits considered were size, leaf area (af), shape (leaf length / width ratio; laf) and proportion of leaf area removed (pafr) (N = 1 582 leaves, 57 plants). The herbivores consumed 15.6 % of the leaf area and 76.8 % of the variation in the pafr occurred at the sub-individual level. The damage pattern was dominated by cutter herbivores (70 %), followed by a dotted herbivory pattern (22 %), mixed 5 % and 1 % miner. Nonlinear selection was detected for laf (γii = -0.180; EE = 0.76; P < 0.05), and correlational selection between the cutter damage and af (γij = -1.297; SE = 0.62; P < 0.05) and between the dotted damage and af (γij = -1.130; SE = 0.76; P < 0.05). Natural selection favored plants with small leaves and high foliar removal and large leaves with less damage and selection against larger leaves with greater damage was detected. In addition, deduced from the relationship between the damage type and the relative fitness, the selection would favor the dotted damage over the cutter one. The plants would resolve the conflict with the herbivores according to the damage type and natural selection would regulate the foliar display as a strategy to deal with the herbivore diversity.(AU)

Phytoplankton functional groups in a tropical reservoir in the Brazilian semiarid region / Grupos funcionales de fitoplancton en una represa tropical de una región semiárida de Brazil

Abstract: Phytoplankton functional groups structure and species abundance vary according to environmental conditions. The present study investigated the natural and anthropogenic stressors that affect phytoplankton functional group biomass in a Brazilian semiarid region reservoir (Argemiro de Figueiredo reservoir). Sampling occurred between August 2007 and July 2009 on a bi-monthly basis for the first year, and in a monthly basis for the last two years. There were three collection points (PC: river confluence; PNC: near the cages; PD: dam site). The water environment analysis of abiotic variables included: temperature, transparency, coefficient of vertical light attenuation, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and reactive soluble phosphorus. Phytoplankton samples were collected into a Van Dorn bottle, and were then preserved in acetic lugol and were quantified using an inverted microscope to determine phytoplankton density and biomass; the identified species were assembled in functional groups. The data were explored by canonical correspondence analysis. Individual analyses were made to test the temporal and spatial variability of the data and the factors that interfered most with the biotic and abiotic variables. Functional groups S1, SN, and K, consisting of filamentous Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya & Subba Raju, and the coccoid Aphanocapsa incerta (Lemmermann) Cronberg & Komárek, respectively, dominated the dry months when the water was warm, turbid, and alkaline. The overflow reservoir served as a natural disturbance reducing the phytoplankton biomass to less than 50 % and the dominance of cyanobacteria, promoting the domain of functional groups F, M, MP, Lo, and X2. The nutrient inputs from intensive fish farming, associated with a low local depth (Zmax = 7.7 m) close to the cages (PNC), resulted in a significant human disturbance that increased the prevalence of functional groups S1, SN, and K, which are composed primarily of cyanobacteria. We concluded that, in reservoirs, overflow events are natural disturbances that have the ability to reduce phytoplankton biomass and alter the structure of local communities, and that intensive fish farming is an anthropogenic disturbance that increases the availability of nutrients and stimulates an increase in biomass of the functional groups that include cyanobacteria. Furthermore, the functional groups of phytoplankton were reliable control of environmental conditions in the reservoirs of tropical semiarid regions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 1129-1141. Epub 2017 September 01.

Resumen: La estructura de grupos funcionales del fitoplancton y la abundancia de especies varían de acuerdo con las condiciones ambientales. Este estudio investigó los estresores naturales y antropogénicos que afectan la biomasa de grupos funcionales de fitoplancton en una represa (la represa de Argemiro de Figueiredo) en una región semiárida de Brasil. La recolecta de datos fue entre agosto 2007 y julio 2009 de forma bimensual durante el primer año, y de forma mensual durante los últimos dos años. Estos se recolectaron en tres sitios (PC: confluencia del río; PNC: cerca de las jaulas; PD: sitio de la represa). El análisis de las variables abióticas del agua incluyó: temperatura, transparencia, coeficiente de atenuación vertical de la luz, oxígeno disuelto, pH, conductividad eléctrica, alcalinidad, nitrógeno inorgánico disuelto y fósforo reactivo soluble. Las muestras de fitoplancton fueron recolectadas en una botella Van Dorn, y fueron preservadas en lugol acético y cuantificadas utilizando un microscopio invertido para determinar la densidad y la biomasa del fitoplancton, las especies identificadas fueron agrupadas en grupos funcionales. Los datos fueron explorados mediante un análisis de correspondencia canónica. Los análisis individuales fueron hechos para probar la variabilidad espacial y temporal de los datos y los factores que más interfieren con las variables bióticas y abióticas. Los grupos funcionales S1, SN, y K, incluyen las algas filamentosas: Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya & Subba Raju, y algas cocoides: Aphanocapsa incerta (Lemmermann) Cronberg & Komárek, respectivamente dominando los meses cálidos cuando el agua estuvo caliente, turbia y alcalina. El desbordamiento de la reserva funciona como una alteración natural, reduciendo la biomasa del fitoplancton a menos de un 50 % y la dominancia de cianobacterias, promoviendo el dominio de los grupos funcionales F, M, MP, Lo y X2. La llegada de nutrientes debido a la pesca intensiva, asociado con una baja profundidad local (Zmax = 7.7 m), cerca de las jaulas (PNC), resulta en una alteración humana significativa que incrementa la prevalencia de los grupos funcionales S1, SN y K, los cuales están compuestos principalmente por cianobacterias. Concluimos que, en las represas, eventos de desborde son perturbaciones naturales que tienen la habilidad para reducir la biomasa del fitoplancton y alterar la estructura de las comunidades locales, y que la pesca intensa es una alteración antropogénica que incrementa la disponibilidad de nutrientes y estimula el incremento de la biomasa de los grupos funcionales que incluyen las cianobacterias. Además, los grupos funcionales de fitoplancton fueron controles confiables de las condiciones ambientales en las represas de las regiones semiáridas tropicales.

Phytoplankton scenario and microcystin in water during extreme drought in semiarid tropical water supplies, Northeastern Brazil

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize the limnological, microystin and phytoplankton community of five tropical eutrophic reservoirs located in the Brazilian northeastern semi-arid region, used for domestic use at the time of extreme drought and reduction of water volume. The study was conducted in July and August 2015, and an integrated sample of the water column was collected at three points near the dam in each reservoir. Analysis of limnological parameters, identification and quantification of phytoplankton, with emphasis on cyanobacteria were performed, as well as detection of microcystin by means of immunoassay (ELISA). The reservoirs presented ~ 90% water volume reduction. High turbidity and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as high cyanobacterial densities, revealed an increase in the eutrophic state for hypereutrophy. The total biovolume of phytoplankton and cyanobacterial density is high, plus an average increase in relation to previous studies of 350% and 150%, respectively. The density of cyanobacteria and microcystin concentration presented values above acceptable levels for drinking water according to Brazilian legislation. A phytoplankton community was represented by 17 functional groups, including potentially toxic cyanobacteria species such as Planktothrix agardhii (S1), Microcystis aeruginosa (M), Anabaena planktonica e Anabaena spp. (H1), Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Sn). Our results confirm that conditions of extreme drought and reduction of the volume of the reservoirs influence the composition, biovolume of phytoplankton and water quality, but not the increase of total microcystin in the analysed, although above 1g-1 registered a significant decrease of water quality in used for human consumption.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a comunidade limnológica, microistalina e fitoplanctônica de cinco reservatórios eutróficos tropicais localizados no semi-árido nordestino brasileiro, utilizados para uso doméstico no período de seca extrema e redução do volume de água. O estudo foi realizado em julho e agosto de 2015, e uma amostra integrada da coluna de água foi coletada em três pontos próximos à barragem em cada reservatório. Análises de parâmetros limnológicos, identificação e quantificação do fitoplâncton, com ênfase em cianobactérias, foram realizadas, assim como a detecção de microcistina por meio de imunoensaio (ELISA). Os reservatórios apresentaram ~ 90% de redução do volume de água. A alta turbidez e as concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo, bem como as altas densidades de cianobactérias, revelaram um aumento no estado eutrófico da hipereutrofia. O biovolume total de fitoplâncton e densidade de cianobactérias é alto, além de um aumento médio em relação a estudos anteriores de 350% e 150%, respectivamente. A densidade de cianobactérias e a concentração de microcistina apresentaram valores acima dos níveis aceitáveis para água de consumo, de acordo com a legislação brasileira. Uma comunidade fitoplanctônica foi representada por 17 grupos funcionais, incluindo espécies de cianobactérias potencialmente tóxicas, como Planktothrix agardhii (S1), Microcystis aeruginosa (M), Anabaena planktonica e Anabaena spp. (H1), Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Sn). Nossos resultados confirmam que condições de seca extrema e redução do volume dos reservatórios influenciam a composição, o biovolume de fitoplâncton e a qualidade da água, mas não o aumento do total de microcistina no analisado, embora acima de 1g-1 tenha registrado uma diminuição significativa da qualidade da água usado para consumo humano.

One year weekly dynamics of limnological conditions and phytoplankton in Lake Bonilla, Costa Rica

Abstract:The detailed response of tropical lake phytoplankton to weather variations has been little studied, but it seems that composition varies in response to rain and wind variability over the course of the year. In order to gather more evidence on this variation, the weekly variability of phytoplankton composition was studied in Lake Bonilla, a low land (380 masl) 30 m deep tropical lake, from April 2010 to May 2011. Temperature variation at several depths was recorded automatically, and measurements of dissolved oxygen, water transparency, and nutrients were performed several times during the study period. The lake showed a warm monomictic pattern, with deep mixing occurring during the hemispherical winter, especially after a heavy rain period in December 2010. Phytoplankton was dominated by a few species: a colonial Cyanobacteria (Aphanocapsa sp., functional group F) and two colonial Chlorococcaceae (Botryococcus braunii and Eutetramorus tetrasporus, both in the functional group K). Their relative dominance shifted throughout the year, following changes in water column conditions in response to weather variations. Although changes in main functional groups indicate a shift in resource availability rather than energy, it was clear that attention should also be given to particular species adaptations beyond those used for establishing functional groups. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1771-1781. Epub 2016 December 01.

Resumen:La respuesta detallada del fitoplancton de lagos tropicales a las variaciones climáticas ha sido poco estudiada, sin embargo al parecer la composición de especies varía en respuesta a la variabilidad de la precipitación y de los vientos a lo largo del año. Con el fin de recabar más evidencia de esta variación, se estudió semanalmente la composición del fitoplancton en el lago Bonilla, un lago tropical de zonas bajas (380 msnm), de 30 m de profundidad, entre abril 2010 y mayo 2011. Se registró la temperatura del agua a varias profundidades, y se realizaron mediciones de oxígeno disuelto en la columna de agua, trasparencia del agua y concentración de nutrientes varias veces a lo largo del año de estudio. El lago es monomíctico cálido, con una mezcla profunda durante el invierno hemisférico, especialmente luego de un periodo de fuertes precipitaciones en diciembre 2010. El fitoplancton estuvo dominado por pocas especies: una Cyanobacteria colonial (Aphanocapsa sp., grupo funcional F), y dos Chlorococcaceae coloniales (Botryococcus braunii y Eutetramorus tetrasporus, ambas del grupo funcional K). Sus abundancias relativas cambiaron a lo largo del año, siguiendo los cambios en las condiciones de la columna de agua que es influenciada por variaciones en el tiempo atmosférico. Aunque los cambios en los grupos funcionales indican que hubo un cambio en la disponibilidad de recursos en vez de energía radiante, fue evidente que se debe prestar también atención a las adaptaciones particulares de las especies más allá de las que se usan normalmente para establecer los grupos funcionales.

Response of phytoplankton to an experimental fish culture in net cages in a subtropical reservoir / Resposta do fitoplâncton ao cultivo experimental de peixes em tanques-rede em um reservatório subtropical

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate nutrients concentration and spatial-temporal changes in phytoplankton biovolume during an experimental fish culture in net cages in a lateral arm of Salto Caxias reservoir, Brazil. Two sampling stations were placed in the affected lateral arm and other two in a cageless lateral arm. Neither abiotic variables nor phytoplankton biovolume presented significant differences between the treatments. Only temporal changes were confirmed by the analysis performed. Both lateral arms were classified as oligotrophic, reflecting low influence of the net cages. Phytoplankton growth seems to be limited by nitrogen. Biovolume values were, in general, low and five major functional groups were recognized (E, F, G, K and P). In summer higher biovolume values were observed and representatives of Chlorophyceae and Cyanobacteria belonging to the functional groups F and K, respectively, were the most important. In winter phytoplankton was mainly composed by Bacillariophyceae taxa from P group. G group was also restricted to winter and E group occurred in winter and summer. The variations recorded in phytoplankton structure appear to have been mainly influenced by seasonal changes in temperature, precipitation and nutrients availability. The effects of net cages on the abiotic variables and phytoplankton biovolume appear to have been small, probably due to the small number of net cages employed and the system dilution capacity. However, a permanent monitoring of phytoplankton is recommended, since this environment has a carrying capacity, from which the trophic state may increase.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou avaliar alterações nas variáveis abióticas e no biovolume fitoplanctônico durante o cultivo experimental de peixes em tanques-rede em um braço lateral do reservatório de Salto Caxias, Brasil. Foram selecionadas duas estações de amostragem no braço com tanques-rede e outras duas em um braço sem tanques. As variáveis abióticas e o biovolume fitoplanctônico não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os locais estudados. Apenas mudanças temporais foram confirmadas pelas análises utilizadas. Os dois braços laterais foram classificados como oligotróficos, refletindo a baixa influência dos tanques-rede. O crescimento do fitoplâncton parece ter sido limitado principalmente por nitrogênio. Os valores de biovolume foram, em geral, baixos e cinco principais grupos funcionais foram observados (E, F, G, K e P). No verão, os maiores valores de biovolume foram observados e representantes de Chlorophyceae e Cyanobacteria dos grupos funcionais F e K, respectivamente, se destacaram. No inverno, o fitoplâncton foi composto principalmente por táxons de Bacillariophyceae do grupo P. O grupo G também foi restrito ao inverno e o grupo E ocorreu no inverno e verão. As variações registradas na estrutura do fitoplâncton parecem ter sido principalmente influenciadas pelas mudanças sazonais de temperatura, precipitação e disponibilidade de nutrientes. Os efeitos dos tanques-rede sobre as variáveis abióticas e biovolume fitoplanctônico parecem ter sido pequenos, provavelmente devido ao pequeno número de tanques utilizados e a capacidade de diluição do sistema. Entretanto, o monitoramento permanente do fitoplâncton é recomendado, uma vez que este ambiente possui uma capacidade de suporte, a partir da qual o estado trófico pode aumentar.

Spatial and temporal variation of phytoplankton in a tropical eutrophic river / Variação espacial e temporal do fitoplâncton em um rio eutrófico tropical

Abstract This study aims to evaluate the environmental factors determining of the changes in phytoplankton structure in spatial (upper, middle and lower course) and seasonal (dry and rainy period) scales in a eutrophic river (Almada River, northeastern Brazil). In the study period, total accumulated rainfall was below of the historic average, resulting in flow reduction, mainly in rainy period. High orthophosphate concentration was found at the sampling sites. Phytoplankton chlorophyll a increased from upstream to downstream. Geitlerinema splendidum (S1) and Chlamydomonas sp. (X2) were the most abundant species in the upper course and several species of diatoms (D), Euglenophyceae (W1, W2) and Chlorophyceae (X1) in the middle and lower course. The functional groups were found to be characteristic of lotic ecosystem, shallow, with low light availability, rich in organic matter and eutrophic environments. We conclude that phytoplankton community structure was sensitive to change of the river flow and nutrient availability in spatial and seasonal scale in a tropical river.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os fatores ambientais determinantes das mudanças na estrutura do fitoplâncton em escala espacial (alto, médio e baixo curso) e temporal (seca e chuva) em um rio eutrófico tropical (rio Almada, nordeste do Brasil). No período de estudo, a precipitação acumulada mensal foi abaixo da média histórica, resultando na redução da vazão, principalmente no período chuvoso. A concentração de ortofosfato foi elevada nos pontos de amostragem. A clorofila a do fitoplâncton aumentou de montante para jusante. Geitlerinema splendidum (S1) e Chlamydomomas sp. (X2) foram as espécies mais abundantes no alto curso e várias espécies de diatomáceas (D), Euglenophyceae (W1, W2) e Chlorophyceae (X1) no médio e/ou baixo curso. Os grupos funcionais foram característicos de ambientes lóticos, rasos, com baixa disponibilidade de luz, rico em matéria orgânica e eutrófico. Concluímos que a estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica foi sensível às mudanças na vazão e na disponibilidade de nutrientes em escala espacial e temporal em um rio tropical.