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Background: Clinical studies, reliable geospatial data, and blood bank management all require an understanding of blood group trends. The prevalence of ABO in the blood group varies from one community to another. Every transfusion center/hematology lab is required to keep a statistical record of the blood group among their population, staff, and students. Aim and Objectives: Determining ABO and Rh blood group and study the pattern of these blood groups with an estimation of gene frequencies among first phase medical students of GMC Jammu. Materials and Methods: 250 medical students were recruited for the study. The finger-prick technique was done to obtain blood. On clean glass slides, a drop of monoclonal anti-A, B, and D was added to a drop of red blood cell suspension made from finger-prick blood and normal saline and thoroughly mixed. The agglutination results were subsequently recorded. Percentages were used to represent the data. Results: ABO blood group prevalent in this study was B, which accounted for 39.6% of all cases (36.8% B+ and 2.8% B-) followed by O with 34% (33.2% O+ and 0.8% O-), A with 21.2% (20% A+ and 1.2% A-), and AB with 5.2% (5.2% AB+ and 0% AB-). Among Rh group 95.2% were positive whereas 4.8% were found to be negative. The gene frequency for IA (p) - 0.1599, for IB (q) - 0.2571, and IO (r) - 0.5830. Conclusion: The B blood group is more ubiquitous than the others, with the AB blood group being the least common. Rh-positive is more common than Rh-negative blood types. Gender had no effect on the ABO and Rh blood groups.
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Background: Injections are one of the vital route of drug administration in emergency medical practice. WHO has estimated that out of 12 billion injections administered worldwide annually 50% are unsafe and 75% are unnecessary. Despite of humungous efforts medical students still lack the confidence in injecting drugs due to stress for post graduation selection. The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge of students regarding administration of I.M. and I.V. injections; to make students confident and skilful about administration of I.M. and I.V. injections and to assess the proportion of students who can skilfully administer I.V. and I.M. before and after this intervention.Methods: This was a Quasi experimental study carried out on 150 students of junior final medical students of GMC Bhopal for a period of three months.Results: Out of effective 136 students, 93.4% had ever seen I.M./ I.V. administration. 29.4% have administered I.M. and 16.9% I.V. injection ever. A significant increase in knowledge regarding I.M. and I.V. administration technique is observed following interventional training of the participants. Significant gain in self confidence among the students was perceived.Conclusions: There was a convincing increase in skillful knowledge and self-confidence for parenteral injection technique among medical undergraduates.
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Objective To investigate the effect of transforming growth factor β receptor-Ⅱ(TGF-βRⅡ) on AngⅡ inducing glomerular mesangial cell(GMC) proliferation and the expressions of TGF-β1 and psmad3 through transfecting TGF-βRⅡsmall interfering RNA(siRNA)into GMC. Methods Through transfecting fluo-rescence control siRNA into GMC ,we observed the transfection efficiency under fluorescence microscope after 6 hours. Transfecting TGF-βRⅡsiRNA and negative control siRNA into GMC respectively ,we detected the expres-sion of TGF-βRⅡ by western blot after 24 hours. The cells were divided into four groups:control group,AngⅡgroup,negative siRNA control group and TGF-βRⅡ siRNA group. Each group was stimulated by AngⅡ except the control group. After 24 hours,we detected the TGF-β1 and psmad3 protein levels by western blot and detected GMC proliferation by CCK8 kit. Results (1) Comparing with the scrambled control group,the expression of TGFβRⅡin the TGF-βRⅡsiRNA group was significantly decreased(P<0.05).(2)AngⅡcould accelerate the expression of TGF-β1. Transfecting TGF-βRⅡsiRNA into GMC decreased the expression of TGF-β1 protein(P<0.05).(3)AngⅡ could stimulate the phosphorylation of smad3. Transfecting TGF-βRⅡ siRNA into GMC de-creased the expression of psmad3 protein(P < 0.05).(4)Transfecting TGF-βRⅡ siRNA into GMC relieved the GMC proliferation AngⅡ-promoted(P < 0.05). Conclusions The AngⅡ stimulates the GMC proliferation,de-pending on the expression of TGF-βRⅡ. It is related to the expressions of TGF-β1 and psmad3.
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Objective To evaluate the immunogenicity of a Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular-tetanus toxoid(Hib-TT) conjugate vaccine produced by Lanzhou Institute of Biological products(LIBP).Methods In an open-controlled,randomized trial,the eligible and consented 6-59 months-old young children injected 2 or 1 times 1 month apart with Hib-TT conjugate vaccine,the 3-5 months-old infants received 3 injections 1 month apart for primary immunization with Hib-TT or a licensed international Hib-TT conjugate vaccine as the control vaccine,and the boosting dose of two 3-5 months-old groups was injected at the 15-17months-old.The serum anti-Hib PRP IgG GMC in both groups after primary and boosting vaccination was measured by ELISA,the percentage of geometric mean concentration (GMC) ≥ 0.15 μg/ml and ≥ 1.0μg/ml was calculated,respectively.Results The Hib-TT conjugate vaccine produced in LIBP elicited satisfactory IgG antibody response in 3-59 months-old young children,the serum IgG GMC of anti-Hib PRP were 14.52 μg/ml(95％ CI:12.31-17.14)in 3-5 months-old,14.04 μg/ml(95％ CI:12.40-15.90) in 6-11 months-old.the ratios of IgG antibody concentration ≥ 1.0 μg/ml were 96.90％ (95％ CI:92.50-99.20) in study vaccine group and 98.55％ (95％ CI:92.20-99.90) in the control vaccine after 3 doses,respectively.100％ of the 6-11 months-old young children who injected 2 times with the Hib-TT conjugate vaccine had IgG antibody concentration ≥ 1.0 μg/ml (95％ CI:95.94-100.00),91.35％ (95％ CI:86.13-99.48) of recipients in 12-59 months-old young children induced the IgG antibody concentration ≥ 1.0 μg/ml after a single dose.The serum IgG antibody GMC in recipients who received the study or and control vaccines increased from 6.27 μg/ml (95 ％ CI:5.28-7.48) and 5.57 μg/ml (95 ％ CI:4.45-6.97)at pre-boosting injections to 63.14 μg/ml(95％ CI:52.14-76.47) and 73.48 μg/ml (95％ CI:57.37-94.11) one month after boosting injection,respectively.The percentage of IgG antibody concentration ≥ 1.0 μg/ml increased from 76.35％ and 79.55％ of pre-boosting to 100％ in the two groups after booting dose.Although the serum IgG GMC in two groups appeared to decline markedly,it remained at a relatively high levels of 25.02 μg/ml (95％ CI:20.51-30.48) in the study vaccine and 23.64 μg/ml (95％ CI:18.40-30.43) in the control vaccine,and all of the recipients in both groups remained 100.0％ of IgG antibody concentration ≥ 1.0 μg/ml.Conclusion The study vaccine elicited a protective immune response and induced the IgG antibody concentration which indicated long-term protection of anti-Hib PRP in 3 to 59months-old infants and young children.
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Objective To observe the effects of myriocin(ISP-1) on improvement of glomerular messangial cell(GMC) apoptosis and on gene expression profiles of cell cycle regulatory proteins in GMC.Methods Rat GMC was cultured with 100 ?mol/L ISP-1 for 6,12,24,and 48 h,apoptosis was evaluated through flow cytometry,Hoechst33258/PI fluorescence stainig and DNA fragmentation analysis was carried out under Sepharose electrophoresis to observe the changes of apoptosis and DNA fragmentation.Gene expression profiles of cell cycle regulatory proteins were detected by SuperArray Real-Time PCR microarray analysis.The expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins was investigated by Western blotting.Results ISP-1 could significantly induce GMC apoptosis in a time-dependent manner,which was the most significant after 48 h.Apoptosis bodys of GMC were observed by Hoechst/PI fluorescence staining,and a typical ladder pattern was identified in DNA electrophoresis.SuperArray Real-Time PCR microarray analysis revealed that ISP-1 could up-regulate the expression of genes involved in DNA damage,apoptosis and cell cycle regulation,such as Rad51,Atm,Brcal,caspases,cyclinA2,cyclinC,chek1,cyclinB1,cyclinB2,cyclinD2,cyclinF,Cdc25a,and P27.Western blotting showed that ISP-1 could significantly up-regulate Bax protein expression and down-regulate Bcl-2 protein expression,respectively.ConclusionISP-1 could induce GMC apoptosis in a time-dependent manner,propabably through influencing gene expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins and apoptosis proteins.
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Objective To study the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine Compound Xueniaoting (CXNT) in treating glomerulus diseases with the main pathological changes of proliferation in mesangial cells. Methods CXNT and rat liver microsomes were incubated together, and then the incubated CXNT was added into cultured glomerular mesangial cells (GMC) in vitro. The proliferation of GMC was observed by MTT assay, the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were determined by radioimmunoassay, and content of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) was determined by velocity assay. ResultsCXNT (2, 4, 8 mg/mL) metobolized by rat liver microsomes could all inhibite the proliferation of GMC and production of IL-6 and ET-1 in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion CXNT can inhibite the proliferation of GMC and restrain the secretion of IL-6 and ET-1, this function may be one of CXNT mechanisms in treating some mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.
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AIM: To investigate the influence of Astragalus Injection on morphology,cell cycle and oxidative stress of rat's glomerular mesangial cells(GMC) cultured with advanced glycation end products(AGEs). METHODS: GMC were incubated in culture medium containing AGEs in the presence of Astragalus Injection and aminoguanidin for 48 h.At the same time,the normal and control groups were established.Then the cultured GMC was stained by mixed fluorescence liquid and observed under fluorescence microscope.Cell cycle of GMC was analyzed using flowcytometry.The activity of SOD、MDA and GSH-PX in GMC supernatant were measured by test kit.The level of ROS was detected by flowcytometry. RESULTS: Morphology analysis showed that the morphology and structure of normal GMC were normal.The structure of most cells in AGEs was unclear,cell counts increased markedly and they grew intensively.Cell cycle analysis showed that cell percentage of S phase increased and G_0/G_1 reduced.The level of ROS,MDA remarkably increased,and SOD,GSHPX activity reduced.Whereas Astragalus Injection was added,cell morphology tended to be basically normal and cell counts decreased,the percentage of S phase also decreased.The level of ROS,MDA and the SOD,GSH-PX activity restored in comparison with the control groups. CONCLUSION: Astragalus Injection can prevent GMC from lesion caused by AGEs.Astragalus Injection may protect GMC from retarding the progression of diabetic nepropathy by partially inhibiting the occurrence of oxidative stress.