Plasticity in the shape and growth pattern of asteriscus otolith of black prochilodus Prochilodus nigricans (Teleostei: Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) freshwater Neotropical migratory fish

Using morphometric measurements and wavelets functions, the asterisci otoliths of curimatã, Prochilodus nigricans were analysed to identify the variation in shape and growth increment of individuals from Solimões, Japurá and Negro rivers of the Amazon basin, Brazil. The morphometric and morphological analyses did not reveal evidences of population segregation among rivers, but variations were found in the estimation of otolith growth increment. Also, the otolith shape showed a high variability between individuals, identifying four morphotypes. Morphotype 1 shows a more oval shape with a posterior zone clearly rounded; Morphotype 2 shows the posterior zone rounded, but the anterior end is more elongated; Morphotype 3 shows a completely different shape, elliptic-pentagonal and Morphotype 4 shows the posterior zone rounded, but the anterior end is more elongated and it is the pattern with antirostrum and rostrum more pointed and a deep notch. Therefore, the otolith shape exhibited a phenotypic plasticity that it was not associated with the metabolism of otolith growth. Whereas the otolith shape indicated a homogeneity in the sound perception through Amazon basin, the growth rates revealed an adaptive mechanism to environmental conditions or migratory process of this species.(AU)

Medidas e funções wavelets dos otólitos asteriscus de curimatã, Prochilodus nigricans foram analisados para identificar a variação da forma e do incremento de crescimento dos indivíduos dos rios Solimões, Japurá e Negro da bacia Amazônica, Brasil. As análises morfométricas e morfológicas não revelaram evidências de segregação populacional entre os rios, mas foram encontradas variações na estimativa do incremento do crescimento dos otólitos. Além disso, a forma do otólito mostrou uma alta variabilidade entre os indivíduos, identificando quatro morfotipos. O Morfotipo 1 mostra uma forma mais oval, com zona posterior levemente arredondada; Morfotipo 2 mostra a zona posterior arredondada, mas a extremidade anterior é mais alongada; Morfotipo 3 mostra uma forma completamente diferente, elíptico-pentagonal e Morfotipo 4 mostra a zona posterior arredondada, mas a extremidade anterior mais alongada e ele tem padrão com antirostrum e rostrum mais pontiagudos e abertura profunda. Portanto, a forma do otólito exibiu uma plasticidade fenotípica que não foi associada ao metabolismo do crescimento do otólito. No entanto a forma do otólito indicou uma homogeneidade através da percepção do som na bacia Amazônica, e as taxas de crescimento revelaram um mecanismo adaptativo às condições ambientais ou ao processo migratório da espécie.(AU)

Growth change in the lips of the adolescence (from 8 to 16 years old) / 대한치과교정학회지

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of growth on the lips. Not only does lip growth influence the stability of such orthodontic treatment: it also directly influence facial profile, in which the lips have an important part. An understanding of the growth of lips is thus central to a consideration of profile change in orthodontics. By analyzing the serial lateral cephalograms of 15 male and 15 female of 8 years old to 16 years old who have normal occlusion. The result of this study were summerized as follows; 1. The largest growth increments in the length of the lips was occured age of 14 in both sexes. 2. The thickness of lips showed lager value for the male than that of the female in the most age group. The largest growth increments at A point was occured age of 14, while Ls, Li, B point decreased after the age of 10-11. 3. The largest increase in the interval between crest of lower lip and edge of upper incisors was occured between ages 9 and 11 in males. The interval decreased slightly from 8 to 16 years in females. 4. The nasolabial angle decreased slightly from 8 to 16 years in both sexes. 5. The mentolabial angle showed large variation.