Demandas clínicas e intervenções de enfermagem em consultas gerontológicas: Revisão integrativa / Demandas Clínicas e intervenciones de Enfermería en consultas gerontológicas: Una revisión integrativa / Clinical demands and nursing interventions in gerontological consultations: An integrative review

Resumen Introdução: A criação de guias que unificam as demandas clínicas prevalentes em consultas de enfermagem gerontológica e, das suas respectivas intervenções, se faz presente, devido a heterogeneidade das patologias emergentes no processo de envelhecimento, que irão precisar de cuidados. Objetivo: Identificar as demandas clínicas em consultas de enfermagem gerontológica e, as intervenções implementadas pelos(as) enfermeiros(as). Método: Revisão integrativa de pesquisas originais, publicadas entre 2018 e 2022, em inglês, espanhol e português, disponíveis nas bases de dados Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed, BIREME/LILACS/BDENF/IBECS/BVS, SciELO e Google Scholar, pelos descritores DeCS/MESH: "Idoso"; "Enfermagem no Consultório"; "Enfermagem Geriátrica" e "Geriatria". O Rating System for the Hierarchy of Evidence for Intervention foi usado para determinar o nível de evidência da amostra final. Foram excluídos editoriais, estudos de revisão e artigos duplicados. A análise dos dados se deu pela leitura analítica e interpretativa, guiadas por um checklist. Resultados: Oito artigos foram selecionados e trouxeram demandas clínica tais como: o déficit no autocuidado para banho; autonegligência; fadiga; risco de integridade da pele prejudicada; desesperança; tristeza e depressão. As intervenções se relacionaram ao incentivo ao autocuidado; otimização dos medicamentos; estímulo a atividade física; cuidados com a pele; aconselhamento; musicoterapia e reabilitação psicossocial. Conclusão: Demandas clínicas atendidas nas consultas de enfermagem gerontológica possuem grande variação, com prevalência no domínio atividade/repouso, tais como intervenções voltadas para o tratamento e prevenção de doenças e ações visando a promoção da saúde, tendo o domínio comportamental mais expressivo.

Resumen Introducción: La creación de guías que unifiquen las demandas clínicas prevalentes en las consultas de enfermería gerontológica y sus respectivas intervenciones es necesaria, debido a la heterogeneidad de patologías emergentes en el proceso de envejecimiento que requerirán cuidados. Objetivo: Identificar las demandas clínicas en las consultas de enfermería gerontológica y las intervenciones implementadas por el personal de enfermería. Método: Revisión integrativa de investigaciones originales, publicadas entre 2018 y 2022, en inglés, español y portugués, en las bases de datos Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed, BIREME/LILACS/BDENF/IBECS/BVS, SciELO y Google Scholar. Se utilizaron los descriptores DeCS/MESH: "Idoso"; "Enfermagem no Consultório"; "Enfermagem Geriátrica" e "Geriatria". Para determinar el nivel de evidencia de la muestra final, se usó el Rating System for the Hierarchy of Evidence for Intervention. Además, se excluyeron los editoriales, los estudios de revisión y los artículos duplicados. Los datos se analizaron mediante lectura analítica e interpretativa, guiada por una lista de verificación. Resultados: Se seleccionaron ocho artículos que aportaron demandas clínicas como déficit en el autocuidado para el baño, autodescuido, fatiga, riesgo integridad de la piel perjudicada; desesperanza, tristeza y depresión. Las intervenciones estaban orientadas al fomento del autocuidado, la optimización de la medicación, el fomento de la actividad física, el cuidado de la piel, el asesoramiento, la musicoterapia y la rehabilitación psicosocial. Conclusión: Las demandas clínicas atendidas en las consultas de enfermería gerontológica son muy variadas, con predominio en el dominio actividad/reposo, como intervenciones dirigidas al tratamiento y prevención de enfermedades y acciones dirigidas a la promoción de la salud, siendo más expresivo el dominio conductual.

Abstract Introduction: The creation of guidelines that unify the prevalent clinical demands from gerontological nursing consultations and their corresponding interventions are necessary due to the heterogeneity of emerging pathologies in the aging process that will require nursing care. Objective: To identify clinical demands in gerontological nursing consultations and the interventions implemented by nurses. Method: An integrative review of original research published from 2018 and 2022, in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, in Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed, BIREME/lilacs/BDENF/IBECS/VHL, SciELO, and Google Scholar databases, using the DeCS/MESH descriptors: "Elderly", "Nursing in the Office", "Geriatric Nursing", and "Geriatrics". The Rating System for the Hierarchy of Evidence for Intervention was used to determine the level of evidence of the final sample. Editorials, review studies, and duplicate articles were excluded. The data were analyzed by analytical and interpretative reading, guided by a checklist. Results: Eight articles were selected that showed clinical demands such as deficits in self-care for bathing, self-negligence, fatigue, risk of damaged skin integrity, hopelessness, sadness, and depression. Interventions were related to encouraging self-care, medication optimization, encouragement of exercise, skin care, counseling, music therapy, and psychosocial rehabilitation. Conclusion: There are many different clinical demands in gerontological nursing consultations, especially associated with the domain of activity/rest. These include interventions to treat and prevent diseases, and actions aimed at health promotion, in most cases associated with the behavioral domain.

Síndromes geriátricos y abandono

Fundamento: el abandono en la vejez es un condicionante de muchos trastornos de salud y constituye en mayor medida una condición de gran incidencia a nivel mundial. Objetivo: comparar los síndromes geriátricos y el abandono en pacientes adultos mayores. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, analítico y correlacional, en la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 33 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social de Tabasco. La muestra se conformó con 203 pacientes de 60 años y más, que acudieron a consulta de Medicina Familiar y Atención Médica Continua. Se aplicaron 3 instrumentos: la escala de Pfeiffer, el International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form, la Escala de Percepción de Abandono del Adulto Mayor y se interrogó sobre el consumo de medicamentos prescritos y automedicados. Resultados: existió relación entre los síndromes geriátricos y el abandono, como se comprobó en la correlación entre las variables analizadas. El deterioro cognitivo leve, moderado y severo, se encontró en bajas proporciones. El 40,7 % de los pacientes aceptó tener incontinencia urinaria. La presencia de polifarmacia se encontró en altas proporciones. Conclusiones: los síndromes geriátricos presentes en el estudio fueron: deterioro cognitivo, polifarmacia e incontinencia urinaria, más la presencia de ser soltero, viudo o divorciado muestran una relación significativa para sufrir abandono.

Foundation: abandonment in old age is a condition of many health disorders and is, to a greater extent, a condition of high incidence worldwide. Objective: to compare geriatric syndromes and abandonment in older adult patients. Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical and correlational study was carried out in the Family Medicine Unit No. 33 of the Mexican Social Security Institute of Tabasco. The sample was made up of 203 patients aged 60 and over, who attended Family Medicine and Continuing Medical Care consultations. Three instruments were applied: the Pfeiffer scale, the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form, the Perception of Abandonment Scale for the Elderly, and questions were asked about the consumption of prescribed and self-medicated medications. Results: there is a relationship between geriatric syndromes and abandonment, as verified in the correlation between the variables analyzed. Mild, moderate and severe cognitive impairment was found in low proportions. 40.7 % of the patients accepted having urinary incontinence. The presence of polypharmacy was found in high proportions. Conclusions: the geriatric syndromes present in the study such as: cognitive impairment, polypharmacy and urinary incontinence, plus the presence of being single, widowed or divorced show a significant relationship to suffering abandonment.

Panorámica histórica sobre el surgimiento y evolución del síndrome demencial

La demencia es un síndrome usualmente de naturaleza crónica y progresiva, en el cual existe alteración de múltiples funciones corticales superiores. Esta enfermedad genera una gran preocupación bio-psico-social, además de ser la más cotosa que enfrentan los servicios de salud, y de tener un considerable impacto en la familia y en la sociedad a escala mundial. Las primeras descripciones fenomenológicas de la demencia se sitúan en tiempos muy remotos, y hoy su estudio constituye una experiencia enriquecedora para la práctica médica. La presente revisión se realiza con el objetivo de exponer una panorámica histórica sobre el surgimiento y evolución del síndrome demencial, con fundamento en datos respaldados por fuentes documentales autorizadas y avaladas científicamente. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda y análisis bibliográficos acerca del tema, en las bases de datos Scielo, Medline, LILCACS, ClinicalKey e HINARI. Fortalecer la cultura médica con respecto a la demencia puede propiciar un enfoque multidimensional en su diagnóstico, con mejores resultados en la calidad de vida del paciente y familiares.

Dementia is a syndrome usually of a chronic and progressive nature, in which there is an alteration of multiple higher cortical functions. This disease generates great bio-psycho-social concern, as well as being the most costly disease faced by health services, and having a considerable impact on the family and on society worldwide. The first phenomenological descriptions of dementia date back to very remote times, and today its study constitutes an enriching experience for medical practice. The aim of this Review is to set out a historical overview of the emergence and evolution of the dementia syndrome, based on data supported by authorized and scientifically endorsed documentary sources. For this, a bibliographic search and analysis on the subject was carried out in the Scielo, Medline, LILCACS, ClinicalKey and HINARI databases. Strengthening the medical culture regarding dementia can promote a multidimensional approach in its diagnosis, with better results in the patient and family members' quality of life.

Control de la hipertensión arterial en el adulto mayor en Atención Primaria / Management of hypertension in the elderly in Primary Health Care

La hipertensión arterial sistémica es una enfermedad crónica de causa múltiple, que produce daño vascular sistémico e incrementa la morbilidad y mortalidad por diversas enfermedades cardiovasculares. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la prescripción para el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial y asociaciones de fármacos sugerentes de posibles interacciones medicamentosas potenciales en el adulto mayor, en un Consultorio Médico vinculado a la Farmacia Principal Municipal de Santa Clara. Los medicamentos más prescriptos fueron: hidroclorotiazida en tabletas de 25 mg, enalapril de 20 mg y amlodipino de 10 mg. El tratamiento más empleado fue la combinación de dos agentes antihipertensivos, preferentemente los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina con diuréticos tiazídicos. La combinación de medicamentos inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina con espironolactona fue la interacción medicamentosa de mayor importancia clínica. Se concluyó que los pacientes de la tercera edad conforman el grupo etario más medicado de la sociedad.

Systemic arterial hypertension is a chronic disease of multiple etiologies, which produces systemic vascular damage and increases morbidity and mortality due to various cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this research was to characterize the prescription for the treatment of arterial hypertension and potential drug-drug interactions in the elderly from a doctor's office linked to the Main Municipal Pharmacy of Santa Clara. Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, enalapril 20 mg and amlodipine 10 mg were the most prescribed medications. The combination of two antihypertensive agents, preferably angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors with thiazide diuretics, was the most widely used treatment. The combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor drugs with spironolactone was the most clinically important drug interaction. We concluded that elderly patients make up the most medicated age group in society.

Correlation of Body Mass Index and age with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in elderly of Guwahati City, Assam

Introduction: Obesity is on rise globally and may have a impact on cognition. Very limited research was done on the association of weight with neurocognition among the elderly. The study purpose was to determine the correlation between BMI and age with MCI and after stratifying for BMI and socio-demographic characteristics.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 576 elderly (≥60 years) in Guwahati city using a multi-stage sampling technique. Hindi Mini-Mental State Examination (HMMSE) tool was used for screening for dementia and MCI. Results: HMMSE scores were not significantly correlated with BMI (r =0.07). However, when strati-fied, a significantly negative correlation of BMI with HMMSE scores was seen for illiterates (r =-0.21), primary school education (r =-0.48) and unskilled workers (r =-0.49). There was a significant negative correlation between age and cognition for elderly belonging to OBC, (r =-0.21), Lower middle (III), (r =-0.39), Upper Lower (r =-0.17), Lower (V), (r =-0.26), Graduate, Post Graduate,(r = -0.23), Middle School, (r =-0.36), Illiterate, (r =-0.34), Clerical, (r =-0.60), Semi Professional, (r =-0.62), skilled worker (r=-0.68), Unemployed, (r =-0.15) and Obese, (r =-0.30). Conclusion: Various factors like age, category, socioeconomic status, and Body Mass Index (BMI) were found to be predictors of cognition among the elderly.

Asociación entre el bajo nivel de vitamina B12 y deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores del centro médico naval del Perú

Introducción: Los adultos mayores son suscepctibles a la malnutrición y el déficit de vitaminas. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el bajo nivel de vitamina B12 y el deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores del centro médico naval, ubicado en Lima-Perú, en el periodo 2010-2015. Métodos : Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico, a partir de un análisis secundario de la base de datos Texas-Cemena UTMB 2010-2015 del centro de investigación del envejecimiento (CIEN) de la Universidad De San Martín De Porres. Para la cuantificación de la variable de deterioro cognitivo se utilizó el MiniMental test. Para analizar la asociación, se realizó la prueba de chi cuadrado y la regresión de Poisson. Resultados : El 57,6% de los pacientes fueron de sexo masculino y la edad promedio fue de 78 ± 8,4. El 41,2% presentó deterioro cognitivo y el 9,5% de los pacientes presentó déficit de vitamina b12. Los factores independientemente asociados al deterioro cognitivo fueron el antecedente de enfermedad cerebro vascular (RP= 1,38 IC 95% [1,24-1,53]), depresión (RP = 1,88 IC 95% [1,80-1,97]),) y déficit de vitamina B12 (RP = 1,10 ic 95% [1,01-1,20]),). Conclusiones : En el presente estudio se encontró asociación entre un bajo nivel de vitamina B12 y el deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores.

Introduction: Older adults are susceptible to malnutrition and vitamin deficiency. Objective: To determine the association between the low level of vitamin B12 and cognitive deterioration in older adults from the Naval Medical Center, located in Lima-Peru, in the period 2010-2015. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out, based on a secondary analysis of the Texas-Cemena UTMB 2010-2015 database of the center for research on aging (cien) of The University Of San Martín De Porres. To quantify the cognitive impairment variable, the mini mental test was used. To analyze the association, the chi-square test and poisson regression were performed. Results: 57.6% of the patients were male and the mean age was 78 ± 8.4. 41.2% presented cognitive deterioration and 9.5% of the patients presented vitamin B12 deficiency. The factors independently associated with cognitive impairment were a history of cerebrovascular disease (pr= 1.38 95% ci [1.24-1.53]), depression (pr= 1.88 95% ci [1.80-1 .97]) and vitamin B12 deficiency (pr = 1.10 95% ci [1.01-1.20]). Conclusions: In the present study, an association was found between a low level of vitamin B12 and cognitive deterioration in older adults.

Estimación de brechas de geriatras en Chile / Estimation of geriatrician gaps in Chile

Antecedentes: el envejecimiento de la población chilena y la transición epidemiológica que atraviesa el país, ha incrementado la necesidad de formar, entre otros especialistas, a médicos geriatras. Objetivo: estimar la brecha de geriatras en Chile de acuerdo con necesidades epidemiológicas de la población de 65 años y más. Método: se realizó una estimación de brecha de horas de geriatra para la red de salud, a partir de una consulta a 57 geriatras de laboralmente activos de un total de 156 geriatras registrados a enero del 2021. En dicha consulta se indagó sobre tiempo de duración de consulta y frecuencia de consultas ideales de acuerdo con la capacidad funcional de las personas mayores a nivel nacional y por región obtenida de la encuesta Casen 2017. Resultados: a febrero del 2022 existe un total de 162 geriatras en Chile, cifra que equivale a un geriatra por cada 15.806 personas de 65 años y más. De acuerdo con la estimación realizada, se requeriría en Chile, un total de 1.244.689 horas de geriatra anual, equivalentes a la existencia de 589 geriatras a nivel nacional. Conclusión: según los resultados del estudio, a nivel nacional se necesitarían de un total de 589 geriatras para cubrir las necesidades de atención de las personas mayores con algún nivel de dependencia. De acuerdo con estas cifras, al primer trimestre del 2022 el país presentaría una brecha de 427 geriatras. Ante lo elevada de esta brecha, se cree necesario avanzar en estrategias de formación general en geriatría y gerontología en los equipos de salud y socio-sanitarios.

Background:The ageing between the Chilean population and the epidemiological transition that the country is going through has increased the need to train, among other specialists, geriatric doctors.Objective: To estimate the gap between geriatricians in Chile according to the epidemiological needs of the population aged 65 years and over. Method:An estimate of the gap in geriatrician hours was made for the health network based on a consultation of 57 active geriatricians out of 156 registered as of January 2021. In this consultation, the duration and frequency of ideal consultations were inquired according to the functional capacity of the elderly at the national level and by region obtained from the Casen 2017 survey.Results: as of February 2022, there are 162 geriatricians in Chile, equivalent to one geriatrician for every 15,806 people aged 65 years and over. According to the estimate, a total of 1,244,689 hours of annual geriatrician would be required in Chile, equivalent to 589 geriatricians nationwide. Conclusion:According to the study's results, at the national level, a total of 589 geriatricians would be needed to cover the care needs of older people with some level of dependen-ce. According to these figures, in the first quarter of 2022, the country would present a gap of 427 geriatricians. Given the highness of this gap, it is believed necessary to advance general training strategies in geriatrics and gerontology in health and socio-health teams

Cognitive decline among older adults who developed acute coronary syndrome during hospitalization for non-cardiac illness

Background: Atypical presentations of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) delay its recognition and treatment in the elderly patients. Functional decline and delirium which are common to the elderly during hospitalization, leads to cognitive impairment and poor health outcomes. Steps taken for its prevention is usually not considered the top priority by the cardiologist. The present study was conducted to identify cognitive decline among elderly patients who developed ACS during hospitalization for noncardiac illness and their outcome. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and ten elderly patients above 60 years of age with ACS were included from June 26, 2020 to October 13, 2020. Subjects were divided into those admitted primarily due to an ACS (Group I, n = 94) and those developing ACS following admission for noncardiac illness (Group II, n = 216). Co-morbidities, medications, investigations, management, clinical outcome, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale were compared between the two groups at the time of admission, after 30 days and after 6 months. Results: Majority of the subjects were admitted due to acute kidney injury (27.1%) in Group II and had a non-ST elevation ACS (90.2%). Optimum management was given to a lesser extent due to the clinical condition of these patients. Poor clinical outcome, cognitive impairment during hospitalization and cognitive decline during follow-up was more in Group II. Conclusion: Clinicians must be vigilant for the development of cognitive impairment and cognitive decline when an elderly patient is admitted to the hospital, as early detection and optimum management provides better clinical and cognitive outcome.

Lumbar plexus block combined with general anesthesia in treating postoperative delirium of hip fracture in elderly patients / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore lumbar plexus nerve block combined with general anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing hip operation could improve analgesia effect, reduce consumption of analgesics, prevent inflammatory reaction, and avoid postoperative delirium(POD).@*METHODS@#Totally 200 elderly patients underwent hip fracture surgery from February 2020 to September 2021 were selected and were divided into observation group and control group according to different anesthesia methods. There were 97 patients in observation group including 66 males and 33 females; aged (70.23±6.60) years old;body mass index (BMI) was (23.13±1.94) kg·m-2;19 patients with hemi arthroplasty, 46 patients with total hip arthroplasty, and 32 patients with femur intertrochanteric fixation;treated with lumbar plexus block combined with general anesthesia. There were 94 patients in control group, including 66 males and 33 females;aged (68.80±6.24) years old;BMI was (22.88±1.85) kg·m-2;14 patients with hemi arthroplasty, 39 patients with total hip arthroplasty, and 41 patients with femur intertrochanteric fixation;treated with only general anesthesia. Nine patients were separated due to the change of surgical protocol or chronic disease. The incidence of POD at 1, 2 and 3 days after surgery, mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score, visual analogue scale (VAS) in resting state, serum inflammatory factors levels [such as C-reactive protein(CRP), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin-6(IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)] at 1 d before operation, 1 and 6 h after surgery, consumption of sufentanil between two groups were compared.@*RESULTS@#The incidences of POD in observation group were lower than control group at 1, 2 and 3 days of operation (P<0.05), MMSE score in observation group was higher than that of control group (P<0.05), VAS in observation group was lower than that of control group (P<0.01). The incidences of POD decreased and MMSE score were increaed in both groups day by day (P<0.01). The levels of CRP, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in observation group were lower than that of control group at 1 h after operation (P<0.01). The levels of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α in observation group were lower than that of control group at 6 h after operation (P<0.01), while no statisitical difference in IL-1β between two groups(P>0.05). The consumption of sufentanil in observation group was lower than that of control group (P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Compared with general anesthesia, lumbar plexus nerve block combined with general anesthesia for the operations of hip fracture in elderly patients has better analgesic effect, has advantages of slight inflammatory reaction, and could decrease consumption of opioid and incidence of POD.

Risk factors of post-anaesthesia care unit delirium in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery in Singapore

INTRODUCTION@#Post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) delirium affects 5%-45% of patients after surgery and is associated with postoperative delirium and increased mortality. Up to 40% of PACU delirium is preventable, but it remains under-recognised due to a lack of awareness of its diagnosis. The nursing delirium screening scale (Nu-DESC) has been validated for diagnosing PACU delirium, but is not routinely used locally. This study aimed to use Nu-DESC to establish the incidence and risk factors of PACU delirium in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery in the surgical population.@*METHODS@#We conducted an audit of eligible patients undergoing major surgery in three public hospitals in Singapore over 1 week. Patients were assessed for delirium 30-60 min following their arrival in PACU using Nu-DESC, with a total score of ≥2 indicative of delirium.@*RESULTS@#A total of 478 patients were assessed. The overall incidence rate of PACU delirium was 18/478 (3.8%), and the incidence was 9/146 (6.2%) in patients aged > 65 years. Post-anaesthesia care unit delirium was more common in females, patients with malignancy and those who underwent longer operations. Logistic regression analysis showed that the use of bispectral index (P < 0.001) and the presence of malignancy (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with a higher incidence of PACU delirium.@*CONCLUSION@#In this first local study, the incidence of PACU delirium was 3.8%, increasing to 6.2% in those aged > 65 years. Understanding these risk factors will form the basis for which protocols can be established to optimise resource management and prevent long-term morbidities and mortality in PACU delirium.

Learning Situation Analysis on "Living Will" and "Hospice Care" in Teaching Practice of Geriatrics / 中国医学伦理学

Objective: To investigate the cognitive status of "living will" and "hospice care" among geriatrics students with different identities, and to provide a basis for improving teaching in corresponding sections of geriatric medicine. Methods:An online questionnaire was used to collect data from 426 students participating in specific courses in geriatric medicine and compare their differences in understanding of different issues. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the understanding of the concept of "living will" among students with different identities (χ2=5.84, P=0.054). In terms of the concept of "hospice care" , geriatricians and general practitioners had a better understanding than that of medical undergraduates (χ2=37.932, P<0.001). Compared to geriatricians and medical undergraduates, general practitioners had a lower level of autonomy in deciding whether to use life support treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=28.737, P<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between general practitioners and medical undergraduates in the understanding of "signing living will" (χ2=12.75, P=0.01). Conclusion: The promotion of "living will" and "hospice care" in humanities courses of medical undergraduate and continuing medical education needs to be strengthened, and the popularization and publicity among the general public should be enhanced to lay the groundwork for improving the quality of hospice care.

Reflection on the standardized training of geriatric specialists under the background of "the aging of population" / 中华医学教育探索杂志

With the intensive aging of the population, it's imperative and important to train a number of geriatric specialists. Essential clinical knowledge and skills as well as accomplishment of medical humanistic spirit are core competences of an eligible geriatrician. The standardized training of geriatric specialists is facing a few challenges such as incomplete comprehension of the training program and trainees, a lack of enough trainees, and a lack of standardized management for the program. An efficient social support system, a normative educational training system, an effective supervision and evaluation system, first-class teaching staff, and qualified trainees are important guarantees for the standardized training program.

Geriatrics Services in Hospital and the Community during the COVID-19 Pandemic – The Brunei Experience:

@#This paper describes the Geriatrics services in the hospital and community in Brunei and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the need for clinical staff to assess and manage COVID-19 cases at the national isolation centre and to assist with contact tracing, outpatient services were suspended. Patients had to be contacted regarding clinic cancellations and ensure they had adequate medications. There was an increase in phone-call consultations and virtual clinics were introduced. Home based nursing patients had the interval of routine nasogastric and indwelling urinary catheter changes extended. Data on the pandemic effects on Geriatric services including outpatient clinics, home visits, phone-call and virtual consultations, admissions to hospital and the home-based nursing case load after the pandemic are shown. After the pandemic, there is a need to strengthen measures to prevent pressure injuries and delirium, improve patient self-management of chronic conditions and manage the physical and mental health sequalae of the pandemic such as frailty and depression.

Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Geriatrics Inpatients

@#Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is one of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality for hospital inpatients. The use of VTE prophylaxis in high-risk patients admitted under Geriatric Medicine in RIPAS Hospital, Brunei was evaluated. The electronic medical records of all patients admitted under Geriatric Medicine between 1st February 2022 and 28th February 2022 were reviewed. For these patients, the risk of developing VTE, bleeding risk and whether they were prescribed VTE prophylaxis were assessed. There were 34 patients identified, of which 20 (58.8%) were female. Median age was 81 years, ranging from 64 to 93 years. There were 13 (38.2%) COVID-positive patients, of which 9 (69.2%) were considered high VTE risk. Among these 9 patients, 4 (44.4%) were low bleed risk; of these 4 patients only two were prescribed VTE prophylaxis. Among the 21 non-COVID patients, 17 (80.9%) were high VTE risk. There were 11 (64.7%) with low bleed risk among the 17 patients in the group. Of the 11 patients only 3 (27.3%) were prescribed VTE prophylaxis. The use of VTE prophylaxis among Geriatric Medicine inpatients could be improved. Use of the VTE prophylaxis protocol should be emphasised to clinicians and re-audited to ensure compliance

Functional disability and associated factors in older adults seen at a primary health care unit / Incapacidade funcional e fatores associados em idosos atendidos na atenção primária

OBJECTIVES: To assess functional disability and associated factors in older patients cared for at a large Brazilian urban area. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study performed at a primary health care unit in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Participants were selected via probabilistic sampling of 400 older individuals. We used a sociodemographic and health questionnaire along with instruments for assessing fear of falling (FES-I), cognitive function (MMSE), and depression symptoms (GDS-15). For dependent variables, we used instruments for assessing basic activities (BADL; Katz) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL; Lawton). Factors associated with functional disability were analyzed via logistic regression models. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 75.23 (SD = 8.53); 63.20% were female, 27.00% were dependent in BADL and 39.25%, in IADL. Older individuals with better cognitive function and who had not been hospitalized in the previous year were less prone to functional disabilities. Factors such as older age, more depression symptoms, and greater fear of falling were more linked to disabilities in BADL. Factors such as older age, female sex, and greater fear of falling were more linked to disabilities in IADL. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of disability in BADL and IADL in the studied sample was high. Modifiable and non-modifiable factors were associated with functional disability. These results may help primary health care professionals understand the risk factors for functional disability in the older population

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a incapacidade funcional e fatores associados em pacientes idosos atendidos em um grande centro urbano brasileiro. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal realizado em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. A seleção dos participantes foi por meio de amostragem probabilística de 400 indivíduos idosos. Foi utilizado um questionário sociodemográfico, de saúde e instrumentos para avaliar medo de queda (FES-I), status cognitivo (MEEM) e sintomas depressivos (GDS-15). Para as variáveis dependentes, utilizou-se os instrumentos para avaliar as atividades básicas (ABVD; Katz) e atividades instrumentais de vida diária (Lawton; AIVD). Os fatores associados à incapacidade funcional foram analisados por meio de modelos de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos participantes foi de 75,23 (DP = 8,53), 63,20% eram do sexo feminino, 27,00% eram dependentes para ABVD e 39,25% para as AIVD. Indivíduos idosos com melhor status cognitivo e que não estiveram internados no último ano eram menos propensos às incapacidades funcionais. Fatores como ter mais idade, mais sintomas depressivos e mais medo de queda eram mais propensos às incapacidades das ABVD. Fatores como ter mais idade, ser do sexo feminino e mais medo de queda foram mais propensos às incapacidades das AIVD. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de incapacidade para ABVD e AIVD na amostra estudada foi alta. Fatores modificáveis e não modificáveis foram associados à incapacidade funcional. Esses resultados podem ajudar os profissionais da atenção primária à saúde a entenderem os fatores de risco de incapacidade funcional na população mais velha

Delirio y su relación con la supervivencia en pacientes geriátricos con neumonía grave por SARS-CoV-2 en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención en México / Delirium and its relationship with survival in geriatric patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in a tertiary care hospital in Mexico / Delirium e sua relação com a sobrevida em pacientes geriátricos com pneumonia grave por SARS-CoV-2 em um Hospital Terciário no Mexico

Resumen: Introducción: un factor de riesgo asociado a complicaciones por COVID-19 es la edad mayor de 60 años, por otra parte, el delirio ha demostrado estar asociado a un incremento en la mortalidad por cualquier causa, convirtiéndolo en una condición médica de gravedad. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, retrospectivo, longitudinal y comparativo en pacientes mayores de 65 años con neumonía grave por SARS-CoV-2. Se calculó la probabilidad de supervivencia individual acumulada con el método de Kaplan-Meier con base en la presencia o ausencia de delirio durante su hospitalización, y mediante la prueba log-rank se identificó sí existía diferencia significativa de la supervivencia entre grupos. Resultados: se reclutaron 349 pacientes, la edad osciló entre 65 y 94 años con una media de 72.2; 266 (76.2%) no cursaron con delirio, mientras que 83 (23.7%) sí lo desarrollaron. En el seguimiento a 30 días, en el grupo de pacientes sin delirio hubo 118 defunciones (supervivencia de 55.6%) y en el grupo de pacientes con delirio hubo 56 defunciones (supervivencia de 32.5%), p = 0.000. Conclusión: la supervivencia en pacientes geriátricos con neumonía grave por SARS-CoV-2 que desarrollan delirio es significativamente menor cuando se compara con aquéllos que no lo presentan.

Abstract: Introduction: a risk factor associated with complications from COVID-19 is age over 60 years, on the other hand, delirium has been shown to be associated with an increase in mortality from any cause, making it a serious medical condition. Material and methods: observational, retrospective, longitudinal and comparative study in patients older than 65 years with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The cumulative individual survival probability was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier metho d based on the presence or absence of delirium during hospitalization, and the log-rank test identified whether there was a significant difference in survival between groups. Results: 349 patients were recruited, the age ranged between 65 and 94 years, with a mean of 72.2; 266 (76.2%) did not develop delirium, while 83 (23.7%) did develop it. In the 30-day follow-up, there were 118 deaths in the group of patients without delirium (55.6% survival), and 56 deaths in the group of patients with delirium (32.5% survival), p = 0.000. Conclusion: survival in geriatric patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who develop delirium is significantly lower when compared to those who do not.

Resumo: Introdução: um fator de risco associado às complicações do COVID-19 é a idade acima de 60 anos, por outro lado, o delirium demonstrou estar associado ao aumento da mortalidade por qualquer causa, tornando-o uma condição médica grave. Material e métodos: estudo observacional, retrospectivo, longitudinal e comparativo em pacientes com mais de 65 anos com pneumonia grave por SARS-CoV-2. Calculou-se a probabilidade de sobrevida individual acumulada pelo método de Kaplan Meier com base na presença ou ausência de delirium durante a internação e pelo teste de Log-Rank para identificar se houve diferença significativa na sobrevida entre os grupos. Resultados: foram recrutados 349 pacientes, a idade variou entre 65 e 94 anos, com média de 72.2; 266 (76.2%) não apresentaram delirium, enquanto 83 (23.7%) o desenvolveram. No seguimento de 30 dias, houve 118 óbitos no grupo de pacientes sem delirium (sobrevida de 55.6%) e, no grupo de pacientes com delirium, 56 óbitos (sobrevida de 32.5%), p = 0.000. Conclusão: a sobrevida em pacientes geriátricos com pneumonia grave por SARS-CoV-2 que desenvolvem delirium é significativamente menor quando comparada àqueles que não desenvolvem.

Contribución de las intervenciones de terapia ocupacional en el abordaje de personas mayores hospitalizadas en Unidades Geriátricas de Agudos: una revisión narrativa / Contribuição das intervenções da terapia ocupacional na abordagem do idoso internado em Unidades Geriátricas Agudas: uma revisão narrativa / Contribution of occupational therapy interventions in the approach of elderly people hospitalized in Acute Geriatric Units: a narrative review

Resumen Introducción Las Unidades Geriátricas de Agudos (UGAs) son unidades especializadas en atención de Personas Mayores (PM). Específicamente en Chile, existen pocos profesionales dedicados a esta área, pese a establecer más UGAs con un equipo interdisciplinario. Desde terapia ocupacional es posible un abordaje desde una perspectiva ocupacional, no obstante, se encontró escasa evidencia que explicite la contribución de terapia ocupacional en UGAs en el contexto chileno. Objetivo Resumir la contribución de las intervenciones realizadas por terapeutas ocupacionales a personas mayores hospitalizadas en Unidades Geriátricas de Agudos, revisando literatura nacional como internacional. Metodología Revisión bibliográfica narrativa, entre octubre del 2021 y enero del 2022. Resultados Los principales resultados destacan la contribución de terapia ocupacional para el abordaje de la fragilidad en PM, en intervenciones llevadas a cabo por equipos interdisciplinarios, la promoción y respeto por la autonomía e independencia (particularmente en Actividades de la Vida Diaria Básicas e Instrumentales), la recuperación funcional y la preparación del alta, contribuyendo a la reducción de las tasas de re-hospitalización. Conclusión La participación de la terapia ocupacional en UGAs aporta herramientas y fortalece las habilidades de las PM con el fin de permitirles desenvolverse efectivamente en sus ocupaciones, de forma independiente y autónoma en diversos contextos, principalmente en actividades de la vida diaria. Además, se busca concientizar sobre la importancia de aumentar la especialización en esta área y la necesidad de aumentar la cantidad de UGAs a nivel nacional.

Resumo Introdução As Unidades Geriátricas Agudas (UGAs) são unidades especializadas no atendimento ao idoso. Especificamente no Chile, há poucos profissionais dedicados a essa área, apesar de estabelecer unidades geriátricas mais agudas com equipe interdisciplinar. A partir da terapia ocupacional é possível uma abordagem a partir de uma perspectiva ocupacional, no entanto, foram encontradas poucas evidências que expliquem a contribuição da terapia ocupacional em UGAs no contexto chileno. Objetivo Resumir a contribuição das intervenções realizadas por terapeutas ocupacionais a idosos internados em UGAs, revisando a literatura nacional e internacional. Metodologia Revisão bibliográfica narrativa, entre outubro de 2021 e janeiro de 2022. Resultados Os principais resultados destacam a contribuição da terapia ocupacional no enfrentamento da fragilidade em idosos nas intervenções realizadas por equipes interdisciplinares, na promoção e respeito à autonomia e independência (particularmente nas Atividades Básicas e Instrumentais de Vida Diária), na recuperação funcional e na preparação para a alta, contribuindo para a redução das taxas de reinternação. Conclusão A participação da terapia ocupacional na UGAs fornece ferramentas e fortalece as habilidades dos idosos para permitir que eles realizem de forma eficaz em suas ocupações, de forma independente e autônoma em vários contextos, principalmente nas atividades da vida diária. Além disso, procura sensibilizar para a importância de aumentar a especialização nesta área e para a necessidade de aumentar o número de UGAs a nível nacional.

Abstract Introduction The Acute Geriatric Units (AGU) are units specialized in caring for the elderly people. Specifically in Chile, there are few professionals dedicated to this area, despite establishing more acute geriatric units with an interdisciplinary team. From occupational therapy, an approach from an occupational perspective is possible. However, little evidence was found that explains the contribution of occupational therapy in AGU in the Chilean context. Objetive Summarize the contribution of the interventions carried out by occupational therapists to elderly people hospitalized in AGU, reviewing national and international literature. Methodology Narrative bibliographic review, between October 2021 and January 2022. Results The main results highlight the contribution of occupational therapy to address frailty in older people in interventions carried out by interdisciplinary teams, the promotion and respect for autonomy and independence (in Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living), the functional recovery and preparation for discharge, contributing to the reduction of rehospitalization rates. Conclusion The participation of occupational therapy in the AGU provides tools and strengthens the skills of older people in order to allow them to function effectively in their occupations, independently and autonomously in various contexts, mainly in activities of daily living. In addition, it seeks to raise awareness of the importance of increasing specialization in this area and the need to increase the number of AGU nationwide.

Estigma percebido por mães de crianças com síndrome congênita do Zika vírus / Stigma perceived by mothers of children with congenital Zika virus syndrome

RESUMO Objetivo apreender as experiências do estigma percebido por mães de crianças com síndrome congênita do Zika vírus e suas repercussões. Métodos estudo qualitativo desenvolvido com 12 mães respondentes às entrevistas semiestruturadas. Foram procedidas a Análise Fatorial de Correspondência e Classificação Hierárquica Descendente por meio do Software IRaMuTeQ. Resultados emergiram quatro classes que abordam a experiência com a percepção do estigma: Percebendo a discriminação do público; Comportamentos estigmatizadores e suas repercussões; Sentindo-se culpada e adotando estratégias de enfrentamento; Vivenciando a Rejeição do pai, dos outros e sentindo Solidão. Conclusão o estigma é percebido por mães de crianças com síndrome congênita do Zika vírus em interações afetivas, familiares e sociais, expressas através da rejeição, afastamento e exclusão resultantes em sofrimento às mães, as quais adotam como estratégias de enfrentamento ocultar a criança e o autoisolamento. Contribuições para a prática: à Enfermagem cabe identificar sinais de isolamento social, tristeza profunda e estresse relacionado ao estigma em ser mãe de uma criança com síndrome congênita do Zika vírus e elaborar planos de cuidados para prevenção do adoecimento materno.

ABSTRACT Objective to build care gerontotechnologies to help family caregivers with the difficulties experienced in the context of elderly people with Alzheimer's disease. Methods strategic action research carried out with seven family caregivers of elderly people with Alzheimer's disease and 12 health academics from a university. Data was gathered from the family caregivers using a semi-structured interview. Three focus groups were held with the academics. The data was submitted to the discursive textual analysis technique. Results eight difficulties experienced by family caregivers emerged, corresponding to cognitive aspects, Activities of Daily Living and issues relating to family care. It was possible to construct 14 care gerontotechnologies in product form. Conclusion gerontotechnologies were built to help family caregivers with the difficulties experienced by elderly people living with Alzheimer's disease. Contributions to practice: the gerontotechnologies developed have the potential to contribute to the care process, since they can be used by family caregivers on a daily basic and can be adapted to each reality, based on the unique needs of each elderly person.