Estimación de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en la dieta de mujeres adolescentes en áreas rurales de oriente de Guatemala / Estimation of greenhouse of gas emissions in the diet of adolescent women in rural areas of eastern Guatemala

Introducción. La producción de alimentos es una de las principales causas de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Estimar las emisiones GEI de la dieta es el punto de partida para definir dietas saludables y sostenibles con el ambiente. Objetivo. Estimar el total GEI de la dieta de mujeres adolescentes del oriente de Guatemala, así como la contribución de grupos de alimentos a este valor. Materiales y métodos. En el contexto de un estudio de agricultura y nutrición en el oriente de Guatemala, se realizó un análisis secundario de los datos dietéticos (Recordatorio de 24 horas) de 2082 mujeres adolescentes. Los alimentos reportados fueron enlazados con la base de datos SHARP, que contiene estimaciones de GEI para 944 alimentos. La variable de enlace fue un código único armonizado con el sistema de clasificación FoodEx2. Resultados. La dieta es poco diversa, principalmente a base de grupos de alimentos de origen vegetal, con poca presencia de alimentos de origen animal. El GEI de la dieta fue de 2,3 Kg CO2 eq/ per cápita/día, con la mayor contribución de comidas preparadas (26,7%) y panes, tortillas y similares (12,8%). Conclusiones. La dieta de las mujeres adolescentes de áreas rurales de Guatemala tiene un GEI inferior al reportado en otros países de la región para estratos socioeconómicos con mayor consumo de alimentos de origen animal. Este estudio es el punto de partida para sistematizar la metodología para continuar con las estimaciones de GEI en Guatemala(AU)

Introduction. Food production is one of the main causes of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGE). Estimating GHG emissions from the diet is the starting point for defining healthy and environmentally sustainable diets. Objective. Estimate the total GHGE in the diet of adolescent women from eastern Guatemala, as well as the contribution of food groups to this value. Materials and methods. In the context of an agriculture and nutrition study in eastern Guatemala, a secondary analysis of dietary data (24-hour recall) of 2082 adolescent women was performed. The reported foods were linked to the SHARP database, which contains GHGE estimates for 944 foods. The linking variable was a unique code harmonized with the FoodEx2 classification system. Results. The diet is not diverse, mainly based on food groups of plant origin, with little presence of foods of animal origin. The GHG of the diet was 2.3 Kg CO2 eq/per capita/day, with the greatest contribution from prepared foods (26.7%) and breads, tortillas and similar products (12.8%). Conclusions. The diet of adolescent women in rural areas of Guatemala has a lower GHG than that reported in other countries in the region for socioeconomic strata with greater consumption of foods of animal origin. This study is the starting point to systematize the methodology to continue with GHG estimates in Guatemala(AU)

Herbal Textual Research on Gei Herba and Its Pharmacological Effect on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Gei Herba is a traditional folk herbal medicine with a variety of functions such as replenishing Qi and invigorating spleen， tonifying blood and nourishing Yin， moistening lung and resolving phlegm， activating blood and alleviating edema， moving Qi， and activating blood. The reports about the pharmacological effects of this herbal medicine have been increasing in recent years. By reviewing the ancient and modern literature about Gei Herba， we systematically organized the name， original plants， nature， taste， and functions of this herbal medicine， and summarized the modern pharmacological studies and clinical applications of Gei Herba in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Gei Herba was first recorded in the name of "Dijiao" in the Geng Xin Yu Ce（《庚辛玉册》） written in the Ming Dynasty. It is derived from Geum japonicum var. chinense （Rosaceae） and sometimes confused with Adina rubella （Rubiaceae）. This medicine had numerous synonyms in the local materia medica books. Gei Herba is widely distributed and harvested in summer and autumn， with the dried whole grass used as medicine. The historical records of the nature， taste， meridian tropism， main functions， and indications of Gei Herba are not consistent. It is generally believed that Gei Herba is pungent， bitter， sweet， cool， and has tropism to the liver， spleen， and lung meridians. Based on the effects of tonifying Qi， activating blood， and nourishing Yin， modern pharmacological studies have reported that the extracts of Gei Herba and the tannin phenolic acid compounds and triterpenoids isolated from Gei Herba have therapeutic effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as hypertension， myocardial ischemia， cerebral ischemia， and vascular dementia. This study provides a reference for discovering the clinical advantages of Gei Herba and developing new drugs.

Identification of quality markers of Gei Herba based on analytic hierarchy process-entropy weight method and network pharmacology / 中国中药杂志

Analytic hierarchy process(AHP)-entropy weight method(EWM) and network pharmacology were employed to identify the potential quality markers(Q-markers) of Gei Herba. According to the new concept of Q-markers in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), the AHP-EWM was applied to quantitatively identify the Q-markers of Gei Herba. The AHP was used for the weight analysis of primary indicators(factor layer), and the EWM for the analysis of literature and experimental data of secondary indicators(control layer). In addition, network pharmacology was employed to build the "component-target-disease-efficacy" network for Gei Herba, and the components showing strong associations with the Qi-replenishing, spleen-invigorating, blood-tonifying, Yin-nourishing, lung-moistening, and phlegm-resolving effects of Gei Herba were screened out. According to the results of AHP-EWM and network pharmacology, four components, i.e., ellagic acid, gallic acid, gemin G, and gemin C, were finally identified as potential Q-markers of Gei Herba. In this study, the AHP-EWM and network pharmacology were employed to screen the Q-markers of Gei Herba, which provided ideas for the quantitative evaluation and identification of Q-markers of TCM.

Cytotoxic effects of the essential oil from leaves of Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae) and its nanoemulsion on A549 tumor cell line / Efectos citotóxicos del aceite esencial de las hojas de Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae) y su nanoemulsión sobre líneas celulares tumorales A549

Extracts from leaves of C. sylvestris have cytotoxic effect in different tumor cell lines, possibly due to clerodane type diterpenes (casearins). On the other hand, there are few studies related to the antitumor activity of the essential oils from this species. This work evaluated for the first time the cytotoxicity effects of the pure essential oil and its nanoemulsion against A549 tumor cell line (human lung carcinoma). The essential oil was obtained from fresh leaves by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID. Cytotoxicity evaluation was performed using the WST-1 test. The chemical analysis of the essential oil revealed a volatile fraction composed mainly of non-oxygenated sesquiterpenes (72.1%). The essential oil and its nanoemulsion exhibited cytotoxic activity against A549 tumor cells with EC50 of 4.0 µg/mL and EC50 of 1.0 µg/mL, respectively. Both samples displayed a dose dependent pattern (r = -0.79, p = 0.03) as determined by linear regression test.

Los extractos de las hojas de Casearia sylvestris tienen efectos citotóxicos en diferentes líneas celulares tumorales, posiblemente debido a los diterpenos tipo clerodane (casearinas). Por otra parte, hay muy pocos estudios relacionados con la actividad antitumoral del aceite esencial de estas especies. Este trabajo evalúa por primera vez el efecto citotóxico del aceite esencial puro y su nanoemulsión contra la línea de células tumorales A549 (carcinoma humano de pulmón). El aceite esencial fue obtenido de hojas frescas por hidrodestilación en un aparato tipo Clevenger y analizado por GC/MS y GC/FID. La evaluación de citotoxicidad fue realizada usando la prueba WST-1. El análisis químico del aceite esencial reveló una fracción volátil compuesta principalmente por sesquiterpenos no oxigenados (72,1%). El aceite esencial y su nanoemulsiónexhibió actividad citotóxica contra las células tumorales A549 con una EC50 de 4,0 µg/mL y una EC50 de 1,0 µg/mL, respectivamente. Ambas muestras exhibieron un patrón dosis-dependiente (r = -0,79, p = 0,03) determinado por análisis de regresión lineal.

Contribution of intensive silvopastoral systems to animal performance and to adaptation and mitigation of climate change / Contribución de los sistemas silvopastoriles intensivos al desempeño animal y a la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático / Contribuição dos sistemas silvipastoris intensivos no desempenho dos animais e da adaptação e mitigação às mudanças climáticas

According to FAO, world demand for animal products will double in the first half of this century as a result of increasing population and economic growth. During the same period, major changes are expected in world climate. Food security remains one of the highest priority issues in developing Latin American countries, a region where livestock production plays a fundamental role. Agricultural activities seriously threaten natural resources; therefore, it is necessary to ensure that livestock production contributes to satisfy the demand for animal products in a sustainable manner. Intensive silvopastoral systems (ISS) are becoming the technology of choice for Colombian and regional livestock sectors because it can help reduce the seasonality of plants and animal production, and therefore contribute to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change. We have recently gained knowledge on the nutritional and productive attributes of these systems. However, in recent years, the low carbon approach acquired importance in animal agriculture, which seeks to primarily promote the adoption of programs running parallel activities aimed at adapting to and mitigating climate change. This review outlines projections on the effects of climate change on the livestock industry, presents concepts on Greenhouse Gas flow and highlights evidence in support of the conclusion that ISS is an interesting option to allow the livestock sector in the region to adapt to climate change and to mitigate some of its effects. The adoption of ISS may help to remove up to 26.6 tons of CO2 eq/Ha/yr from the atmosphere.

Según la FAO, la demanda mundial de productos de origen animal se duplicará durante la primera mitad de este siglo como resultado del incremento de la población y del crecimiento económico y durante el mismo período se esperan grandes cambios en el clima a nivel mundial. La seguridad alimentaria sigue siendo una de las cuestiones de más alta prioridad en el desarrollo de los países latinoamericanos y la producción ganadera tiene un papel fundamental en muchos de estos países. Todos estos elementos tienen estrecha relación con la enorme presión sobre los recursos naturales, por tanto, es necesario que la producción ganadera se realice de manera sustentable. Los sistemas silvopastoriles intensivos (SSPi) se están convirtiendo en una opción tecnológica de implementación progresiva en la ganadería colombiana y de la región porque pueden reducir la estacionalidad de la producción vegetal y animal; y por lo tanto pueden mitigar los efectos del cambio climático y adaptarse a ellos. En los últimos años se ha avanzado en el conocimiento sobre los atributos nutricionales y productivos de éstos sistemas. Sin embargo, ultimamamente empieza a tener importancia el enfoque de agricultura baja en carbono que busca principalmente, adelantar programas de desarrollo donde se ejecuten paralelamente actividades orientadas a la adaptación y a la mitigación del cambio climático. La presente revisión incluye algunas proyecciones sobre los efectos del cambio climático en la ganadería, presenta algunos conceptos sobre el flujo de los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en los sistemas ganaderos. Resalta algunas evidencias que permiten afirmar que los SSPi son una opción interesante para que la ganadería de la región se adapte al cambio climático y mitigue algunos de sus efectos, dado que con el establecimiento de SSPi se pueden remover hasta 26,6 ton de CO2 equivalentes/Ha/año.

Segundo a FAO, a demanda mundial de produtos de origem animal se duplicará durante a primeira metade deste século como resultado do aumento da população e dos recursos económicos; durante o mesmo período se esperam grandes mudanças no clima em todo o mundo. A segurança alimentar continua a ser uma das questões de maior prioridade no desenvolvimento dos países latino-americanos e a produção pecuária tem um papel fundamental em muitos destes. Todos estes elementos têm estreita relação com a enorme pressão sobre os recursos naturais, portanto, é necessário que a produção pecuária seja feita de uma maneira sustentável. Os sistemas silvipastoris intensivos (SSPi) estão se transformando em uma opção tecnológica de implementação progressiva na pecuária colombiana e da região porque podem reduzir a estacionalidade da produção vegetal e animal, portanto, podem mitigar os efeitos das mudanças climáticas e adaptar-se a eles. Nos últimos anos ocorreram avanços no conhecimento sobre os aspectos nutricionais e produtivos destes sistemas. No entanto, recentemente começou a ter importância o enfoque da agricultura com baixa produção de carbono que visa, principalmente, delinear programas de desenvolvimento onde se executem paralelamente atividades destinadas à adaptação e mitigação das mudanças climáticas. Esta revisão apresenta algumas projeções sobre os efeitos das mudanças climáticas na pecuária, apresenta alguns conceitos sobre o fluxo de gases do efeito estufa (GEEs) em sistemas de produção animal. Destaca algumas evidências para apoiar que os SSPi são uma opção interessante para permitir que a pecuária na região se adapte às mudanças climáticas e mitigue alguns dos seus efeitos, pois a adoção dos SSPi pode ajudar a remover até 26,6 tôn. CO2 eq/Ha/ano a partir da atmosfera.

Diversidad genética de cepas de Escherichia coli O145: NM/H27 aisladas en la provincia de Buenos Aires / Genetic diversity of Escherichia coli 0145: NM/H27 strains isolated in Buenos Aires province / Diversidade genética de cepas de Escherichia coli 0145: NM/H27 isoladas na provincia de Buenos Aires

Escherichia coli productora de toxina Shiga (STEC), fundamentalmente del serotipo O157:H7, está asociada a la ocurrencia de casos esporádicos y brotes de diarrea sanguinolenta (DS) y síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH). Otros serotipos STEC como O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:NM, O113:H21 y O145:NM también pueden causar enfermedad severa. En Argentina O157:H7 es el serotipo prevalente siguiéndole en frecuencia O145:NM. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer la diversidad genética y la relación clonal de cepas de E. coli O145:NM/H27 aisladas en diferentes localidades de la provincia de Buenos Aires en el período 2004-2009. A 17 cepas aisladas de casos de SUH (9), DS (5) y de contactos asintomáticos (3) se les realizó PCR para detectar genes stx1, stx2, rfbO157, eae y ehxA y electroforesis en gel en campos pulsados (Xbal-PFGE) para establecer diversidad genética y relación clonal. Todos los aislamientos fueron caracterizados genotípicamente como stx2/eae/ehxA. Por %baI-PFGE se obtuvieron 14 patrones diferentes, identificándose un único Cluster. Mediante la sub-tipificación molecular se conformó la base de datos de E. coli O145:NM/ H27 aislados en la región que permitirá monitorear los perfiles %baI-PFGE a fin de identificar tempranamente la probable ocurrencia de un brote en la población y notificar a las autoridades para aplicar acciones de control.

SHIGA TOXIN-PRODUCING Escherichia coli (STEC), especially the serotype 0157-.H7, is associated with the occurrence of sporadic cases and outbreaks of bloody diarrhea (DS) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Other STEC serotypes such as 026:H11, 0103:H2, 0111:NM, 0113:H21, and 0145:NM can also cause severe human illness. In Argentina 0157:H7 is prevalent, followed in frequency by serotype 0145:NM. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity and clonal relationship of E. coM 0145:NM/ H27 strains isolated in different locations of the Buenos Aires province, in the period 2004-2009. A total of 17 strains isolated from HUS (9), DS (5) and asymptomatic contacts (3) were characterizea by POR to detect stXj, stx2, rfbO157, eae and ehxA genes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (Xbal-PFGE) to establish the genetic diversity and the clonal relationship. All isolates were characterized as stx2/eae/ehxA. By Xba/-PFGE, 14 different patterns were established, with a single cluster identified. A regional database of E. coii 0145:NM/H27 was created, which will monitor the /-PFGE profiles of the circulating strains in order to identify the probable occurrence of an outbreak in the community and report to the authorities to implement control measures.

Escherichia coii produtora de toxina Shiga (STEO), especialmente do sorotipo 0157:H7, é associado com a ocorrència de casos esporádicos e surtos de diarreia sanguinolenta (DS) e a síndrome urèmica hemolítica (HUS). 0utros sorotipos STEO como 026H11, 0103H2, 0111NM, 0113H21, e 0145NM também podem causar doengas severas. Na Argentina, é o sorotipo prevalente seguindo em frequència 0145-.NM. 0 objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a diversidade genética e a relagäo clonal de cepas de E. coii 0145:NM/H27 isoladas em diferentes locais da provincia de Buenos Aires, no período 2004-2009. Foi realizado POR em um total de 17 cepas isoladas de casos de HUS (9), DS (5) e de contatos assintomáticos (3) para detectar genes stx1, stx2, rfbO157, eae e ehxA e eletroforese em gel em campos pulsados (Xba/ -PFGE) para estabelecer diversidade genética e a relagäo clonal. Todos os isolamentos foram caracterizados genotipicamente como stx2/eae/ehxA. Por Xba/-PFGE foram obtidos 14 padröes diferentes, identificando um só cluster. Através da subtipificagäo molecular foi conformada a base de dados de E. coii 0145:NM/H27 isolados na regiäo, que irá permitir monitorar os perfis Xba/-PFGE visando identificar precocemente a provável ocorrència de um surto na populagäo e notificar às autoridades para implementar medidas de controle.