Meranzin Hydrate Improves Depression-Like Behaviors and Hypomotility via Ghrelin and Neurocircuitry / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate whether meranzin hydrate (MH) can alleviate depression-like behavior and hypomotility similar to Chaihu Shugan Powder (CSP), and further explore the potential common mechanisms.@*METHODS@#Totally 120 Spraque-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5-8 groups including sham, vehicle, fluoxetine (20 mg/kg), mosapride (10 mg/kg), CSP (30 g/kg), MH (9.18 mg/kg), [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (Dlys, 0.5 mg/kg), and MH+Dlys groups by a random number table, 8 rats in each group. And 32 mice were randomly divided into wild-type, MH (18 mg/kg), growth hormone secretagogue receptor-knockout (GHSR-KO), and GHSR+MH groups, 8 mice in each group. The forced swimming test (FST), open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST), gastric emptying (GE) test, and intestinal transit (IT) test were used to assess antidepressant and prokinetic (AP) effects after drug single administration for 30 min with absorbable identification in rats and mice, respectively. The protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) in the hippocampus of rats were evaluated by Western blot. The differences in functional brain changes were determined via 7.0 T functional magnetic resonance imaging-blood oxygen level-dependent (fMRI-BOLD).@*RESULTS@#MH treatment improved depression-like behavior (FST, OFT) and hypomotility (GE, IT) in the acute forced swimming (FS) rats (all P<0.05), and the effects are similar to the parent formula CSP. The ghrelin antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 inhibited the effect of MH on FST and GE (P<0.05). Similarly, MH treatment also alleviated depression-like behavior (FST, TST) in the wild-type mice, however, no effects were found in the GHSR KO mice. Additionally, administration of MH significantly stimulated BDNF and p-mTOR protein expressions in the hippocampus (both P<0.01), which were also prevented by [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (P<0.01). Besides, 3 main BOLD foci following acute FS rats implicated activity in hippocampus-thalamus-basal ganglia (HTB) circuits. The [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 synchronously inhibited BOLD HTB foci. As expected, prokinetic mosapride only had effects on the thalamus and basal ganglia, but not on the hippocampus. Within the HTB, the hippocampus is implicated in depression and FD.@*CONCLUSIONS@#MH accounts for part of AP effects of parent formula CSP in acute FS rats, mainly via ghrelin-related shared regulation coupled to BOLD signals in brain areas. This novel functionally connection of HTB following acute stress, treatment, and regulation highlights anti-depression unified theory.

Effect of Jingui Shenqiwan on Diabetic Osteoporosis in Mice via AGEs/RANKL/NF-κB Pathway Based on Theory of "Kidneys Governing Bones" / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Jingui Shenqiwan on diabetic osteoporosis （DOP） in mice by regulating the advanced glycation end products （AGEs）/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand （RANKL）/nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） signaling pathway based on the theory of "kidneys governing bones". MethodForty 6-week-old male and female skeletal-muscle-specific， dominant negative insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor （MKR） mice were selected and fed on a high-fat diet for eight weeks to establish the DOP model. The model mice were randomly divided into a model group， low- and high-dose Jingui Shenqiwan group （1.3， 2.6 g·kg-1）， and an alendronate sodium group （0.01 g·kg-1）， with 10 mice in each group. Additionally， 10 FVB/N mice of the same age were assigned to the normal group. The corresponding drugs were administered orally to each group once a day for four weeks. After the administration period， fasting blood glucose （FBG） measurement and oral glucose tolerance test （OGTT） were conducted. Kidney function and kidney index were measured. Renal tissue pathological changes were observed through hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and Masson staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the protein expression levels of AGEs， phosphorylated NF-κB （p-NF-κB）， and RANKL in renal tissues. Western blot analysis was conducted to measure the expression of proteins related to the AGEs/RANKL/NF-κB signaling pathway， osteoprotegerin （OPG）， and Runt-related transcription factor 2 （RUNX2） proteins in femoral bone tissues. ResultCompared with the normal group， mice in the model group exhibited significantly increased FBG （P<0.01）， trabecular bone degeneration， abnormal bone morphological parameters， significantly increased area under the curve （AUC） of OGTT （P<0.01）， enlarged kidney volume， significantly increased kidney function indicators and kidney index （P<0.01）， disrupted renal glomeruli and renal tubule structures， significantly increased expression of AGEs， RANKL， and p-NF-κB/NF-κB in renal tissues （P<0.05）， and significantly decreased expression of OPG and RUNX2 in femoral bone tissues （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， mice in the Jingui Shenqiwan groups showed a significant decrease in OGTT AUC （P<0.01）. Histopathological analysis revealed alleviated structural lesions in renal glomeruli and renal tubules. Furthermore， the expression of AGEs， RANKL， and p-NF-κB/NF-κB in renal tissues was significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the expression of RUNX2 and OPG in femoral bone tissues was significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionJingui Shenqiwan can improve kidney function and downregulate the AGEs/RANKL/NF-κB signaling pathway to inhibit inflammatory reactions， thereby alleviating the symptoms of DOP in mice， demonstrating a therapeutic effect on DOP from the perspective of the kidney.

Mechanism of Xiao Qinglongtang Regulating Lung Water Transport-related Proteins Based on Theory of Lung Controlling Water Movement / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the regulatory effect of Xiao Qinglongtang and its ingredients on lung water transport-related proteins， and to explain the biological connotation of lung governing water movement， based on which the regulatory mechanism of Xiao Qinglongtang will be explored. MethodAccording to the composition rules of classical formula， Xiao Qinglongtang （11.22 g·kg-1）， Guizhi Gancao （2.70 g·kg-1）， Shaoyao Gancao （2.70 g·kg-1）， Jiangxinwei （3.90 g·kg-1）and Banxia Muahuang （0.032 7 g·kg-1） were prepared. The pathological model of syndrome of cold fluid accumulated in lung of rats was established by the "coldness of body + drinking cold + cold bath" method， and Xiao Qinglongtang and its ingredients were administrated to intervene with the model rats. Lung function parameters of forced vital capacity （FVC）， functional residual capacity （FRC）， mean mid-expiratory flow （MMEF）， inspiratory time （tI）， and inspiratory time （tE） were determined by lung function analyzer. Hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the changes in pathological morphology. The expression of aquaporin （AQP）1， AQP5， epithelial sodium channel α subunit（α-ENaC） and Na+-K+-ATPase in lung tissues of rats， the content of tumor necrosis factor -α（TNF-α）， the mRNA expression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）， protein kinase A （PKA） and cAMP-response element binding protein （CREB）， and the protein expression of cAMP， PKA， CREB， and phosphorylated-CREB （p-CREB） were detected by immunohistochemistry （IHC）， enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）， and Western blot， respectively. ResultCompared with normal group， functions of FVC， FRC and MMEF in model group were significantly decreased (P<0.01)， and the time of tI and tE was significantly prolonged （P<0.05，P<0.01）. The content of TNF-α in lung tissue was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The mRNA and protein expressions of cAMP， PKA and CREB in lung tissue were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The expression of AQP5 and α-ENAC in lung tissue decreased significantly. The alveolar cavity of rats was filled with edema fluid， surrounding tissue hyperemia， inflammatory cell infiltration, bronchial mucosa epithelial adhesion. Compared with model group， Xiao Qinglongtang and its fangyuan group could significantly enhance the FVC, FRC and MMEF functions of model rats （P<0.05，P<0.01）， and tI and tE time were shortened （P<0.05，P<0.01）. The content of TNF-α in lung tissues of Xiao Qinglongtang group， Guizhi Gancao group and Banxia Mahuang group was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The mRNA expressions of cAMP， PKA and CREB in Xiao Qinglongtang group were significantly up-regulated （P<0.01）， and the mRNA expressions of cAMP and PKA in Guizhi Gancao， Jiangxinwei and Banxia Mahuang groups were significantly up-regulated （P<0.01）. The protein expressions of cAMP， PKA and CREB in Xiao Qinglongtang group， Guizhi Gancao group， Jiangxinwei group and Banxia Mahuang group were significantly up-regulated （P<0.01）， and the protein expression of CREB in Shaoyao Gancao group was significantly up-regulated（P<0.05）. Xiao Qinglongtang could up-regulate the positive expression of AQP5 and α-ENAC， and Guizhi Gancao group could up-regulate the positive expression of α-ENAC. Xiao Qinglongtang and its fangyuan can reduce the lung edema， inflammatory cell infiltration and bronchial mucosal adhesion of model rats. ConclusionXiao Qinglongtang and its ingredients can reduce lung edema and inhibit inflammation by improving the expression of lung water transport-related proteins AQP1， AQP5， and α-ENaC through cAMP/PKA pathway， thereby restoring the lung functions in rats with syndrome of cold fluid accumulated in lung. Na+-K+-ATPase may play an auxiliary role in the regulation of lung water transport. This provides a certain objective basis for preliminarily elucidating the connotation of lung governing water movement from the perspective of lung water transport-related proteins.

Relationship Between Aquaporins and "Kidney Governing Water" Theory / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） theory holds that "kidney governing water" plays a leading role in maintaining the metabolism of water and fluid in the body. The opening and closing of kidney qi determines the distribution， retention， and excretion of water and fluid. The treatment of some diseases caused by the imbalance of water and fluid metabolism is often carried out based on the kidney. Aquaporins are channel proteins that specifically transport water. They act as a regulator of intracellular and intercellular water flow and maintain the dynamic balance of water and fluid. Because of the differences in their location and expression， they have different physiological functions. Numerous studies have shown that aquaporins are widely distributed in the kidney， and their altered expression is of important significance to reveal the imbalance of water and fluid metabolism caused by different diseases. Doctors of all dynasties have accumulated rich experience in the continuous exploration of TCM regulating water and fluid metabolism disorders. TCM has the unique advantages of holistic view involving multiple pathways， components， and targets， and has achieved satisfactory regulatory effect， but the specific mechanism of action is not fully revealed. Therefore， this study explored the internal correlation of "kidney governing water"， the expression of aquaporins， and water and fluid metabolism disorders， summarized the regulatory effect and mechanism of Chinese medicinal extract， single Chinese medicine， and Chinese medicinal compound on water and fluid metabolism disorder， and interpreted the scientific connotation of "kidney governing water"， in order to provide new ideas and new directions for the TCM treatment of diseases due to water and fluid metabolism disorders.

Relationship Between Aquaporins and "Kidney Governing Water" Theory / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） theory holds that "kidney governing water" plays a leading role in maintaining the metabolism of water and fluid in the body. The opening and closing of kidney qi determines the distribution， retention， and excretion of water and fluid. The treatment of some diseases caused by the imbalance of water and fluid metabolism is often carried out based on the kidney. Aquaporins are channel proteins that specifically transport water. They act as a regulator of intracellular and intercellular water flow and maintain the dynamic balance of water and fluid. Because of the differences in their location and expression， they have different physiological functions. Numerous studies have shown that aquaporins are widely distributed in the kidney， and their altered expression is of important significance to reveal the imbalance of water and fluid metabolism caused by different diseases. Doctors of all dynasties have accumulated rich experience in the continuous exploration of TCM regulating water and fluid metabolism disorders. TCM has the unique advantages of holistic view involving multiple pathways， components， and targets， and has achieved satisfactory regulatory effect， but the specific mechanism of action is not fully revealed. Therefore， this study explored the internal correlation of "kidney governing water"， the expression of aquaporins， and water and fluid metabolism disorders， summarized the regulatory effect and mechanism of Chinese medicinal extract， single Chinese medicine， and Chinese medicinal compound on water and fluid metabolism disorder， and interpreted the scientific connotation of "kidney governing water"， in order to provide new ideas and new directions for the TCM treatment of diseases due to water and fluid metabolism disorders.

Docencia universitaria en salud: análisis de la distribución entre tipos de cargo y género / University teaching in health: analysis of the distribution between job types and gender

Introduction: Despite the great contribution of women to health systems, men still occupy most leadership positions. The gender gap in leadership roles in healthcare is prevalent worldwide. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that analyses the distribution of the types of appointments defined by hierarchy, duration of employment, and percentage of FTE and the positions occupied by women faculty compared with male counterparts. The unit of analysis corresponds to faculty positions in 2018 since each faculty can have more than one position with different hierarchy, duration, and percentage of FTE. We used logistic multivariate analysis to assess associations, considering the model with the lowest AIC. Results: Age group 31 to 50 years (AOR: 0.66; IC 95%: 0.50-0.87) and FTE appointments (AOR: 0.43; IC 95%: 0.29- 0.64) are significantly associated with positions assigned to women. For appointment type defined by hierarchy TA, is significantly occupied by a female when compared to each group of increased hierarchy, Assistant professor (AOR: 1.39; IC 95%: 1.14-1.70), Associate professor (AOR: 2.67: IC 95%: 1.95- 3.67), Full professor (AOR: 3.47; IC 95%: 2.27-5.30) and authorities (AOR: 5.57; IC 95%: 3.53-8.79). Conclusions: There is almost no representation of women in the highest-ranking positions, which are associated with academic recognition, decision-making, and higher pay. The higher prevalence of full-time positions occupied by women could be linked to women still being responsible for household and family tasks

Introducción: A pesar de la gran contribución de las mujeres a los sistemas de salud, a nivel mundial los hombres son mayoría en los puestos de liderazgo. A nivel mundial, la brecha de género en los cargos de liderazgo en atención médica es persistente. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal que analiza la distribución de los tipos de cargos docentes ocupados por mujeres de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires según jerarquía, dedicación y regularidad, comparados con su contraparte masculina. La unidad de análisis corresponde a las posiciones, ya que cada docente puede tener más de un cargo. Usamos regresión logística considerando el modelo con el AIC más bajo. Resultados: Grupo de edad de 31 a 50 años (ORA: 0.66; IC 95%: 0.50 a 0.87) y la dedicación exclusiva (ORA: 0.43; IC 95%: 0.29 a 0.64) están significativamente asociados con posiciones ocupadas por mujeres. Para el tipo de cargos definidos por jerarquía, "ayudante de cátedra" está ocupado significativamente por mujeres, en comparación con cada grupo de jerarquía creciente, Jefe de Trabajos Prácticos (ORA: 1.39; IC 95%: 1.14 a 1.70), Profesor Adjunto (ORA: 2.67; IC 95%: 1.95 a 3.67), Profesor Titular (ORA: 3.47; IC 95%: 2.27 a 5.30) y autoridades (ORA: 5.57; IC 95%: 3.53 a 8.79). Conclusiones: Escasa representación femenina en los puestos de mayor rango asociados con reconocimiento académico, toma de decisiones y mejor salario. La dedicación exclusiva en las mujeres podría estar relacionada con que ellas que siguen siendo responsables de las tareas domésticas y familiares

Governo eletrônico da vida cotidiana por aplicativos de gestão da saúde no Apple Watch / Electronic management of everyday life using the Apple Watch's health applications

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é problematizar as formas de governo do corpo e da saúde requeridas aos usuários dos aplicativos do Apple Watch. A pesquisa abrange o uso do "relógio inteligente" em uma genealogia sobre a concepção de captura de informações, indução e notificação de ações que afetam as condutas dos sujeitos, colocando-os em ritmos e ritos realizáveis e provocando uma sensação de maior governo sobre o corpo, parte de um aceite de desgoverno perante a máquina. Os resultados apontam que as tecnologias vestíveis se tornaram "próteses" que capturam informações em tempo real, operando como um "órgão confessor" para o governo dos corpos e sua normalização, gerenciadas pelo mercado como um biocapital.

Abstract The objective of this article is to question the ways in which Apple Watch applications require users to manage their body and health. The survey describes the use of "smart watches" within a genealogy of the concept of capturing information, inducing and notifying users of activities that affect their behavior, placing users into achievable rhythms and routines, and creating the perception of better bodily management, all part of accepting the notion of granting control to machines. The results indicate that wearable technologies became "prosthetics" capturing information in real time, acting as a "confession mechanism" for governing and normalizing the body, and are managed by the market as biocapital.

Discussion and treatment of bullous pemphigoid from traditional Chinese medicine point of view "lung governing skin and hair" / 中国中西医结合急救杂志

Bullous pemphigoid is a chronic obstinate dermatological disease. Hormone is the main therapeutic method, but the disease course is rather long, relapse is frequently seen and difficult to be radically cured; many complications may occur such as pulmonary infection, etc. From traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) basic principal points of view "lung governing skin and hair" and "strengthen the body resistance to eliminate pathogenic factors", the author explored the TCM therapy of bullous pemphigoid. By using clearing away lung heat and invigorating lung qi as the main principles supplemented by invigorating spleen and kidney, eliminating phlegm and blood stasis for treatment of such disease, relatively satisfactory therapeutic results were obtained.

Explore microcosmic connection between autophagy mechanism and follicular development based on "kidney governing reproduction" theory / 中国中药杂志

In the theory of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) that "kidney storing essence and governing reproduction", reproductive essence is an important part of the kidney essence and acts as the original material of offspring embryos. Sperm, oocyte and zygote should be all included in the range of reproductive essence. Ovum is the essence of reproduction from inborn. The follicles maturation depends on the quality of oocyte and the vigor of kidney essence. Meanwhile, discharge of mature ovum relies on the stimulation and promotion by kidney Qi. Autophagy almost exists in different cells stages and all various of mammalian cells. Many studies have found that autophagy not only participates in the formation of follicles, but also in every phase of the follicles development, and is involved in the occurrence and development of ovarian diseases. Recently, more and more scholars believe that autophagy is a new field to explore the microcosmic relationship between autophagy and TCM. Kidney-nourishing TCM could promote follicular growth and improve variety clinical symptoms by inhibiting the apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells and reducing follicular atresia. Meanwhile, apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells is closely related to autophagy of ovarian granulosa cells. In order to provide some theoretical foundation for kidney-nourishing therapy's promoting effect on follicular growth and improving effect on ovarian function, also to further explore the molecular mechanism of kidney-nourishing medicine in promoting follicular development, this paper would explain the microcosmic relationship between autophagy and follicular development based on the theory of "kidney governing reproduction". All of these would be of great significance to prevent and intervene the diseases of reproductive system timely and effectively.

Pagando o preço de governar: custos de gerência de coalizão no presidencialismo brasileiro / Pagando el precio de gobernar: costos del manejo de coalición en el presidencialismo brasileño / The price of governing: coalition management costs in Brazil's presidential system

Resumo Este artigo analisa os efeitos das estratégias do presidente de como gerir sua coalizão sobre os custos de governar ao longo do seu mandato. Foi desenvolvido um Índice inédito de Custo de Governo (ICG) considerando as transferências políticas e monetárias feitas pelo presidente aos partidos da sua coalizão. O ICG foi calculado a partir de análise de componentes principais. As relações entre as variações de estratégias de gerência e seus custos foram estimadas por meio de um painel não balanceado em primeiras diferenças, tendo como variável dependente o ICG e como variáveis explicativas o tamanho da coalizão, a heterogeneidade ideológica e a alocação proporcional de poder entre parceiros. Os resultados indicam que coalizões grandes, ideologicamente heterogêneas e desproporcionais tendem a ser mais caras ao longo do tempo. As decisões presidenciais de como gerenciar suas coalizões influenciam os custos de governo, mesmo controlando por aspectos exógenos, como fragmentação partidária na Câmara dos Deputados e popularidade presidencial. Além disso, gastar mais recursos políticos e financeiros com os aliados da coalizão não significa necessariamente maior apoio político no Legislativo.

Resumen Este artículo analiza los efectos de las decisiones presidenciales del manejo de la coalición en los costos para gobernar. Se utiliza el análisis de componentes principales para crear el Índice de Costo de Gobierno (ICG) y se utiliza un panel de primeras diferencias para estimar la relación entre el índice y las variables de gestión de la coalición: el tamaño de la coalición, la heterogeneidad ideológica y proporcionalidad de poder con aliados. Los resultados indican que coaliciones demasiado grandes, desproporcionadas y ideológicamente heterogéneas tienden a ser más costosas a lo largo del tiempo. Los resultados también sugieren que las decisiones presidenciales sobre cómo manejar las coaliciones influyen en los costos, aún controlando por las limitaciones exógenas como fragmentación partidaria y popularidad presidencial. Además, gastar más recursos políticos y financieros con los aliados de la coalición no implica necesariamente un mayor apoyo político para el Presidente en el Congreso.

Abstract: This paper examines the effects of a president's coalition management decisions on the costs of governing. An innovative Governing Costs Index (GCI) was developed, taking into consideration political and financial transfers made by the president to coalition parties. GCI is calculated employing a principal component analysis. The relationship between the variations on the management strategies and the costs were estimated using a first-differences panel. GCI was considered as the dependent variable and the coalition size, ideological heterogeneity, and cabinet proportionality among partners as the explanatory variables. Results indicate that large, ideologically heterogeneous coalitions and disproportional cabinets tend to be more expensive over time. The results also suggest that presidential decisions about how to manage coalitions influence governing costs in important ways, even when controlling exogenous constraints like party fragmentation at the Congress and presidential popularity. In addition, spending more political and financial resources with coalition allies does not necessarily lead to greater political support for the president in the Congress.

Los Suárez y las instituciones del sistema de protección de la infancia: Un análisis sobre las formas contemporáneas de gobierno de las familias en contextos de desigualdad y pobreza / The Suárez family and the institutions of the system of child protection: An analysis on contemporary forms of governing over families in contexts of inequality and poverty / Os Suárez e as instituições do sistema de proteção da infância: uma análise sobre as formas contemporâneas de poder das famílias em contextos de desigualdade e pobreza

Este artículo se propone problematizar las distintas acciones que los agentes del sistema de protección de la infancia de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, despliegan con el fin de evitar la separación de los niños de sus medio familiar y comunitario. Para ello, se parte del caso de una familia cuyos hijos, luego de diversas intervenciones destinadas a modificar los comportamientos de los padres, fueron finalmente ingresados en una institución de cuidado. A partir de los relatos de diversos actores, recopilados a lo largo de un trabajo de campo etnográfico realizado entre 2007 y 2009, en el marco de la aplicación de las nuevas leyes de protección de los derechos de la infancia, el artículo propone una reflexión sobre las formas diversas a partir de las cuales actualmente se despliega el gobierno de las familias en contextos de desigualdad y pobreza.

This article aims at problematizing the various actions implemented by agents from the City of Buenos Aires‘ children protection system in order to avoid separating children from their families and communities. For this purpose, the paper examines the case of a family whose children were institutionalized after a series of interventions attempting to change the parents‘ behavior. Based on the stories of various actors involved in the process collected through ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2007 and 2009 and in the framework of the implementation of laws protecting childhood, this article analyzes the forms in which families are governed in contexts of inequality and poverty.

Este artigo visa problematizar as diversas ações às quais os agentes do sistema de proteção da infância da cidade de Buenos Aires recorrem a fim de evitarem a separação das crianças de seu meio familiar e comunitário. Para tanto, inicia-se com o caso de uma família cujos filhos, após varias intervenções com o intuito de modificar o comportamento dos país, foram ingressados em uma instituição de cuidado. Com base nos depoimentos de diferentes atores envolvidos -levantados ao longo do trabalho de campo etnográfico realizado entre 2007 e 2009- e no cenário da aplicação das novas leis de proteção aos direitos da infância, propõe-se no artigo uma reflexão a respeito das diversas formas a partir das quais se desdobra o poder das famílias para agir em contextos de pobreza e desigualdade social.

Tragedia de los recursos de uso común y ética ambiental individual responsable frente al calentamiento global / Tragédia dos recursos de uso comum e ética ambiental individual responsável frente ao aquecimento global / Tragedy of the common pool resources and environmental ethics individually liable to global warming

La tragedia de los recursos de uso común (sobreexplotación, contaminación) es una metáfora bien acuñada en la literatura. El aire es un recurso de uso común, sobre el que no existe propiedad privada. El problema del calentamiento global, derivado del exceso de gases de efecto invernadero (CO2, NO2, metano), generados por actividades humanas y el excesivo consumismo, y que se almacenan en la alta atmósfera causando cambios climáticos, es hoy una tragedia. Vivimos una nueva Era llamada del Antropoceno. Las soluciones monocéntricas globales a esta tragedia, de arriba hacia abajo -por ejemplo, Protocolo de Kyoto, de 1997- han fracasado. El artículo destaca la necesidad urgente de comenzar a usar soluciones estratégicas policéntricas -de abajo hacia arriba-, acciones individuales y colectivas, en conjunto con las globales, para enfrentar la tragedia. Ello debe basarse en la instalación masiva de una nueva ética ambiental responsable, basada, por ejemplo, en el principio ético de responsabilidad individual de Kutz. Para ello se necesita poner en acción una ciencia ambiental posmoderna, creíble, con una democratización del conocimiento, y alfabetizar a la sociedad en forma simple y directa sobre la información dura del cambio climático en todas sus dimensiones: negativas, positivas y de nuevas oportunidades. Los medios de comunicación social masivos pueden ser la clave para lograr este objetivo.

The tragedy of the commons (overexploitation, pollution) is a metaphor well anchored in the literature. The air is a common pool resource and private property does not exist. The global warming of the planet, caused by excess greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, NO2, methane), generated by human activities and consuming society, which are stored in the high atmosphere causing climatic changes, is today a tragedy. We live in a new Era, that of the Antrophocene. Monocentric solutions to this tragedy: topdown -for instance the Kyoto Protocol of 1997- have failed. The article highlights the urgent need to implement polycentric solutions to face the tragedy: bottomup, individual and collective actions in concurrence with topdown strategies. This needs to be based in the installation of a new environmental responsible ethic, for instance based in the individual responsible Kutz ethic principle. For this is needed to promote, as soon as possible, a postmodern environmental science, with credibility and a true democratization of knowledge. Moreover, there is a need for environmental alphabetization of our society based on hard knowledge about climatic changes and global warming, in all dimensions: negative, positive, new opportunities. The use of massive communication tools may be the key to achieve the goal.

A tragédia dos recursos de uso comum (superexploração, contaminação) é uma metáfora bem cunhada na literatura. O ar é um recurso de uso comum, sobre o qual não existe propriedade privada. O problema do aquecimento global derivado do excesso de gases de efeito estufa (CO2, NO2, metano), gerados por atividades humanas e o excessivo consumismo, que se armazenam na alta atmosfera causando mudanças climáticas, é hoje uma tragédia. Vivemos uma nova Era chamada de Antropoceno. As soluções monocêntricas globais a esta tragédia, de cima para baixo por exemplo, Protocolo de Kyoto de 1997 fracassaram. O artigo destaca a necessidade urgente de começar a usar soluções estratégicas policêntricas de baixo para cima , ações individuais e coletivas, em conjunto com as globais, para enfrentar a tragédia. Isso tem que basearse na instalação massiva de uma nova ética ambiental responsável por exemplo, baseada no princípio ético de responsabilidade individual de Kutz. Para isso se necessita por em acção uma ciência ambiental pósmoderna, crível, com uma democratização do conhecimento, e alfabetizar a sociedade de forma simples e direta sobre a informação dura da mudança climática em todas suas dimensões: negativas, positivas, novas oportunidades. Os meios de comunicação social massivos podem ser a chave para lograr este objetivo.

Psicologia e surdez: governamento da diferença e outras margens possíveis / Psychology and deafness: government of difference and other possible margins / Psicología y sordera: governamiento de la diferencia y otros márgenes posibles

Em uma época em que muito se fala sobre inclusão de Pessoas com Deficiência e sobre a necessidade de preparação para o exercício desta inclusão, o presente artigo se propõe a questionar em que momento a surdez passa a ser compreendida como deficiência, sendo incorporada às Políticas Públicas de Inclusão a partir de uma produção acerca de suas especificidades e saberes científicos. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo visa problematizar o momento e a maneira como as pessoas surdas passam a ser público-alvo da Psicologia. Propõe-se, ao longo da discussão, a compreensão dos movimentos de normatização, normalização e governamento da diferença, visando apresentar a possibilidade e/ou necessidade de lançar um novo olhar sobre a surdez com o intuito de modificar a relação entre Psicologia e Surdez, distanciando-se da relação saber-objeto em que tal encontro está instituído. Para tal serão tensionados alguns depoimentos e discursos presentes na fala de profissionais da área, identificando de que lugar a Psicologia fala atualmente e como tais narrativas visibilizam processos de subjetivação da população surda.

In a time in which Inclusion of the Disabled and the necessity of preparation for the practicing of this inclusion is discussed, the present article intends to state historically in what moment deafness begins to be understood as a disability, incorporated to the Public Politics of Inclusion through a production of its specificity and scientific knowledge. In this sense, the present paper intends to problematize the moment and way deaf people become a target for the Psychology. Throughout the discussion, the understanding of the rule and normalization moves and governing of the difference is proposed, aiming to present the possibility and/or the need of launching a new look upon deafness with the goal of changing the relationship between Psychology and Deafness, differently from the knowledge-object relationship in which such encounter is instituted. In order to do so, some statements and talks present in the speeches of professionals of the field will be tensioned identifying what place Psychology speaks from currently and the way these narratives depict the Subjectivation processes of the deaf population.

En un momento en que se dice mucho acerca de la inclusión de las personas con discapacidad y la necesidad de prepararse para el ejercicio de esta inclusión, este artículo tiene como objetivo cuestionar en qué momento la sordera se entiende como la discapacidad, que se incorpora a la política pública de una producción de sus conocimientos específicos y científicos. En este sentido, este artículo trata de problematizar la manera como la población sorda se vuelven audiencia de Psicología. Se propone, a través de la discusión, la comprensión de los movimentos de la normatización, la normalización y lo governamento de la diferencia, con el objetivo de presentar la posibilidad y/o necesidad de dar una nueva mirada sobre la sordera, a fin de modificar la relación entre la Psicología y la sordera, alejándose de la relación de objeto a sabiendas de que tal reunión se establezca. Así se hará tensar algunos testimonios y discursos presentes en el discurso de los profesionales, la identificación de ese lugar la Psicología habla hoy, y cómo estas narrativas visibilizam procesos de subjetivación de la población sorda.

Discussion on Relationship Between Changes of Spleen Function and Metabolismof Glucose and Lipid / 中国中医药信息杂志

Diabetes is a common clinical disease, with glucose and lipid metabolism disorder as the main clinical manifestation. The spleen of middle jiao can transport and transform the essence of grain and water. It is also the source of qi and blood, which also provides material foundation for the glucose and lipid metabolism. The spleen deficiency and dampness stasis can lead to the phlegm and blood stagnation, which are closely related to high sugar, high fat, high blood coagulation and vascular endothelial damage. This article discussed the relationship between the changes of spleen function of middle jiao and glucose and lipid metabolism, and provided some theoretical methods for clinical prevention and treatment of diabetes.

"Correlation Analysis between ""Fei Qi Being Responsible for Administration and Regulation"" Theory and Autonomic Nerve Related Functions" / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

In this paper, Chinese medicine theory about Fei Qi being responsible for administration and regulationwas carried out as a topic. The modern scientific research achievement had been integrated to propose a hypothesis about the function of Fei Qi that related with postganglionic fibers dominated autonomic effector's physiological functions. By analyzing the mechanism and clinical application of adrenergic receptors and cholinergic receptors agonist or antagonist drugs, and summarizing some related effective compounds from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), we tried to clarify the basic role of Fei Qi is checking the balance of yin and yang, which is consistent with sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve regulated functions. After interpreting of modern biological knowledge, we aimed to develop a systematic integrated medicine which fused eastern and western wisdom. Finally, the guiding role of the theory derived from visceral manifestation should be expected fully in the research and development of modern drugs. The application of this theory will be a profound meaning to lead the prevention and clinical treatment for a variety of refractory diseases.

Os centros de referência de assistência social e as artes de governar / Social assistance reference centers and the arts of governing

Este artigo discute a emergência dos Centros de Referência da Assistência Social (CRAS) destacando as artes de governar que engendram sua criação. Indica que o CRAS, equipamento estratégico da Política Nacional de Assistência Social (PNAS), é efeito do entrecruzamento de práticas sociais diversas, condensando em sua emergência o modo biopolítico de gestão das populações, o modo neoliberal como arte de governar, a Assistência Social como campo de saber e de práticas sociais e as práticas psi. Apontamos que o CRAS pode funcionar como dispositivo de controle e também espaço de produção de desvios no campo das políticas de assistência social.

This article discusses the emergence of Social Assistance Reference Centers (CRAS) highlighting the arts of governing that engender its creation. Also indicates that the CRAS, a strategic equipment of the National Social Assistance Policy (PNAS), is effect of crossing of diverse social practices, condensing into its emergency a biopolitical mode of management of populations, the neoliberal statecraft as art of government, the social assistance as field of knowledge and social practices and psychological practices. We point out that the CRAS can function as a control device and also as a field of production of deviations in social policies.

"Fundamental and Clinical Application for Liver Disease Treatment with Therapeutic Principle of""Tonifying the Kidney to Promote Liver Regeneration and Repair""" / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This paper was aimed to expound the concept , theoretical foundation , theoretical system as well as scientific connotation of the new therapeutic principle of tonifying the kidney to promote liver regeneration and repair . a brief introduction was provided for the development in both fundamental research and clinical appli-cations of liver disease treatment . It provided theoretical references for the clinical treatment of liver diseases .

Valoración de la influencia de los directivos de salud sobre las investigaciones en el municipio de Camagüey / Assessment of the influence of health managers on research in Camagüey municipality

Según el lineamiento 152, se deben actualizar los programas de formación en investigación de las universidades en función de las necesidades del desarrollo económico y social del país y de las nuevas tecnologías. Objetivo: analizar la influencia de los directivos de Salud sobre las investigaciones de la provincia de Camagüey. Métodos: se entregaron en febrero de 2012, 110 cuestionarios a dirigentes de 15 entidades de la salud del municipio Camagüey, Cuba. Se redujo la dimensionalidad de las respuestas con la Técnica de Componentes Principales. Se obtuvieron estadígrafos de frecuencia y se hicieron comparaciones entre las entidades y otras variables de interés con la técnica no paramétrica KruskalWallis. Resultados: respondieron 82 profesionales, con edad promedio de 44±8 años, de ellos 47 del sexo femenino, del total 2 eran profesores titulares, 15 auxiliares, 30 instructores, 21 asistentes y 14 no estabancategorizados como profesores. Solo dos concluyeron el doctorado, y la maestría 31. El Alpha de Cronbach del cuestionario fue de 0,669. Se redujo la dimensionalidad de las 15 variables iniciales a 4 constructos. Se reflejó la existencia de un grupo de dirección joven y experimentado. Conclusiones: los datos mostraron avances del Sistema Nacional de Salud dado por el beneficio de género y la existencia deun grupo de profesionales con fuerza, madurez y experiencia capaces de emprender transformaciones sociales. En cuanto a las investigaciones se impone realizar un cambio de paradigma en estos directivos hacia un enfoque transdisciplinar que transcienda disciplinas y sectores

According the new Cuban political guideline 152, training programs on research in universities must be updated according to needs of economic, social development of the country and new technologies.Objective: to analyze the influence of health managers on research in Camagüey province. Method: inFebruary 2012, 110 questionnaires were given to managers of 15 health entities. Dimensionality of answerswas reduced with the principal components technique. Frequency statistics of answers was obtained and there were comparisons between the entities and other variables of interest with the KruskalWallis nonparametric technique. Results: 82 professionals answered, with a mean age of 4448 years, of them 47were women, of the total 2 were full professors, 15 were associates, 21 assistants, 30 instructors and 14were not categorized as professors. Only two completed doctorate and master's degree 31. The Cronbach’sAlpha of the questionnaire was about 0,669. Dimensionality of the 15 initial variables was reduced to 4. The existence of a young and experienced direction group was reflected. Conclusions: data showed progress inthe National Health Care System based on gender benefit and the existence of a group of professionals with experience, able to undertake social transformations. As regards research, it is necessary to carry out a paradigm change towards a transdisciplinary approach to spread to specialties and sectors

On Sun Governing Cold Water,Taiyin Governing Wind Heat——One of Cold and Febrile Differentiation Systems / 浙江中医药大学学报

TCM exopathy disease mechanism of "Sun Governing Cold Water,Taiyin Governing Wind Heat",and season time and machine-dimensional sequence are the high-end induction the sage facing nature-Qi function.Six channels,protection Qi nutrition blood and tri-jiao theory are based on awing nature and sky,earth and human being unified.The mechanism of Sun Governing Cold Water,Taiyin Governing Wind Heat is just directional system explaining TCM exopathy heat disease natural season time/machine-dimensional rule;2 branches of different natures are the thought model of occurrence of febrile,epidemic and acute infectious diseases.

Chang Sei Kim's Activities on Public Health in Colonial Korea / 의사학

After graduating from Severance Medical College in 1916, Chang Sei Kim went to Shanghai to work as a missionary in a adventist hospital. The establishment of the Korean Provisional Government led him to participate in the independence movement. Educating nurses to assist the forthcoming war for independence, he seemed to realize the fact that the health of Koreans would be a key factor for achieving independence. He left for the U.S. to conduct comprehensive research on medicine. Chang Sei Kim was the first Korean to receive a Ph. D. degree of Public Health, graduating from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in 1925. He then gained an opportunity to work for Korea as a professor at Severance Medical College. His objective was the 'Reconstruction of the Korean People In Terms of Physical Constitution.' He pointed out that Koreans' weak state of health was a major reason for Korea's colonization. To gain independence, he emphasized that the Korean people should receive education on public health in order to improve the primitive conditions of sanitation. There is little doubt that Chang Sei Kim's ideas developed Heungsadan's views on medicine in terms of its stress on cultivation of ability, especially considering the fact that he was a member of the organization. As a member of the colonized who could not participate in the developing official policy, Chang Sei Kim was not able to implement his ideas fully, because an individual or a private organization could not carry out policy on public health as large a scale as the government did. Never giving up his hopes for Korean independence, he rejected requests to assume official posts in the Government-General. That was why he was particularly interested in the Self-Governing Movement in 1920s Korea. If the movement had attained its goal, he might have worked for the enhancement of sanitary environment as a director of Sanitary Department. His application for funding to establish a hygiene laboratory in Korea was rejected by Rockefeller Foundation, as the policy of foundation was to finance only government institutes, not private ones. Resigning his position at Severance Medical College in 1927, Chang Sei Kim went to Shanghai to work as a Field Director in the Council on Health Education. The council was affiliated with the Rockefeller Foundation and was founded to ameliorate the hygienic situation in China. He was well fitted to the job, because China, like Korea, shared the aim to achieve independence by promoting better health for its people and because he could be appointed as a public officer which could not happen in colonial Korea. To solve the ever-serious problems with tuberculosis in China, he went again to the U. S. to conduct research and raise money for the establishment of a sanitarium. Chang Sei Kim passed away there in 1934 at the age of 42.