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1.
Rev. biol. trop ; 66(1): 149-163, Jan.-Mar. 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-897661

RESUMO

Abstract The application of gap dynamics theory appears to be a promising option for tropical forest management and conservation. In the present study of a tree species-rich and old-growth Ecuadorian Neotropical forest, we assessed the spatial distribution of gaps and gap size in relation to: i) tree number at the gap edge, ii) number of tree species at the gap edge, iii) number of tree species per stem at the gap edge, iv) species similarity, v) species evenness at the gap edge, vi) size differentiation at the gap edge, vii) gap isolation and viii) species mingling at the gap edge. Our results demonstrated that the spatial distribution of gaps was random. Various gap attributes were strongly associated with gap size. The number of tree species per stem at the gap edge was negatively correlated to the gap size. Gap sizes up to 50 m2were mostly sufficient to generate tree species-rich forest stands. Assuming that our results were representative for an old-growth neotropical rainforest in Ecuador, our study remarks the following management recommendations: 1) Rainforests have a very complex spatial and diversity structure and logging activities should preferably be omitted because of adverse effects. 2) If logging is inevitable, this should mimic a random choice of trees and tree species, to prevent special selection of tree dimension and species; and a random distribution of trees to be logged, to produce gaps smaller than 50 m2and never larger than 400 m2. Additionally, we suggest cutting not more than 5 % of the tree biomass per 10-20 years period, to preclude stronger alterations of ecosystem processes, and the reduction of existing dead wood from the ecosystem. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 149-163. Epub 2018 March 01.


Resumen Aplicar la teoría de la dinámica de parches parece ser una opción prometedora para el manejo y conservación de los bosques tropicales. En el presente estudio se analizó la distribución espacial y el tamaño de los parches en relación con: i) el número de árboles en el borde del parche, ii) el número de especies arbóreas en el parche iii) número de especies arbóreas por tronco en el borde del parche, iv) similitud de las especies, v) uniformidad de las especies en el borde del parche, vi) separación del tamaño en el borde del parche, vii) aislamiento del parche y viii) borde del parche. Nuestros resultados demostraron que la distribución espacial de los parches fue aleatoria. Varios atributos de la vegetación se asociaron fuertemente con el tamaño del parche. El número de especies de árboles por fuste en el borde del parche se correlacionó negativamente con el tamaño del parche. Asumiendo que, nuestros resultados fueron representativos de un bosque neotropical en el Ecuador, nuestro estudio respalda las siguientes recomendaciones: 1) Este tipo de bosque húmedo tiene una diversidad espacial y estructural muy compleja; por lo tanto, las actividades de explotación forestal deberían omitirse, ya que afectarán negativamente sus estructuras. 2) Si la tala es inevitable, entonces deberían imitarse las estructuras naturales descritas en este estudio. Es decir, i) una selección aleatoria de especies de árboles a cosechar, con el fin de evitar la selección específica por dimensiones del arbolado o por especies, ii) en la distribución aleatoria de árboles debe tomarse en cuenta que los parches sean menores a 50 m2y jamás mayores a 400 m2. Adicionalmente, se recomienda no cortar más del 5 % de la biomasa arbórea en cada período de corta de entre 10 a 20 años, para evitar alteraciones mayores en los procesos del ecosistema y la reducción de madera muerta existente en estos ecosistemas.

2.
J. appl. oral sci ; 16(3): 181-188, May-June 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, BBO | ID: lil-483151

RESUMO

Nasoendoscopy is an important tool for assessing velopharyngeal function. The purpose of this study was to analyze velar and pharyngeal wall movement and velopharyngeal gap during nasoendoscopic evaluation of the velopharynx before and during diagnostic therapy. Nasoendoscopic recordings of 10 children with operated cleft lip and palate were analyzed according to the International Working Group Guidelines. Ratings of movement of velum and pharyngeal walls, and size, location and shape of gaps were analyzed by 3 speech-language pathologists (SLPs). Imaging was obtained during repetitions of the syllable /pa/ during a single nasoendoscopic evaluation: (a) before diagnostic therapy, and (b) after the children were instructed to impound and increase intraoral air pressure (diagnostic therapy). Once the patients impounded and directed air pressure orally, the displacement of the velum, right, left and posterior pharyngeal walls increased 40, 70, 80, and 10%, respectively. Statistical significance for displacement was found only for right and left lateral pharyngeal walls. Reduction in gap size was observed for 30% of the patients and other 40% of the gaps disappeared. Changes in gap size were found to be statistically significant between the two conditions. In nasoendoscopic assessment, the full potential of velopharyngeal displacement may not be completely elicited when the patient is asked only to repeat a speech stimulus. Optimization of information can be done with the use of diagnostic therapy’s strategies to manipulate VP function. Assuring the participation of the SLP to conduct diagnostic therapy is essential for management of velopharyngeal dysfunction.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Insuficiência Velofaríngea/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Velofaríngea/terapia , Técnicas de Diagnóstico do Sistema Digestório , Técnicas de Diagnóstico do Sistema Respiratório
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