The role of the relationship with the coach in the group environment of school sports / El papel de la relación con el entrenador en el entorno grupal de los deportes escolares

Abstract The relationship between coach and athlete has been identified as a key factor for several positive outcomes in the sports context. Thus, the aims of this study were to analyze the association between the quality of the coach-athlete relation ship (CAR) and the perception of team cohesion of youth athletes. Participants were 301 athletes, aged 15 to 17 years, who participated in the School Games of Pernambuco, Brazil. The instruments used were the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) and the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ). Data analysis was conducted through the Structural Equation Modeling (p< .05). The results showed that the quality of CAR showed a significant association (p<.05) with team cohesion, explaining 25% of the variance of task cohesion and 15% of social cohesion. Specifically, the effect of CAR on task (β = 0.50) and social (β = 0.39) cohesion was significant (p<.05) and positive. It was concluded that the quality of CAR is a key factor for the engagement of the adolescent with the teamwork and its goals as well as for the de velopment of positive interpersonal relationships.

Resumen La relación entre entrenador y atleta ha sido identificada como un factor determinante para varios resultados positivos en el contexto deportivo. Por lo tanto, los objetivos del estudio fueron analizar la asociación entre la calidad de la relación en trenador-atleta (CAR) y la percepción de la cohesión del equipo de los atletas jóvenes. Participaron 301 atletas, de 15 a 17 años, que compitieron en los Juegos Escolares de Pernambuco, Brasil. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Cuestionario de Relación Entrenador-Atleta (CART-Q) y el Cuestionario de Ambiente Grupal (GEQ). El análisis de los datos se realizó a través del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales (p <.05). Los resultados mostraron que la calidad de la CAR mostró una asociación significativa (p <.05) con la cohesión del equipo, explicando el 25% de la varianza de la cohesión de la tarea y el 15% de la cohesión social. Específicamente, el efecto de CAR en la cohesión de tareas (β = 0.50) y social (β = 0.39) fue significativo (p <.05) y positivo. Se concluyó que la calidad de CAR es un factor clave para el compromiso del adolescente con el trabajo en equipo y las metas de este, así como para el desarrollo de relaciones interpersonales positivas.

Coesão de grupo no basquetebol: olhares nas categorias de base / Group cohesion in basketball: a look at the base categories

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o nível de coesão de grupo em atletas de Basquetebol de categorias de base, comparando os níveis de coesão de grupo no início (abril de 2018) e no final (novembro de 2018) da temporada. Participaram do estudo 26 atletas com idade entre 13 e 15 anos. O instrumento utilizado foi o Questionário de Ambiente de Grupo ­ QEG. Os resultados demonstraram que os atletas de Basquetebol investigados apresentaram elevados escores nas dimensões relacionadas à tarefa, com maiores escores para dimensão AI-T (Atração Individual para o Grupo-Tarefa), independentemente de a análise ser no início ou no final da temporada. Assim, pode-se considerar que os atletas investigados neste estudo apresentaram coesão em prol da tarefa, o que é considerado adequado para o desempenho esportivo.

This study aimed at investigating the level of group cohesion in basketball athletes in base categories, comparing group cohesion levels at the beginning (April 2018) and at the end (November 2018) of the season. A total of 26 athletes aged 13 to 15 years old participated in the study. The instrument used was the Group Environment Questionnaire - QEG. The results showed that the investigated basketball athletes presented high scores on the task-related dimensions, with higher scores for the IA-T dimension (Individual Attraction for the Task Group) regardless of whether the analysis was at the beginning or at the end of the season. Thus, it can be considered that the athletes investigated in this study presented cohesion in favor of the task, which is considered adequate for the sport performance.

The predicting role of perfectionism on team cohesion among Brazilian futsal athletes

Abstract Aims: This cross-sectional study investigated the predicting role of perfectionism on the perception of team cohesion among futsal athletes. Methods: One hundred and forty of futsal athletes (24.8±4.9 years) were included who participated of a Brazilian Amateur Cup in 2017. The instruments were Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 and Group Environment Questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted through the Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis (p < .05). Results: The data showed the following significant correlations (p < .05): Group-Integration Task (GI-T) with Organization-Personal Standards (OPS) (r = .27) and Doubts About Action (DAA) (r = -.24); Group-Integration Social (GI-S) with OPS (r = .18); Individual Attraction to Group-Task (IA-T) with OPS (r = .25); Individual Attraction to the Group-Social (IA-S) with OPS (r = .17). Multiple regression showed that OPS showed a positive association with task cohesion dimensions (GI-T and IA-T), while DAA showed a negative association with both social (GI-S and IA-S) and task (GI-T) cohesion. Further, perceived parental pressure showed positive association with GI-S. Conclusion: our findings show that perfectionistic striving could be a positive predictor of task cohesion, while perfectionistic concerns might predict negatively both social and task cohesion.

Coesão de grupo e liderança do treinador em função do nível competitivo das equipes: um estudo no contexto do futsal paranaense / Group cohesion and coach leadership based on the competitive level of teams in the context of Paraná's indoor soccer

Este estudo analisou o nível de coesão de grupo e o estilo de liderança dos treinadores de equipes de futsal do estado do Paraná. Participaram da pesquisa, 122 atletas de quatro equipes da Liga Nacional e quatro do Campeonato Paranaense 2011 e oito técnicos, totalizando 130 sujeitos. Como instrumentos, foram utilizados o Questionário de Ambiente de Grupo, a Escala de Liderança no Desporto e uma entrevista semiestruturada. Para a análise dos dados, aplicaram-se o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov, o alfa de Cronbach, o "U" de Mann-Whitney (p < 0,05) e a Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciaram que as equipes participantes do Campeonato Estadual apresentaram maior nível de coesão em relação às equipes da Liga Nacional; os técnicos das equipes do Campeonato Estadual forneceram mais instruções, reforço e suporte social aos atletas, além de apresentarem estilo mais democrático se comparados aos técnicos da Liga Nacional - características também encontradas na análise qualitativa. Concluiu-se que o nível competitivo (estadual/ nacional) das equipes constituiu um elemento interveniente no nível de coesão e no estilo de liderança dos técnicos.

The objective of the present study was to analyze the level of group cohesion and coach leadership style of five-a-side soccer teams from the state of Paraná. Participants consisted of 122 athletes of four teams competing at the National League and four teams competing at the Paraná State Championship in 2011, as well as eight coaches. The following instruments were used: the Group Environment Questionnaire, the Leadership Scale for Sports, and a semi-structured interview. Data analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Cronbach's alpha, Mann-Whitney "U" test (p < 0.05), and categorical analysis. The results demonstrated that the State Championship teams showed higher levels of group cohesion when compared to the National League teams; the coaches of the State Championship teams provided more instructions, reinforcement, and social support to athletes, in addition to showing a more democratic style when compared to the National League coaches - these characteristics were also found in the qualitative analysis. We concluded that the performance level (state/national) of the five-a-side soccer teams had an influence on the cohesion level and coaches' leadership style.