Origin identification of Polygonatum cyrtonema based on hyperspectral data / 中国中药杂志

In this study, visual-near infrared(VNIR), short-wave infrared(SWIR), and VNIR + SWIR fusion hyperspectral data of Polygonatum cyrtonema from different geographical origins were collected and preprocessed by first derivative(FD), second derivative(SD), Savitzky-Golay smoothing(S-G), standard normalized variate(SNV), multiplicative scatter correction(MSC), FD+S-G, and SD+S-G. Three algorithms, namely random forest(RF), linear support vector classification(LinearSVC), and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA), were used to establish the identification models of P. cyrtonema origin from three spatial scales, i.e., province, county, and township, respectively. Successive projection algorithm(SPA) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling(CARS) were used to screen the characteristic bands, and the P. cyrtonema origin identification models were established according to the selected characteristic bands. The results showed that(1)after FD preprocessing of VNIR+SWIR fusion hyperspectral data, the accuracy of recognition models established using LinearSVC was the highest, reaching 99.97% and 99.82% in the province origin identification model, 100.00% and 99.46% in the county origin identification model, and 99.62% and 98.39% in the township origin identification model. The accuracy of province, county, and township origin identification models reached more than 98.00%.(2)Among the 26 characteristic bands selected by CARS, after FD pretreatment, the accuracy of origin identification models of different spatial scales was the highest using LinearSVC, reaching 98.59% and 97.05% in the province origin identification model, 97.79% and 94.75% in the county origin identification model, and 90.13% and 87.95% in the township origin identification model. The accuracy of identification models of different spatial scales established by 26 characteristic bands reached more than 87.00%. The results show that hyperspectral imaging technology can realize accurate identification of P. cyrtonema origin from different spatial scales.

Application and prospect of stable isotope technology in tracing geographical origin of Chinese herbal medicines / 中国中药杂志

As a unique medical resource in China, Chinese herbal medicine plays a key role in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. With the gradual expansion of applications, the quality of Chinese herbal medicine has become the focus of attention. The quality of Chinese herbal medicines depends largely on their source authenticity. Tracing the origin of Chinese herbal medicines plays an important role in ensuring their quality and efficacy and reducing the mixing and adulteration of Chinese herbal medicines from different regions. Stable isotope technology, as a key technology for origin tracing of agricultural products and food, has been used in the research of Chinese herbal medicines from multiple sources and origins in recent years. This new technological means contributes to standardizing the origin of Chinese herbal medicines and controlling their quality from the source. Apart from introducing the basic principles of stable isotope technology and the characteristics of common stable isotopes, this study reviewed the application status of light and heavy stable isotopes in the origin tracing of Chinese herbal medicines and their correlation with ecological factors, and forecasted the application prospect of this technology in the authentication of Chinese herbal medicines, aiming to provide reference for the geographical origin tracing of Chinese herbal medicines and promote the sustainable development of traditional Chinese medicine.

Evaluation of emeralds by their origin: Multivariate analysis - Infrared spectra / Evaluación de esmeraldas por su origen: análisis multivariado-espectro infrarrojo / Valiação de esmeraldas por sua origem: Análise multivariada - Espectro infravermelho

Abstract Colombian emeralds, 26 from Palo Arañado (eastern emerald zone, Chivor district, Boyacá, Colombia), and 28 from Santo Domingo - La Pava mine (western emerald zone, Muzo district, Boyacá, Colombia), together with 30 from Kafubu - Zambia, were studied by reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, principal component analysis, clustering, and partial least squares -discriminant analysis, in order to differentiate them by geographical origin. The spectra were smoothed and a baseline correction was made. The principal component analysis showed that the wavenumbers 2,474; 2,640; 2,686; 2,818; 5,448, and 6,815 cm-' are the most significant in the first principal component and the most valuable in separating the emeralds by their geographical origin. This allowed us to completely discriminate emeralds from Santo Domingo and Zambia, while only five emeralds from Palo Arañado were '00 % differentiable from the other two groups of emeralds.

Resumen Se estudiaron (usando espectroscopia de reflectancia infrarroja con transformada de Fourier, análisis de componentes principales, agrupamientos y análisis discriminante por mínimos cuadrados parciales), 54 esmeraldas colombianas, 26 provenientes de Palo Arañado (zona esmeraldífera oriental, distrito de Chivor, Boyacá, Colombia), y 28 de Santo Domingo (mina La Pava, zona esmeraldífera occidental, distrito de Muzo, Boyacá, Colombia), junto a 30 esmeraldas de Kafubu (Zambia), con el fin de diferenciarlas por su origen geográfico. Los espectros fueron suavizados y se corrigió su línea base. El análisis de componentes principales permitió identificar que los números de onda 2474, 2640, 2686, 2818, 5448 y 68'5 cm-' son los de mayor contribución al primer componente principal y, por tanto, los más relevantes en la separación de los grupos de esmeraldas por su origen geográfico. Lo anterior hizo posible la discriminación completa entre las esmeraldas de Zambia y las de Santo Domingo, mientras que solo 5 muestras de Palo Arañado resultaron '00 % diferenciables de los otros dos grupos de esmeraldas estudiadas.

Resumo Um total de 54 esmeraldas colombianas, 26 originarias de Palo Arañado (região esmeraldífera oriental, distrito de Chivor, Boyacá, Colombia) e 28 de Santo Domingo, da mina La Pava (região esmeraldífera ocidental, distrito Muzo, Boyacá, Colombia), junto com 30 esmeraldas da Zâmbia (da região de Kafubu) foram estudadas para obter uma diferenciação por sua origem geográfica, usando espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier, análise de componentes principais, e agrupamento e análise discriminante de mínimos quadrados. Os espetros foram suavizados e a sua linha base foi corregida. A analise de componentes principais, permitiu identificar que os números de onda 2474, 2640, 2686, 2818, 5448 y 68'5 cm-' são os que mais contribuem ao primeiro componente principal e, por tanto, os mais importantes na separação dos grupos de esmeraldas por sua origem geográfica. Isto permitiu a completa discriminação entre as esmeraldas da Zâmbia e as de Santo Domingo, enquanto que apenas cinco amostras de Palo Arañado foram '00 % diferenciáveis dos outros dois grupos de esmeraldas estudadas.

Geographical origin discriminant of Panax japonicus based on stable isotope ratios analysis / 中草药

Objective: The isotopic ratios of light elements (C/N/H/O) in Panax japonicus from six producing areas were determined with isotope ratio mass spectrometry.Methods: Three methods, including linear discrimination (LD), gaussian kernel support vector machine (SVM), and the back-propagation learning algorithm of pattern recognition based on neural network toolbox (BPN) were employed to establish a model for P. japonicus geographical origin discrimination. Results: The results showed that stable isotope carbon (δ 13C) had obvious regional characteristics, which will be used to effectively distinguish the origin of P. japonicus. The methods of LD and BPN could classify the geographical origin of P. japonicus from six producing areas, both of which showed that the accuracy rates were 100% using training dataset. Conclusion: Therefore, the stable isotope technique combined with LD and BPN method can effectively trace the origin of P. japonicus.

Geographical origin discriminant of Polygoni Multiflori Radix based on stable isotope ratios and elemental analysis / 中国中药杂志

The seventy samples of Polygoni Multiflori Radix were collected from three producing areas: Bozhou, Anhui province, Jingmen, Hubei province and Xichang, Sichuan province. Three stable isotope ratios and contents of 44 elements in the Polygoni Multiflori Radix samples were determined by EA-IR-MS and HR-ICP-MS. Three data mining methods，including partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), fisher linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) and decision tree CHAID were employed to establish a model for geographical origin discrimination．The study results showed that the stable isotope ratios expressed significant difference followed with the different producing areas, and will be used to discern the samples from different producing areas, effectively. Combined with the data of elemental analysis, the accuracy rates of model can be further improved. All the three methods showed the accuracy rates of external sample were over 90% using training dataset. These results confirmed that stable isotope ratios and multi-elemental analysis combined with chemometric method was effectiv in geographical tracing of Polygoni Multiflori Radix．The analysis method has great potential and prospect in geographical origin discriminant of Chinese medicinal materials, and provids a new study method to identify origin information of Chinese medicinal materials.

Geographical origin discriminant of Dendrobium officinale based on stable isotope ratios / 中国中药杂志

The isotopic ratios of strontium isotope (Sr) and light elements (C/H/O/N) in Dendrobium officinale from different producing areas (Shaoguan, Guangdong; Yulin, Guangxi; Shibing, Guizhou; Wenshan, Yunnan and Zhejiang province) were determined with thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TI-MS) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS)．The differences of the stable isotope ratios in D. officinale were obtained by the variance analysis and the correlation analysis, and pattern recognition techniques with principal component analysis (PCA) was used to classify the geographical origins of D. officinale from different producing areas．The isotopic ratios of strontium isotope can be used to identified D. officinale in Zhejiang province, and the isotopic ratios of light elements showed the difference followed with the different producing areas. For δD and δ¹⁸ O in samples, maybe influenced by the environment effect. A positive correlation was found between δD and δ ¹⁸O.The principal component analysis was used to discern the samples of D. officinale from different producing areas based on detection technology of stable isotope ratios.These results revealed that it was possible and feasible to classify the geographical origin of D. officinale by the method of determination of isotopes,and provided a new method to identificate origin information of Chinese medicinal materials.

Species authentication and geographical origin discrimination of herbal medicines by near infrared spectroscopy:A review / 药物分析学报

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a rapid and nondestructive analytical technique, integrated with chemometrics, is a powerful process analytical tool for the pharmaceutical industry and is becoming an attractive complementary technique for herbal medicine analysis. This review mainly focuses on the recent applications of NIR spectroscopy in species authentication of herbal medicines and their geo-graphical origin discrimination.

Gas Chromatography-Combustion-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Five Volatile Components in Wine and Its Application in Geographical Origin Traceability / 分析化学

A method was developed for analyzing the stable carbon isotope ratio of five volatile components ( Ethanol, Glycerol, Acetic acid, Ethyl lactate, 2-methyl-butanol ) in wine using gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometer ( GC-C-IRMS ) . The sample injection volume was less than 0. 5 μL, and the analytical time of each run was less than 14 min. The precision of this method was 0. 08‰-0. 25‰ for analyzing standards, while 0. 09‰-0. 36‰ for wine samples. Compared to element analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry ( EA-IRMS) results, the deviations were lower than 0. 5‰. Fifty-four wine samples from France, Australia, America and China were considered. The δ13 C of five volatile components were measured using GC-C-IRMS. Discriminant analysis ( DA) was employed for analyzing the geographical origin traceability of selected wine. The result indicated that δ13 C of volatile components could be used to distinguish the origin of wines. The method was shown to be effective in improving detection of the origin traceability of wine.

Procedencia de pacientes diagnosticados en la unidad proyecto aragua: importancia para el programa de fibrosis quística / Origin of patients diagnosed in the proyect init aragua: relevace for cystic fibrosis program

La fibrosis quística es una enfermedad con patrón de herencia autosómico recesivo que afecta los sistemas respiratorio y digestivo en forma crónica y casi siempre subletal. En Venezuela han documentado que la frecuencia de la enfermedad es baja y la distribución no es homogénea. Este trabajo presenta la información sobre la procedencia geográfica según frecuencia de casos con Fibrosis Quística diagnosticados en la Unidad Proyecto Aragua de la Universidad de Carabobo, desde junio de 1993 a junio de 2008. A partir de la revisión de las historias clínicas de los pacientes que acudieron para la indagación de dicha enfermedad se tomaron los datos sobre sexo del paciente, edad al momento del diagnóstico, lugar de nacimiento de padres, abuelos y bisabuelos. Se diseñó el Índice de Procedencia para Fibrosis Quística. Se obtuvo 3,96% de positividad en los casos referidos y 76,2% se encuentran en edades entre 0 - 4 años. Se recibió referencia de 22 estados del país. El Indice de Procedencia de los estados de mayor a menor resultó en este orden Apure, Portuguesa, Anzoátegui, Lara, Trujillo, Guárico, Yaracuy, Carabobo y Aragua. Aparecieron otros focos: Siqui- Siqui en Lara, San Fernando y San Juan de Payara en Apure y Yaritagua, Aroa y Salom en Yaracuy. Las evidencias de epidemiología genética encontrados, pueden ser considerados por el Programa Nacional de Fibrosis Quística del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud para el establecimiento de centros diagnósticos y el eventual programa de identificación.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disease with autosomal recessive patron that affects the digestive and respiratory systems in chronic and almost always in sublethal form. Epidemiological studies in Venezuela have documented that the incidence of the disease is low and the distribution is not homogeneous. This paper presents information on the geographical origin of patients diagnosed in the Unidad Proyecto Aragua (UPA) of Universidad de Carabobo Sede Aragua (University of Carabobo, Aragua Campus), from June of 1993 to June 2008. After reviewing medical records of patients who came for the detection of CF data were taken from the patient's sex, age at diagnosis, birthplace of parents, grandparents and great grandparents. Was design the provenance index (IP) of CF. Was obtained 3,96% of positivity to CF in referred cases and 76,2% are aged 0 to 4 years. Reference was received from 22 states in the country. the (IP) of the states from high to low provenance result: Apure, Portuguesa, Anzoátegui, Lara, Trujillo, Guárico, Yaracuy, Carabobo and Aragua. Others outbreaks appeared: Siqui-Siqui in Barquisimeto, San Fernando, San Juan de Payara in Apure and Yaritagua, Aroa and Salom in Yaracuy. Arguments of genetic epidemiology found must be considered by the National Program for Cystic Fibrosis of the Ministry of People's Power for Health for the establishment of diagnosis centers and eventual neonatal identification program in areas of greater frequency that showed the study.

Diferenciação analítica de vinhos-base para espumantes de duas regiões vitícolas do Rio Grande do Sul / Analytical differentiation of the base wines for sparkling from two viticultural regions of Rio Grande do Sul

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar e diferenciar vinhos-base para espumante (cultivares 'Chardonnay' e 'Pinot Noir') provenientes da Serra do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul por meio de parâmetros físico-químicos e elementos minerais combinados com técnicas de análise multivariada. Foram analisados nove parâmetros físico-químicos (densidade, grau alcoólico, extrato seco total, extrato seco reduzido, acidez total, acidez volátil, acidez fixa, pH e açúcares redutores), por espectrofotometria no infravermelho, e 11 elementos minerais (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na e Sr), por espectrometria de emissão ótica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES). Os elementos encontrados em maiores concentrações foram K, Mg e Ca e, em menores concentrações, Ba, Fe, Sr e Al. A Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) mostrou que há uma tendência natural de separação entre os vinhos-base da Serra do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste. Por meio da Análise Discriminante (AD) foram obtidos cinco descritores (Mg, Ca, Mn, pH e grau alcoólico) para os vinhos-base da cultivar 'Chardonnay' e seis descritores (B, Mn, Fe, Na, pH e acidez volátil) para a cultivar 'Pinot Noir', com capacidade de classificar as amostras de vinhos-base de acordo com a origem geográfica. Os elementos Mn e Mg parecem ser aqueles com maior capacidade de discriminação entre os vinhos-base da Serra do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste.

This research describes the base wines characterization and differentiation (cultivars Chardonnay and Pinot Noir) from Serra do Nordeste and Serra do Sudeste of Rio Grande do Sul by physicochemical parameters and mineral elements followed by multivariate statistical analysis. Nine physicochemical parameters (density, alcoholic content, total dry extract, reduced dry extract, total acidity, volatile acidity, fix acidity, pH and reducing sugars) were analyzed by infrared spectrofotometry and eleven mineral elements (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Sr) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Elements K, Mg, and Ca were founded in higher concentrations and Ba, Fe, Sr, and Al were founded in lower ones. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed a natural separation tendency between wines from Serra do Nordeste and Serra do Sudeste. Five descriptors were obtained by Discriminant Analysis (DA) for base wines from cultivar Chardonnay (Mg, Ca, Mn, pH and alcoholic content) and six descriptors for base wines from cultivar Pinot Noir (B, Mn, Fe, Na, pH and volatile acidity). These descriptors were capable to classify samples of base wines according to geographical origin. Mn and Mg elements seem to be the elements with higher discrimination capacity between base wines from northwest Serra and Southeast Serra.

Lesiones quísticas bucales diagnosticadas en pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo. Estado Zulia. Venezuela / Injure cystic buccal diagnosed in assisted patients in the University Hospital of Maracaibo. Zulia. Venezuela

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo (lapso enero 1992 - enero 2002), para determinar la prevalencia de lesiones quísticas bucales en los pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Cirugía Buco-Maxilo-Facial del Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, Venezuela. La población estuvo conformada por todas las personas que recibieron asistencia en el Servicio y como muestra los diagnósticos positivos de lesión quística bucal. Para la anotación de la información se utilizó una Hoja de Registro de Datos que permitió obtener, entre otros, los siguientes antecedentes: edad, sexo, ocupación, procedencia geográfica del paciente, diagnóstico de lesión quística bucal, tipo de quiste, localización y área más afectada. Los datos se procesaron utilizando un paquete estadístico computarizado denominado Estadística para Windows (Statistica for Windows), y en el análisis se identificó una tasa de 29.05 por mil individuos con lesiones quísticas bucales durante el período, así como asociación significativa entre la edad y el tipo de quiste bucal prevalente en la población y ligeras diferencias entre los sexos con relación a padecer o no la patología. Hubo prevalencia del quiste radicular apical, seguido del quiste dentígero, localizándose predominantemente en la mandíbula y maxilar superior, resultando las áreas más afectadas la anterior del maxilar superior y posterior izquierda de la mandíbula. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que la prevalencia de lesiones quísticas bucales debe ser precisada en la región para obtener su tasa exacta de expresión y realizar exámenes a la población que permitan identificar precozmente los signos y síntomas de la patología y aplicar el tratamiento necesario.

A retrospective study was done (January 1992 - January 2002) to determine the prevalence of buccal cystic lesion in the patients attended in the Service of Bucco-Facial Maxillary Surgery of the University Hospital of Maracaibo, Venezuela. The population was conformed by all the people that received attendance in the Service and like sample the positive diagnoses of buccal cystic lesion. For the annotation of the information a Leaf of Registration of Data was used that allowed to obtain, among other, the following antecedents: age, sex, occupation, and the patient's geographical origin, diagnosis of the cystic lesion of the mouth, cyst type, localization and more affected area. The data were processed using a package statistical on-line denominated Statistic for Windows, and in the analysis a rate of 29.05 was identified by a thousand individuals with buccal cystic lesions during the period, as well as significant association between the age and the type of cyst buccal prevalence in the population and slight differences among the sexes with relationship to suffer or not the pathology. There was prevalence of the radicular apical cyst, followed by the dentígerous cyst, being located predominantly in the jaw and maxillary superior, being the affected areas the previous of the maxillary superior and later left of the jaw. The obtained results allow to conclude that the prevalence of buccal cystic lesions should be specified in the region to obtain its exact rate of expression and to carry out exams to the population that you/they allow to identify the signs and symptoms of the pathology precociously and to apply the necessary treatment.

Comparison of Characteristics of Ganoderma lucidum According to Geographical Origins : Consideration of Growth Characteristics(I)

Nine species of genus Ganoderma collected in Korea and abroad including Ganoderma lucidum complex and G. lucidum were compared by investigating growth characteristics. In the bottle culture, the mycelial growth periods of G. lucidum from Taiwan and North America was 26 to 30 days compared to that of Korean G. lucidum, which was 30 to 32 days. Cultivation period of Taiwan and North American isolates was 30 to 32 days which were 11 to 17 days shorter than those of Korean isolates. Biological efficiency of Taiwan and North American isolates were ranged from 3.3 to 5.5%, which were apparently lower than that of Korean isolates which ranged from 6.2 to 9.4%. Korean isolates had longer stipes(15~40 mm) and more number of pileus(4~6/bottle) than those of Taiwan and North American isolates. The G. lucidum isolates collected from Korea will be regarded as the independent species from the G. lucidum collected from Taiwan and North America since, the G. lucidum from Korea showed much different growth characteristics in various aspects compared to the G. lucidum from Taiwan and North America.