Progress of Research on Gastrointestinal Flora in Screening, Diagnosis and Prognosis of Esophageal Cancer / 胃肠病学

Esophageal cancer is a common and poorly prognostic cancer, and early screening and early diagnosis arc the keys to improve the prognosis of patients. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that changes in gastrointestinal flora are associated with the occurrence, progression, recurrence, metastasis and chemotherapy resistance of esophageal cancer. This article mainly reviewed the changes of gastrointestinal flora in esophageal cancer patients and the progress of research on gastrointestinal flora in the screening, diagnosis and prognosis of esophageal cancer.

Relationship between gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal neoplasms / 国际外科学杂志

The gastrointestinal flora is composed of a large number of microorganisms with complex structure,which participates in the process of decomposition,digestion and absorption of nutrients,promotes the development of the body's immune system,inhibits the colonization of pathogenic bacteria,and affects the health and disease of the body.In recent years,with the advancement of sequencing technology,the relationship between gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal neoplasms has became a research hotspot.This article reviews the carcinogenic pathways of the gastrointestinal flora and the possible carcinogenic mechanisms of the gastrointestinal flora.

Colitis y trasplante de microflora intestinal: ¿cuándo plantearlo? / Colitis and fecal microbiota transplantation: who benefits?

The gastrointestinal microbiota acts as a metabolic organ that provides enzymatic pathways, contributes to the development and maintenance of local and systemic lymphoid organs, regulates the homeostasis of the intestinal epithelial barrier, modulates the systemic inflammatory and metabolic processes and activates the immune system, providing protection against bacterial and viral agents. Clostridium difficile diarrhea is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality rates. This occurs, among other causes, due to dysbiosis. Fecal microflora transplantation is an option, particularly in recurrent episodes. There are case reports on fecal microflora transplantation used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, with promising results.

La microbiota gastrointestinal funciona como un órgano metabólico que provee de rutas enzimáticas no presentes en nuestro organismo; contribuye al desarrollo y mantenimiento de órganos linfoides locales y sistémicos, a la homeostasis de la barrera epitelial intestinal; modula los procesos inflamatorios sistémicos y metabólicos y activa el sistema inmunológico sitémico, brindando protección frente agresiones bacterianas y virales. La diarrea por Clostridium difficile es la principal causa de diarrea intrahospitalaria con una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Esta se produce entre otras causas por una disbiosis. El trasplante de microflora fecal ha demostrado ser una opción terapéutica eficaz, especialmente en los episodios recurrentes. Existen reportes de casos con resultados promisorios en que se utiliza el trasplante de microflora fecal para el tratamiento de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal crónica.

Probióticos e prebióticos na prevenção e no tratamento de doenças em lactentes e crianças / Probiotics and prebiotics in prevention and treatment of diseases in infants and children

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto do uso de probióticos e prebióticos na saúde das crianças. FONTES DOS DADOS: Foram pesquisados os bancos de dados MEDLINE e LILACS, selecionando-se artigos relevantes em inglês e francês. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: O leite humano é rico em oligossacarídeos prebióticos e pode conter probióticos. Não existem dados sugerindo que a adição de probióticos a fórmulas para lactentes possa ser prejudicial, mas as evidências de sua eficácia são insuficientes para que seja recomendada. Visto que dados sugerem que a adição de oligossacarídeos prebióticos específicos pode reduzir infecções e atopia em lactentes saudáveis, sua adição parece razoável. Os benefícios a longo prazo dos pro e prebióticos para o sistema imunológico em desenvolvimento ainda precisam ser comprovados. Probióticos selecionados reduzem a duração da diarreia infecciosa em 1 dia, mas faltam evidências quanto à prevenção, exceto na diarreia associada a antibióticos. Alguns probióticos específicos previnem a enterocolite necrosante, e outros micro-organismos podem ser benéficos nos casos de gastrite por Helicobacter pylori e de cólica do lactente. Não há evidências suficientes para recomendar o uso de probióticos na prevenção e no tratamento da dermatite atópica. A utilização de probióticos nos casos de constipação, síndrome do intestino irritável, doença inflamatória intestinal e infecções extraintestinais requer mais estudos. CONCLUSÕES: A duração da administração, a dosagem microbiana e as espécies utilizadas necessitam de maior validação, tanto para probióticos quanto para prebióticos. Alegações de saúde injustificadas são uma grande ameaça ao conceito de pro e prebióticos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of probiotics and prebiotics on the health of children. SOURCES: MEDLINE and LILACS were searched for relevant English and French-language articles. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Human milk is rich in prebiotic oligosaccharides and may contain some probiotics. No data suggest that addition of probiotics to infant formula may be harmful, but evidence of its efficacy is insufficient for its recommendation. Since data suggest that addition of specific prebiotic oligosaccharides may reduce infections and atopy in healthy infants, their addition to infant formula seems reasonable. Long-term health benefits of pro- and prebiotics on the developing immune system remain to be proven. Selected probiotics reduce the duration of infectious diarrhea by 1 day, but evidence in prevention is lacking, except in antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Some specific probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis, and other microorganisms may be beneficial in Helicobacter pylori gastritis and in infantile colic. Evidence is insufficient to recommend probiotics in prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis. The use of probiotics in constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and extra-intestinal infections requires more studies. CONCLUSIONS: Duration of administration, microbial dosage, and species used need further validation for both pro- and prebiotics. Unjustified health claims are a major threat for the pro- and prebiotic concept.