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Abstract Untreated sewage and industrial wastes from Faisalabad city are disposed to River Chenab through Chakbandi Main Drain (CMD). The present project is planned to investigate the effects of this freshwater pollution on the body of fish Ictalurus punctatus. The specimens of this fish species were collected upstream and downstream of the entrance of CMD into River Chenab. Fish gills, liver, kidney and muscles from dorsolateral regions of fish were subjected to histopathology. Farmed fish and fish from upstream areas were used as control. Fish collected from polluted experimental sites showed significant damage in selected organs. Gill tissues showed an abnormality in the form of an uplifting of the primary epithelium, fusion, vacuolation, hypertrophy, and necrosis. While liver tissues subjected to hepatocytes degeneration, necrosis, mitochondrial granular hepatocyte, and sinusoids dilation. Kidney tissues indicated increased bowmen space and constricted glomerulus and degenerated nephrons. Edema, necrosis, and atrophy were observed in muscle tissues of fish from polluted areas. Fish from the upstream area showed fused gill lamellae, inflammatory cell infiltration, hypertrophy and vacuolation in hepatocytes. Kidney tissues indicated the presence of nuclear tubular cells, destructive renal tubules, hemorrhage, and necrosis at tubular epithelium. Intra myofibril spaces were also observed in muscles. Specimens of control fish indicated no variation in gills, liver, kidney, and muscles. The present study revealed a strong correlation between the degree of tissue damage and environmental contamination. Present findings also compel global warnings to protect our water bodies and fish to rescue the human population.
Resumo O esgoto não tratado e os resíduos industriais da cidade de Faisalabad, no Paquistão, são descartados no Rio Chenab através do dreno principal de Chakbandi (CMD). O presente projeto busca investigar os efeitos dessa poluição de água doce no corpo de peixes Ictalurus punctatus. Os espécimes deste peixe foram coletados a montante e a jusante da entrada do CMD no Rio Chenab. Brânquias, fígado, rim e músculos das regiões dorsolaterais dos peixes foram submetidos à histopatologia. Peixes de criação e peixes de áreas a montante foram utilizados como controle. Peixes coletados em locais experimentais poluídos mostraram danos significativos em órgãos selecionados. Os tecidos branquiais mostraram uma anormalidade na forma de elevação do epitélio primário, fusão, vacuolação, hipertrofia e necrose. Observou-se que os tecidos hepáticos estão sujeitos a degeneração de hepatócitos, necrose, hepatócitos mitocondriais granulares e dilatação de sinusoides. Os tecidos renais indicaram aumento do espaço dos arqueiros, glomérulos contraídos e néfrons degenerados. Edema, necrose e atrofia foram observados nos tecidos musculares de peixes de áreas poluídas. Peixes da área a montante apresentaram lamelas branquiais fundidas, infiltração de células inflamatórias, hipertrofia e vacuolização em hepatócitos. Os tecidos renais indicaram a presença de células tubulares nucleares, túbulos renais destrutivos, hemorragia e necrose no epitélio tubular. Os espaços intramiofibrilas também foram observados nos músculos. Amostras de peixes controle não indicaram variação em brânquias, fígado, rim e músculos. O presente estudo revelou uma forte correlação entre o grau de dano tecidual e a contaminação ambiental. As descobertas atuais também constituem avisos globais para proteger nossos corpos d'água e peixes para resguardar a população humana.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Ictaluridae , Brânquias , Rim , Fígado , MúsculosRESUMO
Introduction: The adenexa are part of skin andcomprised of sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hairfollicles. Skin adenexal tumors are rare in occurrenceand precise classification of these neoplasms is difficult.Benign tumors are more common than malignanttumors. Current study aimed to know the histopathologyof skin adenexal neoplasm and to correlate with age,gender, loacation and type of differentiation.Material and methods: A prospective study of 57histopathologically confirmed cases of skin adenexaltumors was carried out in Department of Pathology. Inthis study biopsies were received in 10% formalin andstained by routine haematoxylin and eosin stain. Nonneoplastic conditions were excluded from the study.Results: Out of the 57 cases of skin adenexal tumorsstudied 55 (96.5% ) were benign and 2 (3.5% ) weremalignant with a male: female ratio of 1:1.3. The mostfrequent group of tumors were of eccrine/apocrineorigin 28/57 (49.1%) followed by follicular origin(38.6%) 22/57 and sebaceous origin 7/57 (12.9%).Pilomatrixoma was the most common benign tumorand sebaceous carcinoma was the only malignant tumorencountered in the study. Most common age groupaffected range from 41-60 years and mean age observedwas 45 years. Head and neck (47.5%, 27/57) was themost common site involved in both males and femaleswith a predominance in the facial region.Conclusion: Skin adenexal tumors (SAT) are very rareand the classification of these tumours is complex. Thesetumors are usually missed clinically and histopathologyproves to be the gold standard for diagnosis of theseneoplasms.
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Background: The pituitary gland (PTG) size, shape will change according to the age in response to the changes inthe hormonal environment. Hence care should be taken while evaluating the PTG disorders. This present studyconducted to evaluate the morphological changes in PTG with relation to age.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy was approved by InstitutionalHuman Ethics Committee. A total of 73 PTG specimens were included in this study. They are divided in to sixgroups based on the age. G-I (Foetus), G-II (1-10 Y), G-III (11-30 Y), G-IV (31-50 Y), G-V (51-70 Y) and G-VI(Above 71Y). All the specimens were subjected for H&E stain. The slides were observed for morphological changes. The datawas expressed in MEAN±SD and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 16.0) version used for analysis.Results: More number of males was in group-V and females in group-IV. Pars intermedia had maximum thicknessin foetal life. Basophilic zone was not seen in foetal life but it is more prominent in other age groups. Cellularityincreased as age progress. Pars anterior and nervosa showed more vascularity compared to interior. As ageprogress this vascularity is decreased.Conclusion: From the study observations it can be concluded that as age progress there is a significant changesin the PTG morphology. Knowledge about these changes can useful for the diagnosis and treatment of variousdisorders of PTG.
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Abstract Untreated sewage and industrial wastes from Faisalabad city are disposed to River Chenab through Chakbandi Main Drain (CMD). The present project is planned to investigate the effects of this freshwater pollution on the body of fish Ictalurus punctatus. The specimens of this fish species were collected upstream and downstream of the entrance of CMD into River Chenab. Fish gills, liver, kidney and muscles from dorsolateral regions of fish were subjected to histopathology. Farmed fish and fish from upstream areas were used as control. Fish collected from polluted experimental sites showed significant damage in selected organs. Gill tissues showed an abnormality in the form of an uplifting of the primary epithelium, fusion, vacuolation, hypertrophy, and necrosis. While liver tissues subjected to hepatocytes degeneration, necrosis, mitochondrial granular hepatocyte, and sinusoids dilation. Kidney tissues indicated increased bowmen space and constricted glomerulus and degenerated nephrons. Edema, necrosis, and atrophy were observed in muscle tissues of fish from polluted areas. Fish from the upstream area showed fused gill lamellae, inflammatory cell infiltration, hypertrophy and vacuolation in hepatocytes. Kidney tissues indicated the presence of nuclear tubular cells, destructive renal tubules, hemorrhage, and necrosis at tubular epithelium. Intra myofibril spaces were also observed in muscles. Specimens of control fish indicated no variation in gills, liver, kidney, and muscles. The present study revealed a strong correlation between the degree of tissue damage and environmental contamination. Present findings also compel global warnings to protect our water bodies and fish to rescue the human population.
Resumo O esgoto não tratado e os resíduos industriais da cidade de Faisalabad, no Paquistão, são descartados no Rio Chenab através do dreno principal de Chakbandi (CMD). O presente projeto busca investigar os efeitos dessa poluição de água doce no corpo de peixes Ictalurus punctatus. Os espécimes deste peixe foram coletados a montante e a jusante da entrada do CMD no Rio Chenab. Brânquias, fígado, rim e músculos das regiões dorsolaterais dos peixes foram submetidos à histopatologia. Peixes de criação e peixes de áreas a montante foram utilizados como controle. Peixes coletados em locais experimentais poluídos mostraram danos significativos em órgãos selecionados. Os tecidos branquiais mostraram uma anormalidade na forma de elevação do epitélio primário, fusão, vacuolação, hipertrofia e necrose. Observou-se que os tecidos hepáticos estão sujeitos a degeneração de hepatócitos, necrose, hepatócitos mitocondriais granulares e dilatação de sinusoides. Os tecidos renais indicaram aumento do espaço dos arqueiros, glomérulos contraídos e néfrons degenerados. Edema, necrose e atrofia foram observados nos tecidos musculares de peixes de áreas poluídas. Peixes da área a montante apresentaram lamelas branquiais fundidas, infiltração de células inflamatórias, hipertrofia e vacuolização em hepatócitos. Os tecidos renais indicaram a presença de células tubulares nucleares, túbulos renais destrutivos, hemorragia e necrose no epitélio tubular. Os espaços intramiofibrilas também foram observados nos músculos. Amostras de peixes controle não indicaram variação em brânquias, fígado, rim e músculos. O presente estudo revelou uma forte correlação entre o grau de dano tecidual e a contaminação ambiental. As descobertas atuais também constituem avisos globais para proteger nossos corpos d'água e peixes para resguardar a população humana.
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Aims: This work aims to reduce the time of tissue processing, exclude xylene from tissue processing as well as to reduce the total quantity of reagents used per cycle of paraffin wax processing technique. Study Design: Harvesting and fixation of tissues. Grossing into triplicates, processing using three different techniques. Staining and grading of sections. Place and Duration of Study: Apparently healthy rabbits from the animal house, National Veterinary research Institute, Vom, Jos, Nigeria, between August and December, 2014. Methodology: Two apparently healthy rabbits were sacrificed and the Trachea, Lungs, Heart, Liver, Kidney, Stomach, Skin, Brain, and the Spleen were harvested and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for three days. They were grossed into triplicates, labeled and processed using the conventional, microwave without vacuum and microwave with vacuum respectively. They were sectioned and stained simultaneously using the haematoxylin and eosin staining technique as well as the Gordon and Sweet’s method. They were graded as excellent if they permitted microscopy, fair if not very good but can permit microscopy and poor if they cannot permit microscopy at all. Results: There is a drastic reduction in the duration of processing as well as the quantity of reagents used in the microwave techniques as compared to the conventional method. Xylene was completely eliminated in the microwave techniques. Tissue histo-architechture, special features as well as silver impregnation were clearly demonstrated without significant differences. Dye uptake as well as section thickness were comparable among the three techniques. Conclusion: Same-day turn-around is possible in histology, with reduced reagent consumption and elimination of xylene, without compromising section quality, dye uptake or ability to reduce silver to its metallic form. This will result to quick diagnosis hence quick intervention at a cheaper rate to both laboratories and clients. It is a good innovation in forensic and diagnostic histopathology and should be encouraged. Its compatibility with histochemical, immunohistochemical and molecular techniques should be evaluated to give a wider application.
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Background Cataract was directly associated with the damage to the structure and function of lens epithelial cells (LECs).In those patients who suffer from cataracts,morphologic changes of LECs is the most compelling evidence confirming loss of cellular structure and function of LECs.So,learning about the morphological changes of LECs of the different types of cataracts is very important for study on biological behaviors of LECs in different environments or diseases.Objective This study was to evaluate the morphological and ultrastructural changes of the LECs in different types of cataracts.Methods Anterior capsular member from age-related cataracts,diabetic cataracts and high myopia complicated cataract were obtained during the cataract surgery and 15 pieces for each.Trypan blue and alizarin red (TB-AR) stain,haematoxylin and eosin stain were performed in the samples to assess the viability and morphology of LECs.The ultrastructural change of LECs was observed under the transmission electron microscope.The features of the LECs were compared among the different types of cataract.Results TB-AR stain showed that LECs were polygon in shape with the mosaic arrangement and round cell nucleus,and a few dead cells were seen in the samples age-related cataract.In the diabetic samples,LECs largened from swelling with different sizes.More dead cells were found in the high myopia complicated cataract.Haematoxylin and eosin stain exhibited that the anterior capsular membrane presented a homogeneuous membrane,and monolayer LECs attached firmly anterior capsular membrane in the samples of related cataract.Majority of the cells had the intact structure.However,the interspaces between cells and capsular membrane were found in diabetic cataract.Also,smaller LECs were seen in high myopia complicated cataract with the irregular cell morphology.Under the transmission electron microscope,LECs presented the normal shape,intact intercellular tight junction and well attachment between cells and capsular membrane in the samples of the age-related cataract.In the samples of the diabetic cataract,edema of LECs and large intercellular spaces were seen.In addition,the jogged pump and vacuolar degeneration of cytoplasm were revealed in the high myopia complicated cataract.Conclusions The degeneration,necrosis and apoptosis was a common pathological basis of age-related cataract,diabetic cataract and high myopia complicated cataract.However,the damage of LECs was more serious in diabetic cataract and high myopia complicated cataract than that of agerelated cataract.
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Background: Cytological examination of exfoliated cells is very challenging and of paramount importance for diagnosis, staging and prognosis as the finding of cancer cells in such a specimen denotes that the patient has advanced and incurable cancer. Aims & Objective: To study serous effusion for various pathological conditions. Material and Methods: The study was performed on serous effusions. Serous effusions from pleural, pericardial and peritoneal fluid were included and all other fluids were excluded. Their clinical history and other relevant parameters were noted. Collection was performed with 18-gauge needle under local anaesthesia and sterile conditions. When delay, samples were stored at 2-6 ͦC. Conventional smear and or Cytospin method were performed. Ether alcohol (wet fixed) and air dried smears were used. H & E stain, papanicolaou stain and MGG stain were done. Results: Out of total 355 cases, 186 were of pleural fluid, 164 of peritoneal fluid and 5 were of pericardial fluid. 288 cases were benign, 24 cases were malignant effusion, 17 cases were suspicious of malignancy and 26 cases were degenerated. Transudate, haemorrhagic and straw coloured fluid were more common. Conclusion: Benign effusions are common in younger whereas malignant effusions are common in older people. A combined approach to morphology by may-grunwald giemsa, papanicolaou with haematoxylin and eosin stain was better than individual method. Recurrent hemorrhagic effusions are more common in malignant effusions. Conventional smear method can yield good result. Scattered cells are indicative of benign effusions and clusters, 3 D balls, papillary patterns indicate malignant effusions.
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Aim To construct tissue microarrays (TMAs) that consisted of prostate tumours from the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice and non-transgenic murine prostates and to assess androgen receptor (AR) levels during progression of prostate cancer in TRAMP mice by immunohistochemistry. Methods Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) sections from the ventral and dorso-lateral prostate lobes of non-transgenic, intact TRAMP and castrated TRAMP were used to demarcate regions of interest for TMAs construction. The samples on TMAs were used to evaluate AR expression using video image analysis (VIA). Results AR was expressed during cancer progression, but AR levels were reduced or absent in late stage disease. Furthermore, when AR levels were compared in tumours from intact and castrate animals, a significant increase in AR levels was observed following androgen ablation. Conclusion Similar to clinical prostate cancer, in the TRAMP model, prostate tumours evolve mechanisms to maintain AR expression and AR responsive gene pathways following castration to facilitate continued tumour growth.