An online automatic sorting system for defective Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra using deep learning / 中草药·英文版

OBJECTIVE@#To establish a deep-learning architecture based on faster region-based convolutional neural networks (Faster R-CNN) algorithm for detection and sorting of red ginseng (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra) with internal defects automatically on an online X-ray machine vision system.@*METHODS@#A Faster R-CNN based classifier was trained with around 20 000 samples with mean average precision value (mAP) of 0.95. A traditional image processing method based on feedforward neural network (FNN) obtained a bad performance with the accuracy, recall and specificity of 69.0%, 68.0%, and 70.0%, respectively. Therefore, the Faster R-CNN model was saved to evaluate the model performance on the defective red ginseng online sorting system.@*RESULTS@#An independent set of 2 000 red ginsengs were used to validate the performance of the Faster R-CNN based online sorting system in three parallel tests, achieving accuracy of 95.8%, 95.2% and 96.2%, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The overall results indicated that the proposed Faster R-CNN based classification model has great potential for non-destructive detection of red ginseng with internal defects.

Changes in Effective Compounds and Anti-fatigue Activity Before and After Compatibility of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra and Rhodiolae Crenulate Radix et Rhizoma / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To preliminarily interpret the compatibility of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra and Rhodiolae Crenulate Radix et Rhizoma in chemical and pharmacodynamic levels，and provide theoretical basis for its clinical application.Method:Rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry（RRLC-Q-TOF-MS） was applied to identify and analyze the changes in chemical components of the Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra and Rhodiolae Crenulate Radix et Rhizoma before and after compatibility. The anti-fatigue activity before and after compatibility of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra and Rhodiolae Crenulate Radix et Rhizoma was detected by weight-loading swimming experiment and determination of levels of serum urea，blood lactic acid and hepatic glycogen.Result:A total of 51 compounds were identified in mixture decoction of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra and Rhodiolae Crenulate Radix et Rhizoma. Malonyl ginsenoside mRg1，mRb1，mRb2，mRb3 and mRd contents were significantly decreased，while ginsenoside Rb1，Rb2，Rb3，Rd，F2 and Rg3 contents were significantly increased in the compatibility mixture. According to pharmacodynamics study，as compared with those in the blank control group，swimming time of mice was significantly prolonged in all other groups （P<0.01），serum urea nitrogen（P<0.05，P<0.01） and lactic acid（P<0.05，P<0.001） levels of mice in the combined decoction and the single decoction groups were significantly lowered，while liver glycogen levels were significantly elevated（P<0.05，P<0.01）. The anti-fatigue ability of the combined decoction of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra and Rhodiolae Crenulate Radix et Rhizoma was higher than that of the single decoctions.Conclusion:In this article, the effect enhancing mechanism of compatibility of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra with Rhodiolae Crenulate Radix et Rhizoma was revealed based on the chemical changes, providing theoretical reference for the clinical application and development of products.

Optimization of Processing Technology of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra by HPLC Fingerprint Combined with Orthogonal Test / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establish an HPLC fing erprint of Ginsen g Radix et Rhizoma Rubra ，and to optimize its processing technology. METHODS ：HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Waters SymmetryShield TM RP18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was set at 30 ℃，and the detection wavelength was 203 nm. The sample size was 10 μL. Using ginsenoside Rb1 as reference peak ，HPLC fingerprints of 10 batches of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra was established. The similarity of them was evaluated by using Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Chromatogram Fingerprint （2012 A edition ） to confirm common peak. With steaming temperature，time and drying method as factors ，using the content of ginsenoside and fingerprint similarity as index ，the processing technology was optimized with L 16（43）orthogonal test design and verified. Cluster analysis was conducted with SPSS 19.0 statistical software of 10 batches of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra and 3 batches of optimal processed sample. RESULTS ：There were a total of 13 common peaks in the fingerprints of 10 batches of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra. The similarity was more than 0.920；3 common peaks were identified ，such as ginsenoside Rg 1，ginsenoside Re ，ginsenoside Rb 1. The optimal processing technology included that steamed at 100 ℃ for 150 min，dried at 60 ℃. The results of validation test show that the contents of ginsenoside Rg 1，Re and Rb 1 were 0.26％-0.29％，0.17％-0.20％，0.47％-0.54％，and the similarity between 3 batches of Ginseng Radix et Rhizome Rubra optimal processed sample and the control fingerprints was more than 0.970. The results of cluster analysis showed that 10 batches of Gimseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra and 3 batches of optimal processed sample could be clustered into two categories；HS3-HS10 could be clustered into one category ，and 3 batches of optimal processed sample ，HS1 and HS 2 be clustered into one category. CONCLUSIONS ：Established fingerprint can be used for the optimization of processing technology of Gimseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra ，and characterize the correlation between f luctuation of technology parameter and quality of medicinal material；the optimal processing technology is reasonable an d

Analysis of chemical constituents in Shenmai Injection by LC-Q-TOF-MS and LC-IT-MS / 中国中药杂志

The chemical constituents in Shenmai Injection(SMI) were qualitatively analyzed by using liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(LC-Q-TOF-MS) and liquid chromatography-ion trap-mass spectrometry(LC-IT-MS). The analysis was performed on an Agilent Zorbax SB-C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) and gradient elution was carried out with 0.05% formic acid solution-acetonitrile as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.6 mL·min~(-1) and a column temperature of 30 ℃. Mass spectrometry data of the components in SMI were collected in negative ion mode. The structures of components were speculated and identified by analyzing mass spectrometry data, comparing with standards, and referring to related literature. A total of 64 components in SMI were estimated, and the structures were confirmed in 16 of them by comparison with standards. Fifty-six compounds derived from Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra included 34 protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, 19 protopanaxatriol ginsenosides, 1 oleanane ginsenosides and 2 other glycosides. Eight compounds derived from Ophiopogonis Radix included 7 steroidal saponins, and 1 monoterpene glycoside. The results of this study would provide an important theoretical basis for the improvement of the quality control standards and the discovery of effective constituents in SMI.

Correlation Between Color and Contents of Water and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the correlation between colors and contents of water and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra (GRRR). Method:The colors were observed under sunlight on a sheet of white paper. The chroma value and color difference were determined and calculated by a colorimeter. Water content was determined by the oven-drying method. An HPLC method was established and used to determine the content of 5-HMF. The correlation was analyzed by the Spearman and Pearson analysis. Result:The colors of GRRR were yellowish-white,ocher-yellow,and yellowish-brown. The values of L*,a*,b*,and ΔE* had a certain range, and could reflect the colors of GRRR. The content of water ranged from 4.01%to 8.31%and was in accordance with the requirement the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The content of 5-HMF ranged from below the limit of detection (1.985×10-4 μg) to 78.97 μg·g-1. The results of correlation analysis shows significant correlations between L*,a*,b*, ΔE* values and water content, that is to say,the deeper the color was, the higher the content of water was,but with no significant correlation with 5-HMF content. Conclusion:The color of processed GRRR was related to water content but not related to 5-HMF content,which was not consistent with the correlation between color and 5-HMF content that generally existed in a series of raw Chinese medicinal materials. It indicated an essential difference between the color shade of processed Chinese medicinal materials and the cause of color change of raw Chinese medicinal materials. Therefore,it was significant to control water content for ensuring the stability of GRRR. This study determined the colors of GRRR by a colorimeter, systematically determined 5-HMF content,and proposed the effect of water contents on the color of GRRR.

Studies on the immunoregulation of Ginseng radix et rhizoma rubra aqueous extract in mice / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective@#To investigate the immune enhancement effect of red ginseng aqueous extract in mice.@*Methods@#The aqueous extract of red ginseng was obtained by water extraction and concentration, and the aqueous extract 10 ml was equivalent to raw material 2.86 g. The experiment was divided into the blank control group, low dose group of red ginseng aqueous extract 0.24 g/(kg•d), middle dose group 0.48 g/(kg•d) and high dose group 1.43 g/(kg•d). In order to explore the immunoregulation effect of red ginseng aqueous extract, Organ/body weight ratio measurement, the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, the spleen lymphocyte transformation experiment induced by Con A, the detection of antibody-producing, the determination of serum hemolysin experiments, the clearance rate of carbon particles, the phagocytosis effect of macrophages with chicken red blood cell experiments, and the determination of natural killer cell activity were carried out with the mice.@*Results@#Compared to the blank control group, the tow edema degree (0.62 ± 0.14 mm, 0.53 ± 0.12 mm vs. 0.36 ± 0.10 mm) of low dose group and medium dose group significantly increased (P<0.05). The ability of proliferation of T lymphocytes (0.173 ± 0.054, 0.189 ± 0.063 vs. 0.098 ± 0.012) of low dose group and high dose group significantly increased (P<0.05). The number of haemolytic empty spots (137.49×103 ± 24.73×103, 148.43×103 ± 27.53×103 vs. 112.96×103 ± 26.28×103) of medium dose group and high dose group significantly increased (P<0.05). The phagocytosis rate (35.67% ± 3.82%, 49.26% ± 6.54%, 57.92% ± 7.36% vs. 24.34% ± 4.22%) and index (0.72 ± 0.23, 0.82 ± 0.15, 0.91 ± 0.26 vs. 0.35 ± 0.11) of low-, medium-, high-dose group significantly increased (P<0.05). However, there was no statistical difference in the organ/body weight ratio of the experimental animals, the determination of serum hemolysin experiments, the clearance rate of carbon particles, and NK cells activity.@*Conclusion@#Red ginseng aqueous extract has an exact role in immunity improvement in mice.

Comparative Analysis of Ginsenosides in Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra by UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE To develop a comprehensive analytical method based on UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS for simultaneous determination of protopanaxadiol [ginsenoside Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd, F2, 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, CK], protopanaxatriol [ginsenoside Re, Rg1, Rf, 20(S)-Rg2, 20(S)-Rh1, 20(R)-Rg2, 20(R)-Rh1, F1] and oleanolic(ginsenoside Ro) in Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra. METHODS Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, good separation for seventeen target compounds was obtained on a SynergiTM Hydro-RP 100 column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 2.5 μm) at 40 ℃ with 0.1% aqueous formic acid (A)/acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase by gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.4 mL·min-1. The target compounds were analyzed under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with an ESI source operated in negative ion mode, and principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)were used for data processing. RESULTS The calibration curves of the 17 components had good linearity (r>0.999 0). The precision, repeatability and stability were all satisfying.The average recoveries of standard addition for the compounds were between 96.69% and 102.01%,and the relative standard deviations were less than 5%. The results of PCA and HCA showed that Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra were clearly distinguished.The main compositions with significant difference were ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, 20(S)-Rh1, 20(R)-Rh1, and 20(R)-Rg2. CONCLUSION The established method could provide a new technique for the comprehensive evaluation and quality control of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra, at the same time, it would pave the way for discovering the material basis contributing to the different properties and efficacies of the two medicinal materials.

Study on HPLC fingerprint of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra / 药学实践杂志

Objective To establish the HPLC fingerprint of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra for its quality control . Methods Sharpsil-T C18 column(4 .6 mm × 250 mm ,5 μm)was used with acetonitrile-water in gradient elution mode .The flow rate was 1 .0 ml/min ,the column temperature was maintained at 30 ℃ ,and the detective wavelength was 203 nm .Results 24 co-possessing peaks were selected as fingerprint peaks and the similarities between each of the ten areas and the standard chro-matographic fingerprints of Panax ginseng Rubra were calculated while Rb1 peak selected as the reference peak .The similarity was more than 0 .940 .Eleven chemical compounds were identified by comparing the reference substance .Conclusion The method could be used for the quality control of Panax ginseng Rubra with good precision ,stability ,and reproducibility .