El Fondo Rotatorio para el acceso a las vacunas de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud: 43 años respondiendo al programa regional de inmunizaciones / The Pan American Health Organization's Revolving Fund for access to vaccines: 43 years responding to the regional immunization program / O Fundo Rotativo para Acesso a Vacinas da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde: 43 anos respondendo ao Programa Regional de Imunizações

RESUMEN El Fondo Rotatorio para el acceso a las vacunas (FR) de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud es un fondo común de capital y compra mancomunada de vacunas, jeringas y equipo de cadena de frío para los Estados Miembros de la Organización. Con el objetivo de evaluar los resultados obtenidos durante su funcionamiento y analizar su contribución a los logros de inmunización, se llevó a cabo una revisión de documentos históricos y literatura gris relacionados con la historia del FR, y se revisaron los procesos actuales, los datos de plataformas alimentadas por los informes anuales de los países, los indicadores de crecimiento, la carga de enfermedades prevenibles por vacunación, la introducción de nuevas vacunas en la Región de las Américas, y lecciones aprendidas. Se encontró que, en sus 43 años de funcionamiento, el FR ha crecido y ha contribuido a la introducción de nuevas vacunas, y que la Región ha avanzado de manera acelerada en el ámbito de las inmunizaciones. Sin embargo, varios países y territorios de la Región todavía no han introducido ciertas vacunas debido a sus altos precios y al impacto económico del mantenimiento de su administración. La cláusula del precio más bajo posible y del precio uniforme para todos los Estados Miembros participantes ha sido fundamental para la contribución del FR a las metas de vacunación de los programas nacionales de inmunización, así como para la planeación oportuna de la demanda acompañada por la asesoría técnica. El abordaje interprogramático y la planeación de insumos auxiliares son necesarios para el éxito de los programas. La preparación ante pandemias, la producción regional de vacunas y la protección de presupuestos nacionales para la compra de vacunas de alto costo y su sostenibilidad constituyen aún retos en el presente y el futuro.

ABSTRACT The Pan American Health Organization's Revolving Fund for Access to Vaccines (the Revolving Fund) is a shared pool of funds for the procurement of vaccines, syringes, and cold-chain equipment for the Member States of the Organization. With a view to evaluating the results obtained during the Revolving Fund's operation and analyzing its contributions to achievements in immunization, a review was conducted of historical documents and grey literature related to the Fund's history and current processes, as well as data from platforms fed by countries' annual reports, with reference to growth indicators, burden of vaccine-preventable diseases, introduction of new vaccines in the Region of the Americas, and lessons learned. In its 43 years of operation, the Revolving Fund has grown and contributed to the introduction of new vaccines, and the Region has made rapid progress in the field of immunization. However, several countries and territories in the Region have not yet introduced certain vaccines due to their high cost and the economic impact of sustainably administering them. The requirement to obtain the lowest possible price and to set a uniform price for all participating Member States has been instrumental in the Revolving Fund's contribution to the vaccination goals of national immunization programs, and for timely planning of demand, accompanied by technical advice. An interprogrammatic approach and the planning of auxiliary inputs are key to the success of the programs. Pandemic preparedness, regional vaccine production, and the protection of national budgets for sustainable procurement of high-cost vaccines are current and future challenges.

RESUMO O Fundo Rotativo para Acesso a Vacinas (FR) da Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde é um fundo comum de capital e compra conjunta de vacinas, seringas e equipamento da cadeia de frio para os Estados Membros da Organização. Com o objetivo de avaliar os resultados obtidos durante sua operação e analisar sua contribuição para os êxitos da imunização, procedeu-se a uma revisão de documentos históricos e da literatura cinzenta relacionados à história do FR e revisaram-se os processos atuais, os dados de plataformas alimentadas pelos relatórios anuais dos países, os indicadores de crescimento, a carga de doenças imunopreveníveis, a introdução de novas vacinas na Região das Américas e as lições aprendidas. Constatou-se que, em seus 43 anos de operação, o FR cresceu e contribuiu para a introdução de novas vacinas e a região avançou com rapidez no campo da imunização. Entretanto, vários países e territórios da região ainda não introduziram determinadas vacinas em razão dos altos preços e do impacto econômico de manter sua administração. A cláusula do menor preço disponível e do preço uniforme para todos os Estados Membros participantes foi fundamental para a contribuição do FR para as metas de vacinação dos programas nacionais de imunização, bem como para o planejamento oportuno da demanda acompanhado pela assessoria técnica. A abordagem interprogramática e o planejamento de insumos auxiliares são necessários para o êxito dos programas. A preparação para pandemias, a produção regional de vacinas e a proteção dos orçamentos nacionais para a compra de vacinas de alto custo e sua sustentabilidade ainda constituem desafios atuais e futuros.

Problems and countermeasures on the centralized drug procurement in large quantities in public hospitals / 中华医院管理杂志

Centralized drug procurement in large quantities is a major step to deepen the medical and healthcare system reform, to improve the mechanism of drug price formation, and to give full play to the role of medical insurance in guiding drug prices in China. Combined with the practice of centralized drug purchasing in public hospitals, the authors sorted out the practical problems and causes from four aspects which affected the implementation of centralized drug purchasing policy in public hospitals: selection on centrally purchased drugs, procurement and supply, clinical use, and hospital financial operation. On this basis, suggestions were put forward to provide reference for the normalization of centralized drug procurement work, such as coordinating national and regional drug collection policies, reasonably setting distribution costs, extending the agreed procurement period, and carrying out special evaluation for drug collection.

Innovative Distribution Priorities for the Medical Devices Industry in the Fourth Industrial Revolution / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to set priorities for improving the medical device distribution structure and to suggest an innovative improvement plan for the distribution structure using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, focusing on stakeholders in the medical device industry. METHODS: This study conducted a survey with 35 specialists using the AHP method, which is a multiple-criteria decisionmaking methodology, in order to set priorities for improvement plans to address the problems faced by the medical device distribution structure. RESULTS: The AHP analysis showed that supply stability was the most important factor, followed by greater transparency, efficiency, smart supply, and cost reduction. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to establish a stable supply system and manage crises through supply stability, as well as to provide opportunities for fair trade through greater transparency. As steps towards those goals, we propose establishing a unique device identification system, an information disclosure system, online distribution, and a group purchasing organization system in Korea.

Analysis of provincial centralized bidding and procurement of drugs in China / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective:To improve the centralized bidding and procurement of drugs in China .Methods:By u-sing literature review , comparative analysis and field investigation , this study collected and analyzed implementation plans and regulations of the centralized bidding and procurement of drugs in 2015 .Results and Conclusions:Progress of centralized bidding procurement practice was mixed and there were differences in the scope of implementation , quality level classification , evaluation system of double envelope bidding , and other aspects among provinces .The government should give full play to the role of medical insurance department in drug procurement and group purcha -sing , develop a relatively comprehensive drug quality evaluation system , and speed up the evaluation of the consisten-cy of generic drugs .

Analysis on the group purchasing organizations in the United States and its implications for Chinese drug procurement / 中国卫生政策研究

In this paper, basic characteristics of group purchasing organizations ( GPOs) and its implications for US health care system are analyzed using a literature research method. The main contents include the development process, type, basic functions, drug procurement processes, fee sources, characteristics and influence for the hospi-tals, supplies, regulators of GPOs. We suggest that GPOs have helped US health care providers save a lot of money and played an important role in the healthcare supply chain. We also suggest that market mechanisms should be intro-duced widely concerning the model innovation and improvement of domestic drug procurement. At the same time, government and the market should be coordinated properly. Moreover, scientific evaluation methods should be set in consideration of drug quality, prices and its economic practicality.

E-procurement in the Brazilian healthcare system: the impact of joint drug purchases by a hospital network / Proceso de compras en línea en el sistema de salud brasileño: impacto de la adquisición conjunta de medicamentos por una red hospitalaria

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of e-procurement to obtain supplies for a network of seven university hospitals with a joint purchase system. METHODS: The study was carried out between October 2003 and October 2005. We analyzed nine joint purchases of 37 pharmaceutical items. All the items were purchased in at least two-thirds of the nine occasions and/or were among the 10 items with the highest expenditure. The following aspects were recorded: price, number of suppliers providing quotes, type of supplier (distributor or manufacturer), reference value (lowest price paid per item by each hospital prior to the establishment of the joint purchase system), unit price for first purchase, and unit price for last purchase. The percent variation in price was compared in relation to the reference value, first and last purchases, and average unit price for the nine purchases. RESULTS: A decrease in price > 10 percent was observed in 47 percent of the medications analyzed. A decrease > 20 percent was recorded in 32 percent of the 37 items. Five items (midazolam 5 mg 3 mL, tramadol 100 mg 2 mL, vancocin 500 mg vial, ceftazidime 1 g vial and cefepime 1 g vial) had a decrease > 50 percent in unit cost in the first purchase compared to the last purchase value. The unit price for 26 items (70 percent) had an average reduction of 23 percent. CONCLUSIONS: E-procurement was successful in achieving real savings. The results show that the incorporation of new management technologies such as e-procurement in the healthcare setting may help overcome the management gap in the healthcare sector.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la utilización de un proceso de compras en línea para obtener suministros para una red de siete hospitales universitarios con un sistema conjunto de adquisición. MÉTODOS: Este estudio se realizó entre octubre de 2003 y octubre de 2005. Se analizaron nueve adquisiciones conjuntas de 37 productos farmacéuticos. Todos los productos se adquirieron al menos en seis de las nueve ocasiones o estaban entre los 10 productos de mayor desembolso. Se recogieron los siguientes datos: precio, número de proveedores que cotizaron productos, tipo de proveedor (distribuidor o productor), valor de referencia (menor precio pagado por producto por cada hospital antes de establecer el sistema conjunto de adquisición) y precio unitario en la primera adquisición y en la última. Se calculó la variación porcentual del precio con respecto al valor de referencia y los precios unitarios, tanto de la primera adquisición y la última como del promedio de las nueve adquisiciones. RESULTADOS: El precio decreció más de 10 por ciento en 47 por ciento de los medicamentos analizados. En 32 por ciento de los 37 productos, el precio se redujo en más de 20 por ciento. En cinco productos (midazolam 5 mg, 3 mL; tramadol 100 mg, 2 mL; vancocina 500 mg, vial; ceftazidime 1 g, vial; y cefepime 1 g, vial), el costo unitario de la primera adquisición se redujo en 50 por ciento o más en comparación con el de la última adquisición. El precio unitario de 26 (70 por ciento) de los productos se redujo 23 por ciento en promedio. CONCLUSIONES: Con el sistema de aprovisionamiento en línea se lograron ahorros concretos. Estos resultados demuestran que la incorporación de nuevas tecnologías de administración en instalaciones de salud, como los sistemas de aprovisionamiento en línea, puede contribuir a reducir las deficiencias administrativas en el sector salud.