The Significant Roles of Gut-lung Microbiota in Shaping and Regulating Immunity / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

The interaction between microbes and the human immune system has long been a focus in biomedical research. Next-generation sequencing has revealed that in addition to gut microbiota， the respiratory tract also harbors microbial communities， forming an interconnected network with the gut microbiota through immune cells and active factors. This review aims to explore how the gut and lung microbiota regulate immune responses， including their roles in local and systemic immune modulation. It also delineates the immunological connections along the gut-lung axis. Further elucidating the influence of microbes on the immune system holds important clinical significance for understanding diseases and exploring novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Gut-lung axis: The crosstalk between gut microbiota and lung / 中国小儿急救医学

Human gut is a huge microbial habitat.Gut microbiota provides nutrition for human body, regulates metabolism and intestinal epithelial development, and induces innate immunity, and has significant impacts on growth, development and aging.Gut microbiota is influenced by genetics, living environment or life pattern, diseases and other factors, and also interacts with organs of the whole body through various of ways.The lung and the large intestine have embryological homology, common mucosal immune system, secretory function and other modern biological basis.Gut microbiota not only regulates the function of the gastrointestinal tract, but also affects the health and disease of the respiratory system, forming the " gut-lung axis". Intestinal microecological mediation and regulation based on the theory of gut-lung axis has achieved beneficial effects on the prevention and treatment of respiratory tract infection, asthma, and other respiratory diseases.

Advances in relationship between the gut-lung axis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia / 国际儿科学杂志

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD), a common respiratory disease in premature infants, leads to poor long-term prognosis.The crosstalk between the gut and lung which can be mediated by microbiota is known as the gut-lung axis.Recently, an increasing amount of evidence has indicated that the gut microbiota is closely related to the pathogenesis of many respiratory diseases.The gut-lung axis affects the occurrence and development of BPD through microbiota translocation and regulation of immune pathways.At present, the relationship between the gut-lung axis and BPD is still in the research stage and exploring the potential association may help to search early markers and new therapies for BPD.In order to provide insights into preventing and treating BPD, this review describes the relationship between the gut-lung axis and BPD.

Intestinal and pharyngeal microbiota in early neonates: an analysis based on high-throughput sequencing / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the distribution characteristics and correlation of intestinal and pharyngeal microbiota in early neonates.@*METHODS@#Full-term healthy neonates who were born in Shanghai Pudong New Area Maternal and Child Health Hospital from September 2021 to January 2022 and were given mixed feeding were enrolled. The 16S rRNA sequencing technique was used to analyze the stool and pharyngeal swab samples collected on the day of birth and days 5-7 after birth, and the composition and function of intestinal and pharyngeal microbiota were analyzed and compared.@*RESULTS@#The diversity analysis showed that the diversity of pharyngeal microbiota was higher than that of intestinal microbiota in early neonates, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). On the day of birth, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the intestine was significantly higher than that in the pharynx (P<0.05). On days 5-7 after birth, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria in the intestine was significantly higher than that in the pharynx (P<0.05), and the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the intestine was significantly lower than that in the pharynx (P<0.05). At the genus level, there was no significant difference in the composition of dominant bacteria between the intestine and the pharynx on the day of birth (P>0.05), while on days 5-7 after birth, there were significant differences in the symbiotic bacteria of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Rothia, Bifidobacterium, and Escherichia-Shigella between the intestine and the pharynx (P<0.05). The analysis based on the database of Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins showed that pharyngeal microbiota was more concentrated on chromatin structure and dynamics and cytoskeleton, while intestinal microbiota was more abundant in RNA processing and modification, energy production and conversion, amino acid transport and metabolism, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, coenzyme transport and metabolism, and others (P<0.05). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that compared with pharyngeal microbiota, intestinal microbiota was more predictive of cell motility, cellular processes and signal transduction, endocrine system, excretory system, immune system, metabolic diseases, nervous system, and transcription parameters (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The composition and diversity of intestinal and pharyngeal microbiota of neonates are not significantly different at birth. The microbiota of these two ecological niches begin to differentiate and gradually exhibit distinct functions over time.

Intervention of Lung Cancer by Chinese Medicine and Active Components via Affecting Gut Microbiota：A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

As a malignancy with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world， lung cancer poses a huge threat to the health and life safety of all human beings. Most lung cancer patients are already in the advanced stage when they are diagnosed， and the treatment of advanced lung cancer often brings heavy mental pressure and economic burden to patients but has little effect. Therefore， the early diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer has become a major problem for medical researchers. At present， chemotherapy， immunotherapy， targeted therapy， and other treatment methods still have problems such as intolerance of patients and drug resistance， so there is an urgent need for human beings to seek new methods to treat lung cancer. Currently， the relationship between gut microbiota and disease occurrence， development， and prognosis， and the treatment of diseases by regulating gut microbiota have become a hot field of medical research. There are significant differences in gut microbiota between lung cancer patients and healthy people. Intestinal microorganisms can act on the respiratory system through the gut-lung axis， thereby affecting the occurrence， development， and prognosis of lung cancer and other respiratory diseases. As a peculiar means of treatment in China， Chinese medicine can effectively delay tumor progression， prevent postoperative recurrence and metastasis， reduce complications in the course of treatment， improve the quality of life， and prolong the survival of patients. Therefore， Chinese medicine is widely involved in the treatment of malignancies. Some Chinese medicine monomers， compounds， and active components have been found to regulate the gut microbiota. They can regulate the metabolism of the body， control the inflammatory response， build an immune barrier， or play a synergistic effect with various lung cancer treatments by affecting gut microbiota， so as to achieve the anti-tumor purpose. This article systematically reviewed the research on Chinese medicine and effective components in regulating gut microbiota， creating tumor-suppressing microenvironment， and intervening in the treatment of lung cancer， in order to provide new research ideas for the treatment of lung cancer.

Progress of the influence and mechanism of gut-lung axis in premature bronchopulmonary dysplasia / 国际儿科学杂志

The gut-lung axis refers to the internal relationship and interaction between the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract at multiple levels.Studies have found that gut microbiota may be closely related to the occurrence and progression of bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD)in preterm infants through the gut-lung axis.Studying the mechanism of the interaction between them will help us to extend new therapeutic targets and directions from the perspective of microecology for BPD infants.This article reviews the correlation between gut microbiota and BPD, and the research progress of the mechanism of the gut-lung axis in premature BPD from the aspects of insulin-like growth factor 1, metabolomics, immune regulation, direct transfer, and nutrition.It provides new research ideas for the prevention and treatment of BPD.

Microbiota pulmonar y el eje intestino-pulmón

RESUMEN Introducción: A la luz de los conocimientos más recientes, es trascendente enfatizar el potencial papel que desarrolla la microbiota intestinal, a través del eje intestino-pulmón, con la microbiota pulmonar. Objetivo: Actualizar criterios acerca de la microbiota pulmonar en sujetos sanos y su relación con el eje intestino-pulmón. Métodos: Se revisaron publicaciones en español e inglés en PubMed, Google Scholar, ScIELO, desde enero 2010-mayo 2020, se usaron los términos: microbiota pulmonar, microbiota vías respiratorias inferiores, eje intestino-pulmón, microbiota pulmonar e inmunidad y probióticos de nueva generación. Análisis e integración de la información: Se exponen argumentos relacionados con la presencia de microbiota comensal residente en el pulmón formada por bacterias, hongos y virus como integrantes de la comunidad microbiana. Papel del eje intestino-pulmón y su participación en modulación inmune. Se describen rasgos de la microbiota pulmonar, su biomasa, diversidad, y filos integrantes. Se resumen investigaciones en animales. Se destaca valor de la nueva tecnología de secuenciación gen 16S del ARNr para estudio e identificación. Consideraciones finales: El pulmón era considerado órgano estéril. Aquí se documenta la presencia de microbiota comensal residente en el pulmón, de gran diversidad, se postulan los mecanismos del eje intestino-pulmón y su papel en la modulación de la inmunidad pulmonar y valor diagnóstico en enfermedades del tracto respiratorio inferior. Se enfatiza el uso futuro de probióticos de nueva generación como moduladores de la microbiota pulmonar.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In the light of the most recent knowledge, it is important to emphasize the potential role played by the gut microbiota, through the gut-lung axis, with the lung microbiota. Objective: Update the criteria about the lung microbiota in healthy subjects and its relationship with the gut-lung axis. Methods: Publications in Spanish and English were reviewed in PubMed, Google Scholar, ScIELO, from January 2010 to May 2020; the following terms were used: lung microbiota, lower respiratory tract microbiota, gut-lung axis, lung microbiota and immunity and next- generation probiotics. Analysis and integration of information: Arguments related to the presence of commensal microbiota resident in the lung formed by bacteria, fungi and viruses as members of the microbial community are presented. Role of the gut-lung axis and its participation in immune modulation. Features of the lung microbiota, its biomass, diversity, and component phylums are described. Researches in animals are summarized. The value of the new 16S gene sequencing technology of rRNA for study and identification is highlighted. Final considerations: The lung was considered a sterile organ. Here the presence of resident commensal microbiota of great diversity in the lung is documented; the mechanisms of the gut-lung axis and its role in the modulation of lung immunity and diagnostic value in diseases of the lower respiratory tract are stated. The future use of next-generation probiotics as modulators of the lung microbiota is emphasized.

Lung and gut microbiota and their interaction with the carcinogenesis and development of lung cancer: a review / 生物工程学报

Lung microbiota and gut microbiota are closely related to lung cancer. Studies have shown that the dysbiosis, i.e., the significantly altered composition and structure of gut and lung microbiota, usually occurs in patients with lung cancer. With the introduction of "Gut-Lung Axis", an increasing attention has been paid to the close relationship between the lung and gut microbiota in human body. A deeper insight into this relationship would facilitate understanding the mechanisms behind the carcinogenesis and development of lung cancer. This article summarizes the composition of lung and gut microbiota in patients with lung cancer and the possible interaction mechanisms, highlighting the importance of the immune system in the Gut-Lung Axis. The effects of lung and gut microbiota on the clinical treatment of lung cancer were summarized, based on which the authors propose that the lung and gut microbiota can be used as novel targets for early diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.

Research progress in gut-lung axis and lung diseases / 解放军医学杂志

There is a huge amount of microbial community in the human intestinal tract, among which the gut microbiota accounts for the largest proportion, which is crucial for maintaining the normal physiological function of human body. Gut microbiota imbalance not only affects gastrointestinal function, but also damages organ functions outside the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, scholars have put forward the doctrines of the "gut-liver" axis and the "gut-brain" axis based on the interrelation and influence between the intestine and other organs. With the deepening of research, the role of gut microbiota in the development and progression of lung diseases has been increasingly concerned, and the theory of "gut-lung" axis has been gradually formed, which is also consistent with the theory described in traditional medicine as "The lung stands in interior-exterior relationship with the large intestine". This paper mainly introduces the research progress of the "gut-lung" axis and lung-related diseases for providing a reference for the treatment of clinical lung diseases.

Convergence of Medicines: West Meets East in Newly-Discovered Organs and Functions / 中国结合医学杂志

Although the foundations and evolution of Chinese medicine and Western medicine are very different, an increasing amount of research has revealed that those Eastern medicine principles practiced over thousands of years are confirmed by new technologies applied to the basic science of the human body. Recent scientific discoveries present enticing opportunities to reconcile Chinese medicine theories with Western biomedicine. Is there a trend toward the convergence of Eastern and Western medicine? Four studies which exemplify the potential for convergence are described in this article. The studies present findings in regard to mesentery, interstitium, a gut-lung axis, and lung-centered hematopoiesis, and were published recently in leading journals such as Science, Nature, and Lancet.

"Interaction between gut microbiota and ""gut-lung"" axis" / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Gut microbiota means a highly diverse and dense microbiota which inhabits in the gastrointestinal tract of humans.It plays a vital role in many important physiological processes including exerting nutritional and metabolic activities,regulating the immune system,and protecting against pathogens.Recent studies suggested that the gut microbiota was associated with the development of many lung diseases,such as pneumonia,asthma and tuberculosis.There is a gut-lung axis in human body.Now,the relationship between the gut microbiota and the gut-lung axis is reviewed.