The impact of intestinal microbiota imbalance on the development of obesity / O impacto do desequilíbrio da microbiota intestinal no desenvolvimento da obesidade

Objective: review current databases to identify the impacts of intestinal dysbiosis on obesity, as well as serve as a pillar for carrying out preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Methodology: this is an integrative review carried out from the collection of data obtained from the SciELO, PubMed, VHL, and LILACS platforms using the descriptors "dysbiosis", "obesity" and "gastrointestinal microbiome"; Inclusion criteria were: articles published in the last five years (from 2017 to 2022), original articles, meta-analyses, and observational studies (clinical trials and cohort study) and written in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. Results: Western diet and use of sweeteners cause anthropometric changes, blood pressure, glucose intolerance, among others, in addition to leading to the prevalence of deleterious bacteria in the body, culminating in obesity and diabetes mellitus; on the other hand, a diet rich in fiber and administration of probiotics can generate beneficial changes in the diversity of the intestinal flora, in addition to combating the inflammatory state generated by obesity (AU).

Objetivo: revisar as bases de dados atuais para identificar os impactos da disbiose intestinal na obesidade, bem como servir de pilar para realização de medidas preventivas, diagnósticas e terapêuticas. Metodologia: trata-se de revisão integrativa realizada a partir de coleta de dados obtidos nas plataformas SciELO, PuBMed, BVS e LILACS usando os descritores "dysbiosis", "obesity" and "gastrointestinal microbiome"; os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos (de 2017 a 2022), artigos originais, metanálises e estudos observacionais (ensaios clínicos e estudo de coorte) e escritos em português, inglês ou espanhol. Resultados: dieta ocidental e uso de adoçante provocam alterações antropométricas, de pressão arterial, intolerância à glicose, entre outras, além de levar à prevalência de bactérias deletérias ao organismo, culminando em obesidade e diabetes mellitus; em contrapartida, dieta rica em fibras e administração de probióticos podem gerar mudanças benéficas na diversidade da flora intestinal, ademais combatem o estado inflamatório gerado pela obesidade (AU).

Sixth Chinese National Consensus Report on Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection (Treatment Excluded) / 胃肠病学

The sixth national consensus conference on the management of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection organized by Helicobacter pylori Study Group of Chinese Society of Gastroenterology was held at Nanchang, Jiangxi Province on December 17, 2021. Experts in the field of Hp research and gastroenterology attended the meeting and several consensus preparatory groups were established to draft the related statements. The level of evidence was evaluated using the 2011 Oxford Centre for Evidence⁃Based Medicine Levels of Evidence. The strength of recommendation was graded by GRADE (grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation) system. The Delphi method using an anonymous electronic system was adopted to develop the consensus of relevant statements. The statements initially reached a consensus were discussed repeatedly in the conference and the experts voted for the final consensus. The consensus contents contained a total of 30 statements and were divided into 4 parts, including: (a) diagnosis of Hp infection, (b) indications for Hp eradication, (c) Hp and gastric cancer, and (d) Hp and gastrointestinal microbiota.

Qual é a influência da microbiota na obesidade e em seu quadro inflamatório? / What is the influence of microbiota on obesity and its inflammatory involvement?

A obesidade tem causa multifatorial que atinge atualmente mais da metade da população brasileira. Mais recentemente, a microbiota intestinal foi considerada um fator que contribui para essa condição. Os objetivos deste estudo foram revisar a influência da microbiota intestinal na obesidade e no processo inflamatório, e analisar os efeitos da utilização dos pré e probióticos. Foi realizada revisão sistemática sobre o assunto. Dos mais de 27.000 artigos, apenas 16 respeitaram os critérios de inclusão. Em conclusão, o desequilíbrio da microbiota aparece como fator favorável ao desenvolvimento da obesidade e do quadro inflamatório decorrente dela. Tanto o uso de prebióticos quanto probióticos são recursos válidos no tratamento da obesidade, porém os primeiros parecem proporcionar melhor qualidade de vida.

Obesity has a multifactorial etiological condition that involves more than half of the Brazilian population. More recently, the intestinal microbiota was considered a factor that contributes to this condition. The aims of this study were to review the intestinal microbiota influence in the obesity and in the inflammatory response, and to analyze the effects of using prebiotic and probiotic medications. A systematic review was firstly done. More than 27,000 articles were found, but only 16 contained the proper criteria. In conclusion, the microbiota imbalance seems to increase the obesity development and its inflammatory aspects. Both the use of pre and probiotics are good options in the obesity treatment, though the first ones seem to enhance bettere quality of life.

Detection of Serum Antibodies and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Response to Escherichia coli Antigens in Humans

Abstract Among the microorganisms that make up the intestinal microbiota, stands out Escherichia coli, which has as main ecological niche, the large human intestine. Its importance stands out in being part of the pioneer's commensal microorganisms on the colonization of the intestinal mucosa and its pathogenic role causing extra and intra intestinal diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibody production and proliferative response of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) to E. coli antigens. The bacteria were grown on Brain Heart Infusion broth medium at 35 ºC for 72 hours. Pellet bacteria were lysed for one hour at room temperature with an 8M sodium guanidine solution. After spin and dialysis, the protein antigens were measured in the supernatant by protein assay. The antigens were characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the antigenic profile by western blotting. The presence of specific IgG and IgA antibodies were evaluated using thirty normal human sera by an indirect ELISA. The response of PBMC to E. coli antigens was assessed by MTT metabolization. The results demonstrated that the antigens were composed of proteins of different sizes and they were recognized by antibodies present in normal human serum. Human sera presented high titers of IgG and IgA antibodies to E. coli antigens when compared to the results of lipopolysaccharide. We also showed that total E. coli antigens induced PBMC proliferation at different antigen concentrations. Taken together the results suggest that the antigens from E. coli can induce local and systemic immune responses.

Estudio observacional de la microbiota intestinal aeróbica / Observational study of the aerobic gut microbiota

El ecosistema microbiano asociado al intestino es el más diverso y complejo, en el ser humano cambia durante las diferentes etapas de la vida. La pérdida del equilibrio de este ecosistema intestinal se conoce como disbiosis. Establecer la posible relación entre la disbiosis aeróbica con diversas enfermedades de interés clínico encontradas. Se estudiaron 377 casos de disbiosis con diferentes patologías como trastorno del espectro autista (TEA), enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, alergias, intolerancia alimentaria, entre otras; y un grupo control de 497 personas aparentemente sanas. Para el análisis de la información se utilizaron las pruebas de T de Student y regresión logística multinominal, ajustadas a un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Hubo variabilidad en el crecimiento de la microbiota benéfica del grupo de casos de disbiosis respecto al grupo control (p<0,001). La microbiota transitoria causante de disbiosis estuvo conformada principalmente por cocos grampositivos: Streptococcus grupo viridans, Enterococcus faecium y Enterococcus gallinarum; bacilos gramnegativos: Klebsiella pneumoniae, complejo Enterobacter cloacae y Klebsiella oxytoca y especies de Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis y complejo Candida parapsilosis. La población más susceptible con disbiosis fueron niños con edades comprendidas entre 2 y 6 años. Los TEA y la intolerancia alimentaria estuvieron asociados significativamente con la disbiosis (p<0,05)

The microbial ecosystem associated with the intestine is the most diverse and complex in the human being, since it changes during the different stages of life. Losing balance of this intestinal ecosystem is known as dysbiosis. To establish the possible relationship between aerobic dysbiosis and diseases of clinical interest found. Three hundred and seventy-seven (377) cases of dysbiosis with different pathologies such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, food intolerance, among others; and a control group of 497 apparently healthy people, were studied. For the analysis of the information, multinomial logistic regression and Student's t tests were used, adjusted to a 95% confidence interval. The growth of beneficial microbiota showed variability in the dysbiosis case group compared to the control group (p <0.001). The transient microbiota causing dysbiosis was mainly made up of gram-positive cocci: Streptococcus viridans group, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus gallinarum; gram-negative bacilli: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae complex, and Klebsiella oxytoca and Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis complex species. The most susceptible population with dysbiosis was children aged between 2 and 6 years. The ASD and food intolerance were significantly associated with dysbiosis (p <0.05)

Research progress in upper digestive tract microbiota and esophageal cancer / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer are high, with strong invasiveness and poor prognosis. In China, the number of morbidity and death accounts for about half of the world. The cause of the disease has not yet been clarified, and it is known to be related to many factors such as chronic damage to the upper digestive tract caused by poor diet and lifestyle, heredity and environment. With the continuous advancement of molecular biology technology, metagenomics and high-throughput sequencing began to be used as non-culture methods instead of traditional culture methods for micro-ecological analysis, and is becoming a research hotspot. Many studies have shown that the disturbance of upper digestive tract microecology may be one of the causes of esophageal cancer, which affects the occurrence and development of esophageal cancer through complex interactions with the body and various mechanisms. This paper reviews the research progress, which is of great significance to further clarify the value of upper gastrointestinal microecology in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer.

Role of gastrointestinal microbiota in tumorigenesis / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Gastrointestinal microbiota has an important impact on physiological functions of human body. In recent years,the importance of gastrointestinal microbiota in tumorigenesis has emerged. Aberrant location and proportion of microbiota can cause not only carcinogenesis of local epithelia,but also tumorigenesis in submucous tissues or even distant organs. Certain microbes can produce genotoxin or generate reactive oxygen species to cause DNA damage and affect DNA damage repair,which leads to genetic instability and induces cell transformation. Moreover,gastrointestinal microbiota is able to affect the function of host immune system and form an immunosuppressive microenvironment,while some other pathogenic bacteria can cause chronic inflammation and may be involved in tumor immune escape. Based on the above,gastrointestinal microbiota is oncogenic and closely linked to tumorigenesis.

Fecal microbiota transplantation in pediatric patients:current status and future developments / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

In recent years,gastrointestinal microbiota and fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)has gained rapidly development.The recent studies demonstrated that FMT has obvious clinical efficacy and safety on the treatment of clostridium difficile infection,inflammatory bowel disease and other diseases in adult.The present article will discuss the efficacy of FMT in treating digestive diseases in children.This review summarizes therapeutic advances in FMT,latest FMT therapies and presents the potential of FMT therapeutics in gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal conditions in children.

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Bridge between Functional Organic Dichotomy

The pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), once thought to be largely psychogenic in origin, is now understood to be multifactorial. One of the reasons for this paradigm shift is the realization that gut dysbiosis, including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), causes IBS symptoms. Between 4% and 78% of patients with IBS and 1% and 40% of controls have SIBO; such wide variations in prevalence might result from population differences, IBS diagnostic criteria, and, most importantly, methods to diagnose SIBO. Although quantitative jejunal aspirate culture is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of SIBO, noninvasive hydrogen breath tests have been popular. Although the glucose hydrogen breath test is highly specific, its sensitivity is low; in contrast, the early-peak criteria in the lactulose hydrogen breath test are highly nonspecific. Female gender, older age, diarrhea-predominant IBS, bloating and flatulence, proton pump inhibitor and narcotic intake, and low hemoglobin are associated with SIBO among IBS patients. Several therapeutic trials targeting gut microbes using antibiotics and probiotics have further demonstrated that not all symptoms in patients with IBS originate in the brain but rather in the gut, providing support for the micro-organic basis of IBS. A recent proof-of-concept study showing the high frequency of symptom improvement in patients with IBS with SIBO further supports this hypothesis.

Advances in the relationships between gastrointestinal microbiota and cancer / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Commensal microorganisms that colonize barrier surfaces of all multicellular organisms exist in harmony with their hosts and have an important effect on both immune and non-immune functions of their hosts. Numerous researches have shown that gastrointestinal microbiota being one of the most important commensal microorganisms plays a critical role in the occurrence, development and treatment of cancer. As-signing causal roles in cancer to specific microbes and microbiotas, unraveling host-microbiota interactions with environmental factors in carcinogenesis, and applying such knowledge to cancer diagnosis and treatment are areas of intensive interest. This review considers how microbes and the microbiota may amplify or miti-gate carcinogenesis, responsiveness to cancer therapeutics, and cancer-associated complications.

The influence of diet on gastrointestinal microbiota / 中华临床营养杂志

The gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex microbiota,which contains almost 30 genera,400 to 500 species.The factors influencing human intestinal microbiota include host and environmental ones,with the most important environmental factor being diet.Dietary fiber,fat,and protein have different impact on gastrointestinal microbiota and the microbiota in turn plays an important role in maintaining health.Its variation can lead to many diseases.Knowledge of the interaction between diet and gastrointestinal microbiota may be conducive to reaching a better understanding of some diseases,and to discovering better preventive and therapeutic strategies.