Expression of TIGIT, PD-1 and HLA-DR/CD38 markers on CD8-T cells of children and adolescents infected with HIV and uninfected controls

ABSTRACT Immune exhaustion and senescence are scarcely studied in HIV-pediatric patients. We studied the circulatory CD8 T cells activation/exhaustion and senescent phenotype of children and adolescents vertically infected with HIV or uninfected controls based on the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR), CD38, T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domain (TIGIT), programmed death 1 (PD-1) and CD57 by flow cytometry, during approximately one year. Eleven HIV-infected (HI) and nine HIV-uninfected (HU) children/adolescents who received two doses or one dose of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine (MenC), respectively, were involved in this study. Blood samples were collected before the immunization (T0), 1-2 months after the first dose (T1), and 1-2 months after the second dose (T2), which was administered approximately one year after the first one. HI patients not receiving combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) showed a higher frequency of CD8 T cells TIGIT+, PD-1+ or CD57+, as well as a higher frequency of CD8 T cells co-expressing CD38/HLA-DR/TIGIT or CD38/HLA-DR/PD-1 when compared to HI treated or HU individuals, at all times that they were assessed. CD8 T cells co-expressing CD38/DR/TIGIT were inversely correlated with the CD4/CD8 ratio but positively associated with viral load. The co-expression of CD38/DR/TIGIT or CD38/DR/PD-1 on CD8 T cells was also inversely associated with the CD4 T cells expressing co-stimulatory molecules CD127/CD28. The results showed a higher expression of exhaustion/senescence markers on CD8 T cells of untreated HI children/adolescents and its correlations with viral load.

Association between circulating exhausted CD4+ T cells with poor meningococcal C conjugate vaccine antibody response in HIV-infected children and adolescents

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the expression levels of surface markers of activation (CD38 and HLA-DR), inhibition (PD-1, TIGIT and CD57) and co-stimulation (CD28 and CD127) on CD4+ T cells of children/adolescents with vertical HIV infection (HI patients) and HIV-uninfected (HU) controls vaccinated with the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine (MCC). METHODS: HI patients (n=12), aged 8-17 years, were immunized with two MCC injections, while HU controls (n=9), aged 5.3-10.7 years, received a single MCC dose (as per national recommendation at the time of this study, a single MCC vaccine dose should be given for healthy children and youth aged 1-18 years). The HI patients were categorized according to the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) treatment. Blood samples were obtained before vaccination, after priming, and after the administration of a booster dose of vaccine to determine the serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) titers and the expression levels of surface markers on CD4+ T cells by flow cytometry. The levels of serum cytokines, IL-4 and CXCL-13 were also measured using Luminex kits. RESULTS: The co-expression of the TIGIT-HLA-DR-CD38 molecules increased in the CD4+ T cells of HI patients/no-cART who also showed a lower frequency of CD127+CD28+ CD4+ T cells than HI patients/cART and HU group subjects. There were significant negative correlations between the frequency of exhausted CD4+ T cells and the SBA response. IL-4 levels were higher in HI patients/cART and positively correlated with SBA titers but negatively associated with the expression of exhaustion markers. Moreover, the CXCL-13 levels were positively correlated with the exhausted CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that the co-expression of exhaustion markers and/or loss of co-stimulatory molecules influence the SBA response in HI patients.

Phenotypes and HIV-1-specific T cell responses of KIR3DL1 positive CD8 cells in patients with early HIV-1 infection / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate the phenotypes and the HIV-1-specific T cell responses of KIR3DL1 positive CD8 cells in patients with early HIV-1 infection. Methods Fifty-six HIV-1 antibody negative individuals and thirty-two patients with early HIV-1 infection were enrolled in the study. Fluores-cence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was performed to detect the phenotypes of KIR3DL1 receptor expressed on the surface of CD8 cells. The levels of IFN-γwere measured by intracellular cytokine staining assay after the PBMCs were stimulated with an HIV-1 Gag peptide pool. Results The percentages of KIR3DL1+CD8 T cells in HIV-1 negative individuals and patients with early HIV-1 infection were 1. 45% (0. 12%-8. 4%) and 0. 82% (0. 14%-6. 14%), respectively, and there was no significant difference between them. The percentages of KIR3DL1+CD8 Temra cells in HIV-1 negative individuals and patients with early HIV-1 infec-tion were (4. 55±3. 84)% and (6. 71±8. 50)%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the per-centages of KIR3DL1+CD8 Tem cells, which were (0. 50±0. 59)% and (1. 18±1. 39)%, respectively (all P<0. 01). Moreover, the percentages of KIR3DL1+CD8 Tem cells in patients with early HIV-1 infection were higher than those in HIV-1 negative individuals (P=0. 001 2). The percentage of KIR3DL1+CD8 Temra cells was positively correlated with the HIV-1 viral load in patients with early HIV-1 infection ( rs=0. 576,P=0. 000 9). The percentages of KIR3DL1+CD8 Temra cells in HIV-1 patients, whose viral loads were larger than 4. 0log, were much higher than those in HIV-1 patients with viral loads less than 4. 0 log (P=0. 002). Additionally, the levels of IFN-γsecreted by KIR3DL1 positive CD8 cells were much lesser than those secreted by KIR3DL1 negative CD8 cells (P<0. 000 1). Conclusion The receptor of KIR3DL1 was mainly expressed on CD8 Temra cells in both HIV-1 negative subjects and patients with early HIV-1 infec-tion. High HIV-1 viremia was associated with the high percentage of KIR3DL1+CD8 Temra cells. The KIR3DL1 positive CD8 cells induced lower HIV-1-specific T cell responses.

Bw4 motif expressed on HLA-B antigen affects HIV-1 specific T cell responses induced in patients with acute HIV-1 infection / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate whether Bw4 motif expressed on HLA-B affects Gag-specific T cell responses in patients with acute HIV-1 infection.Methods Sequence specific primer polymerase chain reaction ( SSP-PCR) was performed for human leukocyte antigen ( HLA) typing.Peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs) from 36 patients with six months of acute HIV-1 infection were stimulated with HIV-1 CRF01_A/E Gag peptides to detect the HIV-1 specific T cell responses by using ELISPOT assay. Results (1) The set point viral load of 18 patients carrying no Bw4 motif on HLA-B was 4.49±0.56 which was higher than that in other 18 patients carrying 1-2 Bw4 motif(s) on HLA-B (3.78±0.75) (P=0.005). (2) T cells from 26 out of 36 patients with acute HIV-1 infection responded to P24 peptides pool including 15 patients carrying no Bw4 motif on HLA-B and 11 patients carrying 1-2 Bw4 motif( s) on HLA-B, but no significant difference was observed between them (P>0.05).The magnitude of P24-specific T cell responses induced in patients carrying no Bw4 motif on HLA-B was (1317.8 ±1238.0) SFC/106 PBMCs which was greater than that induced in patients carrying 1-2 Bw4 motif(s) on HLA-B [(549.9±778.5) SFC/106 PBMCs] ( P=0.032) .The breadth of T cell responses to P24 peptides was 2(0-5) in patients carrying no Bw4 motif on HLA-B which was broader than that of patients carrying 1-2 Bw4 motif(s) on HLA-B [1(0-4)] (P=0.080).(3) The viral loads of HIV-1 infected patients carrying no Bw4 motif on HLA-B were negatively correlated with the magnitude of P24-specific T cell responses (rs=-0.482, P=0.043) and the breadth of responses to P24 peptides (rs=-0.496, P=0.036).No correlations were observed between viral loads and the magnitude or breadth of P24-specific T cell responses in HIV-1 infected patients carrying 1-2 Bw4 motif(s) on HLA-B.Conclusion Compared with HIV-1 infected patients carrying no Bw4 motif on HLA-B, the patients carrying 1-2 Bw4 motif( s) on HLA-B showed lower levels of set point viral load, weak-ened magnitude of P24-specific T cell responses and narrowed breadth of responses to P24 peptides.

Epidemiological analysis on recent infected HIV-1 patients among newly reported HIV cases in Beijing, from 2009 to 2011 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the epidemiologic characteristics on newly reported HIV cases and those recently infected HIV-1 cases in the past few years in Beijing so as to find out their correlates.Methods All the qualified newly reported HIV serum samples from both the first quarters of 2009,2010 and the second quarter of 2011 in Beijing,were tested using the BED HIV-1 incidence capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA) to identify those recent HIV-1 infection (BED positive) samples and related socio-demographic characteristics.The proportions of BED positives were determined and the correlates analyzed by SPSS software.Results The Annual qualified newly reported HIV serum samples of each year from Beijing were 274,236 and 356,with BED positive rate among them as 35.0％,31.8％ and 33.7％,respectively.The majority of newly reported HIV cases of each year were males (89.1％,88.6％,91.9％),range of age as 20-39 years (77.4％,75.8％,82.0％),Han nationality (77.7％,88.6％,85.7％),and most of them were not permanent residents of Beijing (74.1％,80.5％,2011 data missed).The proportions of patients through sexual transmission showed upward trend(67.5％,76.2％,86.8％).Especially in the ‘man having sex with man’ (MSM) group,it showed a significantly increase (44.9％,45.3％,62.6％).The proportions of injection drug users (15.3％,8.1％,9.0％) declined to some extent during this period.Data from statistics indicated that the proportions of BED positives among newly reported HIV cases of each year were significantly correlated to factors as patients' sex,transmission route and source of samples,but not significantly correlated to patents' age or marital status.Male cases accounted for 96.9％ and MSM accounted for 73.5％ of all the BED-positives during 2009-2011.Conclusion MSM accounted for both large portion of newly reported HIV cases and recent HIV-1 infections which suggested an increasing trend in 2009-2011.It seemed that the characteristic and changing trends of HIV epidemic in Beijing was oriented by MSM population in the last years.

Methamphetamine enhances human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection in macrophages / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate whether methamphetamine (METH) can enhance human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection in macrophages and the possible mechanism.Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from eight healthy adult donors.Monocytes were isolated from blood samples and then cultured in vitro to induce differentiation to macrophages.These macrophages were treated with METH and/or dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) antagonist,and then infected with HIV Bal strains.The levels of HIV RNA were measured in HIV Bal-infected macrophages by RT-PCR analysis.The real-time RTPCR was performed for the quantification of cellular DRD1.Results METH promoted HIV replication in macrophages in a dose and time dependent manner.This METH-mediated enhancement of HIV infection and replication in macrophages could be blocked by the DRD1 antagonist (SCH23390).Moreover,METH could induce the expression of DRD1.Conclusion METH might play a co-factor role in HIV infection in human macrophages by up-regulating the expression of DRD1.

HIV-1 Drug Resistance Among Newly HIV-1 Infected Individuals Attending Tertiary Referral Center in Chennai, India.

Context: In the era of free HAART, accessibility and availability of ARV has been dramatically increased in India. However, rates of treatment literacy and adherence appear to be sub-optimal. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the extent of primary drug resistance in such settings. Materials and Methods: Between July and October 2006, 18 anti-retroviral-naοve individuals were identified as recent infected by the BED-Capture enzyme immunoassay in a VCTC clinic in Chennai. Specimens from these individuals were subjected to genotypic drug resistance testing. Phylogenetic trees were generated using MEGA for Windows version 4.0 using neighbor-joining method. The significant differences in polymorphic mutation frequencies between the study specimens and established subtype C-specific polymorphisms were examined using the Chi-square test. Results: Amino acid substitution (K103N and V106MV) at drug resistance positions occurred in two (11%) isolates, conferring high-level resistance to the non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors nevirapine (NVP), efavirenz (EFV), delavirdine (DLV) and notably extensive genetic variations were observed. K122E (94.4%) and K49R/KR (11.1%) polymorphisms identified in this study have not been previously described in established subtype-C specific polymorphisms. The rate of polymorphisms showed marked difference at the locations V60, D121, V35, and D123 (P < 0.0001). All the sequences showed maximum homology with Indian HIV-1 subtype C reference strain C.IN.95IN21068. Conclusions: The finding of resistance to NNRTIs is of public health importance. There is an urgent need to establish surveillance for primary drug resistance in large scale. Further studies are required to determine the phenotype impact of newer polymorphic mutations in relation to drug resistance and viral fitness.

Infecciones de transmisión sexual en personas transgénero y otras identidades sexuales / Sexually transmitted infections among transgender individuals and other sexual identities

Existen pocos datos disponibles acerca del comportamiento de riesgo y la prevalencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS), incluyendo HIV-1, en personas transgénero. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar las características demográficas, factores de riesgo, prevalencia de HIV-1 e ITS en personas transgénero versus personas no transgénero que consultan al Centro de Prevención, Asesoramiento y Diagnóstico del Hospital General de Agudos J.M. Ramos Mejía. Se utilizó el diseño de estudio de corte transversal y se incluyeron pacientes asistidos en nuestro centro que firmaron consentimiento informado entre noviembre de 2002 y abril de 2006. Se obtuvieron datos sociodemográficos, uso de drogas, utilización de preservativos, nivel de educación alcanzado, diagnóstico de ITS y estado actual de la pareja. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y chi² para comparar proporciones. En la población estudiada (n: 4118) se identificaron a 105 personas transgénero. La prevalencia de infección por HIV-1 fue del 27.6% (29/105), mientras que en personas no transgénero (n: 4013) fue de 6.2% (247/4013); p:0.0000. El bajo nivel educativo, el consumo de alcohol, el abuso de drogas, los antecedentes de ITS y el trabajo sexual (100% en transgénero y 2.3% en no transgénero) fueron más frecuentes en personas transgénero. La prevalencia de sífilis fue del 42% en personas transgénero y del 18% en personas no transgénero. Estos datos demuestran que las personas transgénero que consultan en nuestro centro tienen alta prevalencia de infección por HIV-1 e ITS. Esta información podría contribuir al diseño de estrategias de prevención necesarias en esta población.

Few data are available regarding the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), including HIV-1 infection, and risk behaviors of transgender individuals. Previous reports indicate that this community has a high prevalence of HIV and STIs. Our objective was to compare the prevalence of HIV-1 infection, STI and risk behaviors of transgender people versus non transgender people. We used a cross sectional design study. Patients who received services at our testing site between November 2002 and April 2006, and provided written informed consent, were included in the analysis. Socio-demographic data, sexual behaviour, recreational drug use, condom use, concurrent or previous STI and HIV-1 infection diagnosis and partner serologic status, were collected. We used descriptive statistics and chi² for comparisons of proportions. In the period of the study, 105 transgender individuals were identified in a population of 4118 patients tested. The prevalence of HIV infection in the transgender group was 27.6% (29/105), while in the non transgender group was 6.2% (247/4013) p:0.0000. Low level of formal instruction, alcohol consumption, drug abuse, previous history of STI and sex work (100% transgenders and 2.3% of non-transgenders) were significantly more frequent in the transgender. The referred correct use of condom was similar in both groups. The prevalence of syphilis was 42.3% in transgender group and 18.1% in non-transgender individuals. These data show that this population has a very high prevalence of HIV-1 and STI. This information could be instrumental to design targets for intensive HIV prevention strategies in this particular high risk population.

Epidemiologic features of HIV infection in three municipalities of inner Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

In Brazil relatively little attention is being paid to the study of the features of the spread of the AIDS epidemic towards small cities and rural areas. We report a descriptive study on the epidemiological features of HIV infection among 208 adult patients seen between July 1999 and May 2006 in the municipal HIV/AIDS Programs of three cities of inner Rio de Janeiro State: Saquarema, Santo Antonio de Pádua and Miracema. A portrait of a heterosexual epidemic emerged, with an overall male to female ratio of 1.1. More than 90 percent were residents of the studied cities, demonstrating a local demand for HIV-related assistance and the importance of municipal HIV/AIDS Programs. Past or current use of snorted cocaine was reported by a quarter of the patients. Older age and male gender were independent predictors of having a diagnosis of AIDS at presentation. The latter is in accordance with a more recent wave of epidemic spread towards female gender. A low frequency of male circumcision, an important determinant of heterosexual HIV transmission, was recorded. Almost 60 percent of the patients first presented in advanced stages of HIV infection, suggesting the existence of a large pool of undiagnosed cases in the community.

No Brasil, relativamente pouca atenção vem sendo dispensada ao estudo das características do avanço da epidemia de Aids em direção aos pequenos municípios e áreas rurais. Apresentamos um estudo descritivo sobre as características epidemiológicas da infecção pelo HIV entre 208 pacientes adultos atendidos entre julho de 1999 e maio de 2006 pelos Programas Municipais de HIV/Aids de três municípios do interior do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Saquarema, Santo Antonio de Pádua, e Miracema. Os resultados delineiam uma epidemia de perfil heterossexual, com uma razão de sexos homem-mulher de 1,1. Mais de 90 por cento eram residentes das cidades estudadas, demonstrando uma demanda local por assistência relacionada ao HIV e a importância dos Programas Municipais de HIV/Aids. Um quarto dos pacientes referiu antecedentes de uso de cocaína inalada. Variáveis idade e gênero masculino mostraram-se independentemente associadas a um diagnóstico de Aids quando da apresentação. Esta última mostra-se de acordo com um mais recente avanço da epidemia em direção às mulheres. Registramos uma baixa freqüência de circuncisão masculina, um importante determinante da transmissão heterossexual do HIV. Quase 60 por cento dos pacientes se apresentaram em estágios avançados de infecção HIV, o que sugere a existência de um grande reservatório de casos não diagnosticados na comunidade.

HIV drug resistance in treatment-naive HIV patients / 대한내과학회지

Antiretroviral therapy for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has improved steadily since the introduction of combination therapy in 1996. With the advancement of antiretroviral therapy, the mortality of AIDS patients has markedly improved. However, drug resistance has been emerging as a major problem in HIV treatment. Several studies reported that the prevalence of transmitted resistant virus involving antiretroviral-naive people in developed countries was around 10%. Primary drug resistance is rare in HIV-1 infected patients in Korea. A cohort study is need to monitor resistant HIV-1 among newly infected individuals.

Antiretroviral Therapy for Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

It has now been 20 years since the first demonstration that antiretroviral drug, azidothymidine, not only reduce human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) replication but also improve clinical outcome. Antiretroviral therapy for treatment of HIV-1 infection has improved steadily since the introduction of combination therapy in 1996. With the advancement of antiretroviral therapy, the mortality of AIDS patients has markedly improved. Now, more than 20 anti-HIV drugs have been approved, providing more convenient dosing schedule and improved safety profiles. Despite these advances, suppression of HIV-1 replication would not sufficient to eradicate HIV-1 infection. This means that once antiretroviral therapy is initiated, patients can expect to be taking it for the rest of their lives. And long-term drug toxicities, development of drug resistant HIV-1, treatment cost have been emerging as new challenges for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. As the life expectancy of HIV-1 patients have been increased, chronic illnesses such as cardiovascular diseases, chronic liver diseases, and malignancies have emerged as major cause of mortality and morbidities of HIV-1 patients. Therefore, comprehensive care and team approaches have becoming increasingly important for the care of HIV-1 patients.

Study of the mutation of the CCR5 and SDF1 gene in the HIV-1 infected mothers and their children

Background: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS. This virus is passed from one person to another through blood-to-blood and sexual contact. In addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their baby during pregnancy or delivery, as well as through breast-feeding. Objectives:To study the CCR5- 32 and SDF 1-3 A allelic frequence in the HIV -1 infected mothers and their children. Subjects and method: Amplificated on CCR5 and SDF1 gene by PCR and restriction of this fragment length polymorphisme (RLFP) assay for detection of the mutated gene by EcoR1 and Hpall. Results: No mutation of CCR5 was found but only mutation identified at the SDF1 gene. Mutation identified at the SDF1 gene of the mother was: homozygote 2.7% (accounted for 2/37 cases), heterozygote 40.54% (accounted for 15/37 cases) and at the children: homozygote 5.4% (accounted for 1/37 cases), heterozygote 45.95% (accounted for 17/37 cases). The CCR5 chemokin receptor is a co-receptor for M trofic HIV-1 strains, which predominate in the early stage of the HIV disease and SDF-1 natural ligand for the CXCR4 reception. The mutation of these genes protect from HIV-1 infection (slow progression).\r\n', u'Conclusion: It\u2019s necessary to find the mutation of CCR5 and CCR2b related the progression of HIV patients. \r\n', u'

Situaciones clínicas importantes en niños infectados por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) / Important clinical situations in pediatric HIV infection

La infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en los niños se comporta en forma diferente a la infección en adultos, no sólo por sus manifestaciones clínicas sino por la forma de hacer el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Los niños tienen un sistema inmune en desarrollo y no poseen inmunidad previa para la mayoría de los agentes infecciosos, a diferencia de los pacientes adultos, cuyo sistema inmune ya es competente. Por lo tanto, las infecciones oportunistas de los adultos generalmente corresponden a reactivaciones, mientras que las de los niños usualmente son el resultado de infecciones primarias. El examen físico del neonato infectado por el VIH-1 puede ser normal pero, a medida que avanza la infección, van apareciendo manifestaciones clínicas que sugieren un compromiso inmunológico. Los hallazgos más frecuentes en los niños, a diferencia de los adultos, son: infecciones bacterianas recurrentes, edema parotídeo crónico, neumonía intersticial linfoide y deterioro neurológico prematuro. Ciertos sistemas, como el respiratorio y el nervioso central, son atacados con frecuencia y gravedad y enfermedades como la tuberculosis revisten características especiales en los niños infectados por el VIH-1

Presentation of HIV infection in children differs from than in adults: there are different clinical manifestations and, therefore, diagnosis and treatment have their own particularities. Unlike adults, children have a developing immune system without previous immunity for many infectious agents; consequently, opportunistic infections in children correspond to primary infections while those in adults usually result from reactivations.Physical examination in HIV-infected newborns is usually normal, but as the infection progresses clinical manifestations of immunological incompetence appear. In contrast to adults, the most frequent findings in children are recurrent bacterial infections, parotid chronic edema, lymphoid interstitial pneumonia and early neurological deterioration. Respiratory and central nervous systems are frequently and severely involved during HIV-1 infection; diseases such as tuberculosis have special characteristics in HIV-1 infected children

C-C Chemokines Secretion of Lymphocyte and Monocyte in Chinese Neonate Cord Blood and Adult Peripheral Blood / 中国医师杂志

Objective To observe secretive ability of three C-C chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein-1?(MIP-1?),MIP-1? and regulated-upon activation.normal T-cell expressed and secretory factor(RANTES)by lympocytes and moncytes of cord blood from chinese necnates and peripheral blood from chinese adults.Method Using Ficoll density-gradient centrifugation and gelatin-coated flask,the Iympocytes and monocytes were isolated from cord blood samples of seventeen Chinese neonates and peripheral blood samples of twenty Chinese adults.Purified lymphocytes and monocytes were incubated with PMA and LPS,respectively.Supernants were tested by ELISA for concentrations of MIP-1?,MIP-1? and RANTES.Results Concentrations of MIP-1?, MIP-1? and RANTES in cord blood lymphocyte and monocyte were (3920?730)pg/ml, (4910?590)pg/ml,(1470?410)pg/ml,(3240?980)pg/ml,(1960?1300)pg/ml and (240?120)pg/ml,respectively,and in adults peripheral blood were (6560?840)pg/ml,(5810?1150)pg/ml,(2250?570)pg/ml,(3010?1350) pg/ml,(2280?870)pg/ml,(690?430)pg/ml,respectively.Cord blood lymphocyte and monocyte showed diminished ability to secrete RANTES than adult peripheral blood.Conclusions The diminished RANTES secretion of cord blood lymphocyte and monocyte may be releted to the pathogenesis of Chinese neonatal HIV infection,and indicated some immunotherapies are feasible for preventing neonate from HIV mother-to-child transmission.