RESUMO
Justification: Screen-based media have become an important part of human lifestyle. In view of their easy availability and increasing use in Indian children, and their excessive use being linked to physical, developmental and emotional problems, there is a need to develop guidelines related to ensure digital wellness and regulate screen time in infants, children, and adolescents. Objectives: To review the evidence related to effects of screen-based media and excessive screen time on children’s health; and to formulate recommendations for limiting screen time and ensuring digital wellness in Indian infants, children and adolescents. Process: An Expert Committee constituted by the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP), consisting of various stakeholders in private and public sector, reviewed the literature and existing guidelines. A detailed review document was circulated to the members, and the National consultative meet was held online on 26th March 2021 for a day-long deliberation on framing the guidelines. The consensus review and recommendations formulated by the Group were circulated to the participants and the guidelines were finalized. Conclusions: Very early exposure to screen-based media and excessive screen time (>1-2h/d) seems to be widely prevalent in Indian children. The Group recommends that children below 2 years age should not be exposed to any type of screen, whereas exposure should be limited to a maximum of one hour of supervised screen time per day for children 24-59 months age, and less than two hours per day for children 5-10 years age. Screen time must not replace other activities such as outdoor physical activities, sleep, family and peer interaction, studies, and skill development, which are necessary for overall health and development of the children and adolescents. Families should ensure a warm, nurturing, supportive, fun filled and secure environment at home, and monitor their children’s screen use to ensure that the content being watched is educational, ageappropriate and non-violent. Families, schools and pediatricians should be educated regarding the importance of recording screen exposure and digital wellness as a part of routine child health assessment, and detect any signs of cyberbullying or media addiction; and tackle it timely with expert consultation if needed.
RESUMO
Este trabajo se basa esencialmente en el análisis de los efectos nocivos de la contaminación ambiental en las embarazadas. Se mencionan los factores que influyen en la calidad de vida relacionados con los problemas ambientales, y se proponen algunas medidas que puedan contribuir a la disminución de los efectos nocivos y la morbimortalidad materno-fetal. Se han tenido en cuenta materiales bibliográficos actualizados y el protocolo de intervención nacional materno-infantil. Los análisis expuestos confirman la necesidad de desarrollar acciones de prevención conjuntas entre las diversas instituciones, empresas y comunidad, con la finalidad de eliminar o disminuir los factores de riesgo ambiental adversos a la salud de las embarazadas.
This work is essentially based on the analysis of harmful effects of environmental pollution on pregnant women. Factors that influence on quality of life in relation to environmental problems are related and some measures that can help reduce harmful effects and mother-fetal morbimortality are suggested. Updated bibliographic materials have been considered as well as the mother-child national intervention protocol. The analysis made confirm the need to develop joint prevention actions among different institutions, companies and community with the aim of eliminating or reducing environmental risk factors adverse to the health of pregnant women.
RESUMO
Se han descrito múltiples efectos nocivos de las radiaciones ionizantes en el cuerpo humano. Cuando la exposición a fuentes radioactivas se produce en el contexto de un accidente se debe en primer lugar, brindar la atención médica necesaria y posteriormente sentar las responsabilidades del caso, para lo cual el médico forense debe estar capacitado en valorar los daños producidos...
There is a lot of harmful effects of ionizing radiation on the human body. When exposure to radioactive sources occurs in the context of an accident must first provide the necessary medical care and then lay the responsibilities required, for which the coroner should be trained to assess damage...