Desafíos éticos en investigación genómica y biotecnología. Veinte años de Acta Bioethica / Ethical challenges present in genomic research and biotechnology. Twenty years of Acta Bioethica / Desafios éticos na pesquisa genômica e biotecnológica. Vinte anos de Acta Bioethica

Resumen El presente artículo es una revisión de las reflexiones éticas sobre temas de genética y manipulación genética que se han publicado en 20 años de Acta Bioethica. Se identifican los siguientes temas relevantes en el diálogo bioético: evaluación de riesgos, inequidad, pérdida de la biodiversidad, eugenesia, definir los límites entre natural y artificial, diálogo entre detractores y promotores de la biotecnología, desafíos en el cuidado de la salud, manejo de la información y confidencialidad. Se concluye que la bioética puede actuar como intermediaria entre los diversos interlocutores ante los problemas que se suscitan al aplicar la tecnología a la vida, permitiendo reconocer y llegar a consensos para enfrentar con responsabilidad las diferencias en temas de equidad, autonomía y el balance entre riesgos y beneficios. Las reflexiones en Acta Bioethica sobre genómica son similares a las de otras revistas, solo que el énfasis es en la región latinoamericana. En veinte años de reflexión, los desafíos siguen siendo los mismos, aunque el énfasis está cambiando de la prevención y rechazo en cuanto a los riesgos de la modificación genética, a la regulación de la tecnología de ingeniería genética, que va perfeccionándose cada vez más. En cuanto a los beneficios, la medicina genómica siempre ha generado más expectativas que realidades, sin lograr demostrar eficacia en ensayos clínicos. Con las nuevas técnicas de edición genómica, se amplían aún más las expectativas de mejores intervenciones, pero aumenta la preocupación de que se realicen modificaciones genéticas sin finalidad terapéutica, afectando al equilibrio social y ecológico.

Abstract This article reviews ethical reflections about genetic research and genetic manipulation published in 20 years of Acta Bioethica. The following relevant topics are identified in bioethics dialogue: risks evaluation, inequity, loss of biodiversity, eugenics, definition of limits between artificial and natural, dialogue between detractors and promoters of biotechnology, challenges in health care, information and confidentiality management. Reflections consider that bioethics can act as mediator among diverse stakeholders affronting the problems that arise when applying technology to life, allowing to recognize and to reach consensus for solving differences in equity, autonomy and the balance of risks and benefices. The reflections in Acta Bioethica are similar to those of other journals, but with emphasis in the Latin American region. In twenty years of reflection, the challenges are similar, but the emphasis is changing from preventing to the avoidance of actual risks of genetic modifications, which demands regulation of genetic engineering, taking into account that it is more effective than before. Among the benefits, genomic medicine has always generated more expectations than actual therapy with problems in demonstrating efficacy in clinical trials. With the new technique of genomic edition, there are even more expectations for enhancing therapeutic approaches, but worries increase about using genetic modifications without therapeutic aim and interventions that affect the social and ecological equilibrium.

Resumo O presente artigo é uma revisão das reflexões éticas sobre temas de genética e manipulação genética que foram publicadas em 20 anos de Acta Bioethica. Os seguintes temas de importância para o diálogo bioético foram identificados: avaliação de riscos, inequidade, perda da biodiversidade, eugenia, definir os limites entre natural e artificial, diálogo entre opositores e defensores da biotecnologia, desafios em cuidados à saúde, manejo da informação e confidencialidade. Concluiu-se que a bioética pode atuar como intermediaria entre os diversos interlocutores ante os problemas que aparecem ao aplicar a tecnologia à vida, permitindo reconhecer e alcançar consensos para enfrentar com responsabilidade as diferenças em temas de equidade e autonomia, e o equilíbrio entre riscos e benefícios. As reflexões na Acta Bioethica sobre genômica são similares às de outras revistas, mas com ênfase na região latino-americana. Em vinte anos de reflexão, os desafios seguem sendo os mesmos, ainda que a ênfase esteja mudando da prevenção e repúdio quanto aos riscos da modificação genética, à regulação da tecnologia de engenharia genética, que se aperfeiçoa cada vez mais. Quanto aos benefícios, a medicina genômica sempre gerou mais expectativas que realidades, sem conseguir demonstrar eficácia em ensaios clínicos. Com as novas técnicas de edição genômica, ampliam-se ainda mais as expectativas de melhores intervenções, mas aumenta a preocupação de que se realizem modificações genéticas sem finalidade terapêutica, afetando o equilíbrio social e ecológico.

Strategies for improving the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of nonhealing wounds / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy is pursued aggressively with promising preclinical studies and higher future prospect in the treatment of nonhealing wounds. OBJECTIVE: To review the strategies for improving the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of nonhealing wounds, which are expected to provide theoretical basis for clinical treatment of nonhealing wounds. METHODS: Wanfang, CNKI, PubMed and Web of Science were searched for articles about the application of mesenchymal stem cells in nonhealing wounds from March 2002 to March 2020. The key words were “mesenchymal stem cells, nonhealing wounds (nonhealing chronic wounds), wound repair, tissue regeneration” in Chinese and “mesenchymal stem cells, nonhealing chronic wound, wound repair, tissue regeneration” in English. After excluding outdated and repetitive viewpoints, the retrieved literature was sorted out and a total of 64 articles were included for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The formation mechanism of nonhealing wounds was summarized. (2) The molecular mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of nonhealing wounds were summarized, such as direct differentiation, paracrine, immunomodulatory, mobilization resident stem cells to participate in wound repair. (3) This paper summarized the improvement of the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of nonhealing wounds, such as gene modification and pretreatment. (4) This study can provide a theoretical basis for improving the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of nonhealing wounds.

Knowledge about and acceptance of genetically modified organisms among pre-service teachers: a comparative study of turkey and Slovenia

Genetically modified organisms cannot be regarded as merely a topic for academic debate, since these have serious implications as a research field and for production based on genetic engineering. Public debates rarely base their arguments on elements rooted in scientific arguments and knowledge but are heavily loaded with emotions, opinions and informal reasoning. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and acceptance of genetically modified organisms among prospective teachers in Slovenia and Turkey. Knowledge of genetic modification was measured with a two-tier instrument. The level of acceptance of genetic modification was measured with a 17-item instrument. Findings revealed that knowledge of genetics and biotechnology barely influenced the acceptability of genetic modification, and correlations are low. The relationship between knowledge and acceptance was not significant among Slovenian students and while significant for the Turkish or combined groups, the r values were only 0.179 and 0.244. It was found that differences in the acceptability of clusters of different kinds of genetically modified organisms do exist between the two countries. In both countries, participants recognized microorganisms and plants that produce something useful as the most acceptable organisms, while at the other end were animals used for consumption or as donors of organs. Practical implications for teaching are discussed and implications for further studies are drawn.