Saudi Arabia Medical Education: An Overview / 医学教育

This paper provides a brief insight into medical education in Saudi Arabia. It begins by providing an introduction and background on the country’s medical education, how it developed, how the undergraduate course is organised, and how the curriculum has changed over the years. Subsequently, undergraduate admission and the undergraduate curriculum are described in more detail. Postgraduate training is also discussed, as different scholarship programs offered to Saudi medical students and graduates. This paper highlights the similarities and differences with the Japanese medical education system.

Desempenho da pós-graduação em saúde coletiva e desenvolvimento do SUS: existe relação? / Performance of postgraduate training in collective health and SUS development: Is there a relationship?

Resumo Este ensaio questiona se e até que ponto os programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu em saúde coletiva contribuem para o desenvolvimento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). A hipótese é positiva, ainda que não se afirme um movimento óbvio e espontâneo, pois evidências científicas nunca são mecanicamente adotadas; a implementação é um ato político de gestão e não uma decorrência de estudos acadêmicos. O argumento é que esses programas se equilibram entre dois compromissos: obedecem à lógica educacional do mais alto nível do ensino superior e ao desenvolvimento da ciência e tecnologia, mas objetivam conhecimento e qualificação do setor saúde. As bases que fundamentam este texto são artigos e relatórios que tratam da significância da ciência, tecnologia e inovação para o desenvolvimento mundial e nacional; artigos que tratam do mercado de trabalho dos ex-alunos da pós-graduação; e depoimentos de 16 coordenadores de programas cuja relevância está assinalada na análise do trabalho. Conclui-se que há um efeito, por vezes difuso, por vezes concreto, dos cursos de pós-graduação no desempenho do SUS e de outras instituições nacionais. Diferenciam-se as contribuições dos doutorados, dos mestrados acadêmicos e dos mestrados profissionais, cada um a seu modo é fundamental para a qualificação do SUS.

Abstract This essay asks whether and to what extent the stricto sensu postgraduate programs in public health contribute to the development of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). The hypothesis is positive, although an obvious and spontaneous movement is not stated, since scientific evidence is never mechanically adopted; implementation is a political act of management and not a result of academic studies. The argument is that these programs balance between two commitments: they obey the educational logic of the highest level of higher education and the development of science and technology, but they aim at knowledge and qualification of the health sector. The bases that support this text are articles and reports that deal with the significance of science, technology and innovation for world and national development; articles dealing with the job market of postgraduate students; and testimonies of 16 program coordinators whose relevance is highlighted in the analysis of the work. It is concluded that there is an effect, sometimes diffuse, sometimes concrete, of postgraduate courses on the performance of SUS and other national institutions. The contributions of doctoral, academic master's and professional master's programs differ, each in its own way is fundamental for the qualification of SUS.

Uma experiência de estágio em equoterapia orientado pela psicanálise / A training experience oriented by psychoanalysis in equino therapy / Una experiencia de pasantía orientada por psicoanálisis en equinoterapia

Este relato de experiência tem como objetivo apresentar uma experiência de estágio supervisionado em Psicologia Clínica no trabalho da equoterapia com a orientação da Psicanálise. Neste trabalho, refletimos sobre a atuação do(a) estagiário(a) em psicologia no espaço institucional multidisciplinar, as particularidades desse trabalho e as dificuldades encontradas na experiência. Para isso, recorremos à perspectiva psicanalítica sobre a prática em instituições e discutimos alguns extratos da experiência de estágio, na qual a estagiária acompanha sujeitos autistas em sessões de equoterapia.

This experience report aims to present an experience in a Clinic Psychology graduate training in equine therapy sessions oriented by Psychoanalysis. In this work, we reflect about the psychologist intern practice at the multidisciplinary institutional space, the particularities of this work and the difficulties found in the experience. To do this end, we resort to Psychoanalysis perspective about the practice in institutions and discuss some excerpts from the training experience, in which the intern accompanies autistic subjects in e quine therapy sessions.

Este relato de experiencia tiene como objetivo presentar una experiencia en una pasantía de graduación en Psicología Clínica en sesiones de equinoterapia orientada por Psicoanálisis. En este trabajo, reflexionamos sobre la actuación de aprendiz de Psicología en el espacio institucional multidisciplinario, las particularidades de este trabajo y las dificultades encontradas en la experiencia. Para esto, recurrimos a la perspectiva del psicoanálisis sobre la práctica en instituciones y discutimos algunos extractos de la experiencia, en la que el aprendiz acompaña a los sujetos autistas en sesiones de equinoterapia.

The Seamless Transition of Medical Education from Pre- to Post-graduate Training: Approach from Outcome-based Education / 医学教育

In the past, pre-graduate medical education and clinical training have not been sufficiently discussed and consistent training of physicians has not been carried out because the entities that implement the studies are different. In order to realize high quality pre-graduate education and post-graduate clinical training, and to promote seamless training of physicians, it is necessary to establish a system of medical education. It is also necessary to consider the outcomes of pre-graduate medical education and clinical training to maintain consistency in the review of clinical training system for physicians in 2020. This paper discusses the Model Core Curriculum for Medical Education and clinical training from the perspective of outcome-based education for consistent physician training.

El Campo de la Discapacidad Desde la Perspectiva de los Docentes Que Cursan la Especialización en Actividad Física Adaptada y Discapa cidad Del IUACJ / The Field of Disability from the Perspective of the Teachers Enrolled in the Adapted Physical Activity and Disability Specialization Course of the IUACJ

RESUMEN: La primera edición de la especialización en actividad física adaptada y discapacidad se constituye en un hito por ser el primer posgrado de estas características en Uruguay. Esto implica pensar la formación de los docentes a partir de escenarios y poblaciones diversos. Nos planteamos analizar la formación y trayectoria laboral en el campo de la discapacidad, así como las concepciones de inclusión y discapacidad de once estudiantes que cursan el posgrado. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de la entrevista semi-estructurada. Los resultados muestran que sólo cinco docentes tienen formación previa en el área de la discapacidad y seis de ellos experiencia en el trabajo con personas con discapacidad. Todos entienden la importancia de formarse para tener herramientas que les permitan intervenir de mejor manera es sus prácticas. Las concepciones de discapacidad e inclusión muchas veces transitan por el paradigma médico rehabilitador y de educación especial, pero a pesar de ello, presentan actitudes positivas ante el reto de trabajar con la diversidad del alumnado.

ABSTRACT: The first edition of the specialization in adapted physical activity and disability is a milestone as it is the first graduate program with these characteristics in Uruguay. This implies in thinking the teacher training from different scenarios and populations. We set out to analyze the training and career path in the field of disability, as well as the inclusion and disability conceptions of eleven students who attend the graduate course. The data was collected through the semi-structured interview. Results show that only five teachers had previous formation in the area of disability and six of them had experience of working with people with disabilities. Everyone understands the importance of training to have the tools that will allow them to intervene in a better way in their practices. Conceptions of disability and inclusion often go through the medical and special education paradigm of rehabilitation, but, despite this, they present positive attitudes in relation to the challenge of working with the diversity of the students.

Associações entre autoeficácia docente e escolha pela docência por pós-graduandos em Engenharia / Associations between teacher self-efficacy and teaching choice by graduate students in Engineering / Relaciones entre autoeficacia docente y elección de la docencia en postgraduados de Ingeniería

Esse estudo objetivou identificar fatores que influenciam na escolha de pós-graduandos em Engenharia pela docência no ensino superior, a autoeficácia docente e relacionar essas variáveis. Participaram 340 pós-graduandos de 33 programas de Engenharias do Brasil. Ao realizar a correlação de Pearson entre a autoeficácia docente e as dimensões da Escala de Fatores que Influenciam o Ensino, encontrou-se correlações positivas indicando que conforme aumentaram os níveis de crenças de autoeficácia docente proporcionalmente houve aumento na motivação. Esses resultados permitiram refletir sobre o papel das experiências de ensino nos programas de pós-graduação, com foco na formação de futuros professores do ensino superior.

This study aimed to identify factors that influence the choice of graduate students in Engineering for teaching in higher education, teaching self-efficacy and to relate these variables. 340 postgraduate students from 33 engineering programs in Brazil participated. Pearson's correlation between teacher self-efficacy and the dimensions of the Factors Influencing Teaching Scale showed positive correlations, indicating that as the levels of teacher self-efficacy beliefs proportionally increased, there was an increase in motivation. These results allowed us to reflect on the role of teaching experiences in graduate programs, focusing on the training of future higher education teachers.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar factores que influyen en la elección de la docencia en la enseñanza superior por parte de postgraduados de Ingeniería, la autoeficacia docente y relacionar esas variables. Participaron 340 postgraduados de 33 programas de Ingeniería de Brasil. Al realizar la correlación de Pearson entre la autoeficacia docente y las dimensiones de la Escala de Factores que Influyen en la Enseñanza, se encontraron correlaciones positivas, indicando que a medida que aumentaron los niveles de creencias de autoeficacia docente, proporcionalmente hubo un aumento en la motivación. Estos resultados nos permitieron reflexionar sobre el papel de las experiencias de enseñanza en los programas de postgrado, con foco en la formación de futuros profesores.

Current Challenges and Future Opportunities for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Japan

Japan has been facing a serious shortfall of child and adolescent psychiatric workforce relative to increasing service needs. Likely because of a combination of limited workforce supply and limited trust or perception of effectiveness, mental health services are under-utilized by the educational and child welfare systems. Child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) has not been a formally established specialty in Japan. The lack of basic structure in the specialty most likely contributes to a lack of training facilities, limited exposure to and interest in the specialty, and hence an inadequate workforce. To date, there exists no standardized training program for CAP in Japan and each training hospital determines its own teaching curriculum and training content. Clinical experience in CAP varies greatly among hospitals. To solve current problems in child and adolescent psychiatry in Japan, we advocate for the development and establishment of a more standardized child and adolescent psychiatry training system that is akin to what exists in the US and that teaches and evaluates according to specific competencies. Through standardizing care and education and ultimately improving workforce, the quality of mental health services can be raised. The tragic and costly consequences of unidentified and untreated mental illness in youth can be avoided by taking timely evidence based actions in partnership with others.

Current Challenges and Future Opportunities for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Japan

Japan has been facing a serious shortfall of child and adolescent psychiatric workforce relative to increasing service needs. Likely because of a combination of limited workforce supply and limited trust or perception of effectiveness, mental health services are under-utilized by the educational and child welfare systems. Child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) has not been a formally established specialty in Japan. The lack of basic structure in the specialty most likely contributes to a lack of training facilities, limited exposure to and interest in the specialty, and hence an inadequate workforce. To date, there exists no standardized training program for CAP in Japan and each training hospital determines its own teaching curriculum and training content. Clinical experience in CAP varies greatly among hospitals. To solve current problems in child and adolescent psychiatry in Japan, we advocate for the development and establishment of a more standardized child and adolescent psychiatry training system that is akin to what exists in the US and that teaches and evaluates according to specific competencies. Through standardizing care and education and ultimately improving workforce, the quality of mental health services can be raised. The tragic and costly consequences of unidentified and untreated mental illness in youth can be avoided by taking timely evidence based actions in partnership with others.

Vigilancia en salud en los programas de formación de pregrado y posgrado del médico cubano / Health surveillance in Cuban undergraduate and graduate medical training syllabuses

Introducción: la vigilancia en salud es una de las fortalezas del Sistema Nacional de Salud Cubano, los profesionales de la salud desempeñan un papel importante en cada nivel del sistema como ente activo dentro del sistema de vigilancia. Objetivo: describir cómo está diseñado el tema de la vigilancia en salud en la formación de pregrado y posgrado del médico cubano y valorar cómo tributan los contenidos de esta al perfil profesional, objetivos y competencias de sus programas. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal en los programas de la carrera de medicina, de la Especialidad en Medicina General Integral, del Diplomado de Dirección para la APS y la Maestría de Atención Primaria en Salud. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron: revisión de programas y análisis de contenido. Resultados: el tema de vigilancia en salud es abordado en siete asignaturas en la carrera de medicina. La asignatura de Salud Pública es la única donde se estructura el tema con habilidades, objetivos y contenidos definidos y la de Medicina General Integral no está planteada como tema. Situación similar ocurre en el programa de la residencia de Medina General Integral. En el curso de Epidemiología y Salud Pública de la Maestría de Atención Primaria de Salud existen objetivos y contenidos específicos del tema Vigilancia en Salud. En el resto de los cursos se plantean contenidos que también tributan al desarrollo de habilidades y competencias básicas para la vigilancia. Conclusiones: en el diseño curricular del programa de la carrera de medicina y de la residencia de Medina General Integral no se plantea el tema de vigilancia en salud, lo que influye en el desarrollo del pensamiento salubrista y su efecto en el accionar ante cada situación de salud(AU)

Introduction: health surveillance is one of the strengths of the Cuban National Health System. Healthcare professionals play an important role as active surveillance agents at every level within the system. Objective: describe the design of health surveillance in Cuban undergraduate and graduate medical training syllabuses, and assess the way in which these contents contribute to the professional profile and to the aims and competences to be achieved. Method: a cross-sectional study was conducted of medical training syllabuses from the specialty of Comprehensive General Medicine, the management diploma course for Primary Health Care, and the master's degree in Primary Health Care. The techniques used were syllabus review and content analysis. Results: the topic of health surveillance is dealt with in seven subjects of medical studies. The subject Public Health is the only one in which the topic is based on distinct skills, objectives and contents, whereas Comprehensive General Medicine does not include it. A similar situation was found in the Comprehensive General Medicine residency program. The course Epidemiology and Public Health, a component of the master's degree in Primary Health Care, contains objectives and contents specifically related to the topic of Health Surveillance. The remaining courses include contents which contribute to the development of basic surveillance skills and competences. Conclusions: design of the medical training curriculum and the Comprehensive General Medicine residency program does not include the topic of health surveillance, negatively affecting the development of a public health mindset and the attitude of medical professionals toward public health situations(AU)

Understanding and choice of medical students regarding to basic and specialised training in medicine / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Background. Due to strengthening of understanding and scope for health service, in different countries of the World, there are wider range of medical specialized trainings newly emerged by quantity and quality. According to the researchers number of factors influence in choice of specialty among medical students and young professionals such as: age, gender, income status, judgement of vocation and prestige. Evaluation on understanding, choice and basic concepts of specialized training, among undergraduate medical stu¬dent and lack of information and research related to thi question lead to motivation and justification of this research. Goal. Goal of this research is to determine the understanding and choice of specialized postgraduate training among medical students. Objectives: 1. To determine the understanding of the basic and specialized vocational training among medical student 2. To determine the choice of the basic and specialized vocational training among medical student 3. To study choice of medical students on basic and specialized vocational training in relation to the needs of health sector. Material and methods. Research has been conducted among 157 medical students of HSUM who are at the 6th year and 74 medical students of Ach Medical institute and used cross-sectional study with quantitative and qualita¬tive descriptive methods. Statistic analysis has been done by SPSS-17 program. Results. 61 students or 26,4% of all participants had a sufficient knowledge about basic and specialized vocational training,where149 or 64,5% had a moderate knowledge, and 21 or 9,1% had an insufficient knowledge. Understanding of duration and fees of basic vocational training were higher than specialized training ( p<0.0001). Source of information of 118 or 51.1% of all participants were from schools and teachers, where 115 or 49.8% were from friends, but information gathered from doctors were more grounded than from other resources. Research shows 207 participants or 89.6% had decided on choice of basic vocational training and 24 participants or 10.4% had not decided yet. If we look into sectors, 53 participants or 25.6% have chosen internal medicine, 51 or 24.6% have chosen surgery, 33 or 15.9% have chosen obstetric and gynecology, 20or 9.6% have chosen ultrasound diagnostics. Among participants, 64.1% have chosen specialized vocational training, and 35.9% were no decision yet. Choice of basic vocational training was determined by gender: internal medicine ( p<0.001), obstetric and gynecol¬ogy (p<0.008), pediatric (p<0.041) were chosen by female students, and surgery(p<0.0001), orthopedic (p<0.007), were chosen by male students, But married students preliminary chosen fields like pediatrics ( p<0.040), imaging diagnostics (p<0.013). Speciality as a general practitioner or family doctor have been chosen by no ne of them. In our country medical specialists in obstetric and gynecology, pediatric, internal medicine, surgery, anaesthesiol¬ogy, intensive care and family medicine are highly in demand. For instance, there are 25 pediatric doctors, 30 anaesthesiologists, 40 gynecologists in need of due to the demand of the first and third maternal hospitals, National child and maternal health center and UB city Health department ( MOH, order 120). 71% of all participants have chosen by their own interest, 59.75% did not have any effort to seek imminent existing post and 67.1% did not know about job description and duties of chosen work. Conclusions: 1. More than half of all participants (64.5% ) have moderate knowledge on basic and specialized vocational train¬ing, and overoll understanding, fees, duration of basic vocational training are higher than of specialized training (p<0.0001). 2. 89.6% of all participants have chosen their basic training and major fields were internal medicine, surgery, ob¬stetric and gynecology, the preliminary choice depend on gender(p<0.001, p<0.0001, p<0.008). Also 64.1% of participants have chosen their specialized training direction 3. 71% of all participants have chosen by their own interest, 59.75% did not have any effort to seek imminent existing post and 67.1% did not know about job description and duties of chosen work.

Entrenamiento en equipos automatizados de laboratorio clínico de los Centros de alta tecnología en Venezuela: I Fundamentación / Training in automated equipment of clinical laboratory of high technology center in Venezuela: I Basis

Los Laboratorios Clínicos de los Centros Médicos Diagnósticos de Alta Tecnología (CMDAT) en Venezuela han sido dotados de tecnologías de punta las cuales no están todavía difundidas en Cuba, por lo que no contamos con suficientes profesionales debidamente entrenados. OBJETIVOS: identificar las necesidades de aprendizaje de los médicos Especialistas y Licenciados de Laboratorio Clínico para el manejo de los equipos de tecnología de punta de los Centros Médicos Diagnósticos de alta tecnología. Elaborar un programa de entrenamiento para los profesionales del Laboratorio Clínico para la correcta explotación de los equipos de alta tecnología. MÉTODOS: se realizó el análisis de un grupo de documentos rectores de la educación de posgrado en Cuba. Fue administrada una encuesta a 34 profesionales. RESULTADOS: entre el 60 y el 86 por ciento de los profesionales destinados a los CMDAT no conocían estas tecnologías. La proporción de profesionales que no habían tenido experiencias prácticas previas se encontró siempre por encima del 76 por ciento en las cuatro tecnologías. CONCLUSIONES: se diseñó un entrenamiento en equipos automatizados de laboratorio clínico de los Centros Médicos Diagnósticos de Alta Tecnología con un enfoque contextualizado y una estructuración metodológica que asume al proceso de asimilación relacionado directamente con la propia realidad profesional de los implicados. Su aplicación contribuirá al logro de una explotación más efectiva de las tecnologías de punta de los laboratorios clínicos de los CMDAT.

Clinical Laboratories of the Diagnostic Medical Centers of High Technology (DMCHT) in Venezuela have point technology, which are not very diffused in Cuba, thus we count on enough professional very well trained. OBJECTIVE: To identify the learning needs of physicians specialists and bachelors in Clinical Laboratory to management of point technology equipments from the high technology Diagnostic Medical Centers.To the correct exploitation of high technology equipments authors draw out a training program for professionals from clinical laboratories was draw out. METHODS: Authors made an analysis of important documents related to postgraduate education in Cuba. A survey was applied to 34 professionals. RESULTS: Between the 60 percent and the 86 percent of professionals appointed to DMCHTs failed to recognize these technologies. The ratio of professional without previous practical experiences was always above the 76 percent in the four technologies. CONCLUSIONS: A training program on automated equipments of clinical laboratories of high technology Diagnostic Medical Centers with a contextualized approach and a methodological structuring assuming the assimilation process related directly to own professional reality of the participants. Its application will allows the achievement of a more effective exploitation of point technologies of clinical laboratories from DMCHts.

The mechanism innovation and practical exploration about training post-graduate research capacity / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The research capacity in post-graduate education process is an important content,also an important indicator of educational outcomes.School of Medicine and Health Management of Hangzhou Normal University has done a bold exploration at this area,making the integration and innovation,from the management system to the practical operation,from the school management to the society support.Considering the compound characteristics of Social Medicine and Health Service Management specialty,the school has designed the "ladder" training research capacity programs by playing the school system,teacher roles and social support,and many other forces,in order to ensure and enhance the research capability of post-graduates.