Protocol and Rationale: A 24-week Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of Adjunctive Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Mangosteen) Pericarp for Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: Garcinia mangostana Linn., commonly known as mangosteen, is a tropical fruit with a thick pericarp rind containing bioactive compounds that may be beneficial as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia. The biological underpinnings of schizophrenia are believed to involve altered neurotransmission, inflammation, redox systems, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurogenesis. Mangosteen pericarp contains xanthones which may target these biological pathways and improve symptoms; this is supported by preclinical evidence. Here we outline the protocol for a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of adjunctive mangosteen pericarp (1,000 mg/day), compared to placebo, in the treatment of schizophrenia. METHODS: We aim to recruit 150 participants across two sites (Geelong and Brisbane). Participants diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder will be randomized to receive 24 weeks of either adjunctive 1,000 mg/day of mangosteen pericarp or matched placebo, in addition to their usual treatment. The primary outcome measure is mean change in the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (total score) over the 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes include positive and negative symptoms, general psychopathology, clinical global severity and improvement, depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, functioning, participants reported overall improvement, substance use, cognition, safety and biological data. A 4-week post treatment interview at week 28 will explore post-discontinuations effects. RESULTS: Ethical and governance approvals were gained and the trial commenced. CONCLUSION: A positive finding in this study has the potential to provide a new adjunctive treatment option for people with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. It may also lead to a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of the disorder.

Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition activities of α- mangostin and Garcinia mangostana Linn. pericarp extracts.

The methanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether crude extracts of mangosteen pericarp and α- mangostin were evaluated for the antioxidant capacity and tyrosinase inhibition properties. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay was used to investigate their antioxidant capacity. Tyrosinase inhibition effect was evaluated using mushroom tyrosinase inhibition assay. Methanol extract has higher antioxidant reducing capacity (m= 1.621), compared to the rest of the extracts. Meanwhile, ethyl acetate extract and α- mangostin showed potent tyrosinase inhibition activities as compared to Kojic acid, a well- known tyrosinase inhibitor. It is observed that tyrosinase inhibition effect is antioxidant independent as ethyl acetate extract possessed low antioxidant capacity. This study suggests direct tyrosinase inhibition by ethyl acetate extract of Garcinia mangostana.

Proteomics analysis of antimalarial targets of Garcinia mangostana Linn

Objective: To investigate possible protein targets for antimalarial activity of Garcinia mangostana Linn. (G. mangostana) (pericarp) in 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum clone using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Methods: 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum was exposed to the crude ethanolic extract of G. mangostana Linn. (pericarp) at the concentrations of 12μg/mL (IC

Proteomics analysis of antimalarial targets of Garcinia mangostana Linn

Objective: To investigate possible protein targets for antimalarial activity of Garcinia mangostana Linn. (G. mangostana) (pericarp) in 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum clone using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Methods: 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum was exposed to the crude ethanolic extract of G.mangostana Linn. (pericarp) at the concentrations of 12μg/mL (IC50 level: concentration that inhibits parasite growth by 50%) and 30 μg/mL (IC90 level: concentration that inhibits parasite growth by 90%) for 12 h. Parasite proteins were separated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis and identified by LC/MS/MS.Results:At the IC50 concentration, about 82% of the expressed parasite proteins were matched with the control (non-exposed), while at the IC90 concentration, only 15% matched proteins were found. The selected protein spots from parasite exposed to the plant extract at the concentration of 12 μg/mL were identified as enzymes that play role in glycolysis pathway, i.e., phosphoglycerate mutase putative, L-lactate dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphoglycerate kinase. The proteosome was found in parasite exposed to 30 μg/mL of the extract.Conclusions:Results suggest that proteins involved in the glycolysis pathway may be the targets for antimalarial activity of G. mangostana Linn. (pericarp).

Proteomics analysis of antimalarial targets of Garcinia mangostana Linn

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate possible protein targets for antimalarial activity of Garcinia mangostana Linn. (G. mangostana) (pericarp) in 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum clone using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC/MS/MS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>3D7 Plasmodium falciparum was exposed to the crude ethanolic extract of G. mangostana Linn. (pericarp) at the concentrations of 12µg/mL (IC50 level: concentration that inhibits parasite growth by 50%) and 30 µg/mL (IC90 level: concentration that inhibits parasite growth by 90%) for 12 h. Parasite proteins were separated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis and identified by LC/MS/MS.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At the IC50 concentration, about 82% of the expressed parasite proteins were matched with the control (non-exposed), while at the IC90 concentration, only 15% matched proteins were found. The selected protein spots from parasite exposed to the plant extract at the concentration of 12 µg/mL were identified as enzymes that play role in glycolysis pathway, i.e., phosphoglycerate mutase putative, L-lactate dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphoglycerate kinase. The proteosome was found in parasite exposed to 30 µg/mL of the extract.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Results suggest that proteins involved in the glycolysis pathway may be the targets for antimalarial activity of G. mangostana Linn. (pericarp).</p>

Sunscreen Activity of α -mangostin from the Pericarps of Garcinia mangostana.

A sunscreen active compound has been isolated from the ethanol extract of Garcinia mangostana Linn (Clusiaceae). The ethanol extract was fractionated by liquid liquid extraction with n-hexane, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate, followed by further fractionation and purification using column chromatography on silica gel and gradient elution with combinations of n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Isolation and fractionation was guided by sunscreen activity assay. One of the active compounds was identified as αmangostin based on LC-MS and NMR Spectroscopy. The SPF value of the isolated α –mangostin at 50 and 100 ppm were 21.76 and 37.18, respectively and were much higher than the SPF values of the fractions obtained by liquid-liquid extraction.