A comparative study of extraction techniques for maximum recovery of bioactive compounds from Ganoderma lucidum spores / Estudio comparativo de técnicas de extracción para la máxima recuperación de compuestos bioactivos a partir esporas de Ganoderma lucidum

SUMMARY This study aimed at evaluating effective methods for breaking the hard and insoluble spores of Ganoderma lucidum to recover functional biomolecules. Rupture techniques were evaluated such as manual maceration (RM), maceration with spheres of various materials (BR), and microwave exposure plus maceration with steel/ chrome spheres (MBR1). Spore rupture was evaluated using UV-Vis spectroscopy, which showed vibrations of 2955, 1642, 1240, 1080 and 1746 cm-1 corresponding to changes in spore walls. The MBR1 extract contained the largest amounts of carbohydrates (19.80 mg.g-1 spores) and polyphenols (2.21 mg.g-1 spores), whereas the BR extract had higher antioxidant activity (57.22%Inb DPPH). The MBR1 and BR extracts contained 62.2 and 73.5% glucose, respectively. Both methods also involved significant extraction of carbohydrates and proteins. The best way to extract biomolecules from spore walls is to perform a microwave heat treatment and break the walls with steel/chrome spheres; this produces large quantities of carbohydrates with antioxidant properties.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar varios métodos de ruptura de las esporas de Ganoderma lucidum y extraer sus propiedades bioactivas. Para este propósito se evaluaron diferentes técnicas de rompimiento como: la maceración manual (RM), la maceración con esferas de diversos materiales (BR) y la exposición a microondas junto la maceración de las esporas con esferas de acero/cromo (MBR1). La ruptura de las esporas fue evaluada por espectroscopia UV-Vis, la cual mostró que las vibraciones 2955, 1642, 1240, 1080 y 1746 cm-1 correspondieron a cambios estructurales en las paredes de las esporas. El extracto MBR1 presento el mayor contenido de carbohidratos (19,80 mg.g-1) y polifenoles (2,21 mg.g-1), mientras que el extracto BR tuvo una mayor actividad antioxidante (57,22% Inb DPPH). Los extractos MBR1 y BR también presentaron en el análisis de monosacáridos un 62,2 y 73,5% de contenido glucosa. Como conclusión la mejor metodología para extraer biomoléculas de las paredes de las esporas de G. lucidum fueron el tratamiento térmico con microondas y la ruptura de las paredes con esferas de acero/cromo, porque este proceso permitió la extracción de una mayor cantidad de carbohidratos con posibles propiedades antioxidantes.

Chemical constituents from fruiting bodies of Ganoderma daiqingshanense / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma daiqingshanense. Methods: The constituents were separated by Silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, their structures were elucidated by spectral data analyses, and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity was detected. Results: Twelve compounds were isolated from the fruiting bodies of G. daiqingshanense and identified as 3β,21β-serratenediol-3-acetate (1), 3β,21α-serratenediol-3-acetate (2), 3-O-acetyltohogenol (3), 20 (29)-lupen-3β-ol (4), lucialdehyde A (5), ganoderic acid Y (6), ergosta-7,22E-diene-3-one (7), ergosta-4,6,8 (14),22-tetraene-3-one (8), ergosta-7,22E-diene-3β-ol (9), 5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22E-diene-3β-ol (10), ankylosaurus acid (11), and euphorbia factor L3 (12). Compounds 5, 11, and 12 showed moderate activities against acetylcholinesterase with inhibitory rates of 17.70%, 22.89%, and 21.22%, respectively. Conclusion: All the compounds are obtained from G. daiqingshanense for the first time and serratene triterpenes (compounds 1-3) are found from family Ganodermataceae for the first time. Compounds 5, 11, and 12 have certain inhibitory activities on acetylcholinesterase.

Minor Compounds from Fungus Ganoderma cochlear / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of the fungus Ganoderma cochlear. Methods: The compounds were isolated by using MCI gel CHP 20P, Sephadex LH-20, RP-18 column chromatography, and preparative TLC. The structures were identified by means of spectroscopic methods. Results: Two phenolic normeroterpenoid and meroterpenoid, cochlearols C and D (1 and 2), together with six benzene derivatives, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylethanol (3), 4-hydroxyacetophenone (4), p-hydroxycinnamic methyl ester (5), 2-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (6), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid (7), and 2-hydroxy-5-ethoxybenzoic acid (8), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma cochlear. Conclusion: Compounds 1 and 2 are new phenolic normeroterpenoid and meroterpenoid, respectively.

Molecular Taxonomy of Ganoderma cupreum from Southern India Inferred from ITS rDNA Sequences Analysis

Ganoderma is a cosmopolitan wood-rot basidiomycete that has been extensively studied for its pathogencity and medicinal properties. Identification of Ganoderma based on macro-microscopic features led to large number of synonyms which resulted in 250 taxonomic names. A Ganoderma species collected from Courtallam, Tamil Nadu was identified as G. cupreum. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from internal transcribed spacer rDNA region resolved the Indian isolate MYC1 as Ganoderma cupreum which clustered with Australian and Asian "cupreum" clade with 85% bootstrap support BS and shared 99% and 98% nucleotide similarity with Malaysian and Australian 'cupreum' respectively. This study represents the first molecular evidence of G. cupreum from Asian origin.

The hypocholesterolemic effect of Ganoderma lucidum in rats

Background: According to traditional medicine, Ganodermataceae has many good effects on such as anti-oxidant, liver protection, sedation, anti-tumor, treatment of dyslipidemia,... Hong chi DaLat \ufffd?[Ganoderma lucidum (HC)] is a species of Ganodermataceae. This species has two strains DL1 and DL2, was grown and used mainly in Da Lat but they had not been fully studied. Objectives: To evaluate the cholesterol lowering effect of HC in cholesterol induced hypercholesterolemic rats. Subjects and method: Rats were given orally the cholesterol 10% with 0.5g/kg body weight/day during 6 consecutive weeks in order to induce hypercholesterolemic rats. The hypocholesterolemic effect of extract of (HC) was investigated at the dose of 4g/kg administered orally in hyperlipidaemic rats after 6 weeks. Results: HC with the dose of 4g/kg significantly decreased plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL \ufffd?C levels by 24.82%, 27.41% and 54.32% respectively, but increased HDL \ufffd?C by 53.34%. The effect of HC on plasma cholesterol levels with the oral dose of 4g/kg, 12g/kg was equal to each other and to that of cholestyramin at the dose of 1.6g/kg. Conclusion: HC has hypocholesterolemic effect in rats.