La atención primaria en salud. La experiencia peruana

Alma Ata is still in force in those experiences of comprehensive health care from all and for all that some countries have managed to implement, especially in the rural areas with populations affected by exclusion and poverty. Peru has several of them that find their roots in experiences previous to the 1978 Conference. It is interesting to confirm that many of these were initially dedicated to the care of pregnant women and newborns, and then they have translated their lessons learned to the care of the whole population.

Alma Ata sigue vigente en aquellas experiencias de Cuidado Integral de la Salud por todos y para todos que algunos países han logrado implementar, sobre todo en zonas rurales con poblaciones afectadas por la exclusión y la pobreza. El Perú detenta varias de ellas, que incluso encuentran sus raíces en experiencias previas a la Conferencia de 1978. Es interesante confirmar que muchas de estas se abocaron primero a la atención de las gestantes y recién nacidos, y luego han trasladado sus lecciones aprendidas al cuidado de toda la población.

Health in All Policies: The Evolution of Health Promotion and Intersectoral Cooperation / 보건행정학회지

'Health in All Policies' is a new strategy for governance for health in 21st century. The evolution of health promotion has affected the creation of the strategy through the efforts to tackle health inequalities by addressing social determinants of health. More concern about health inequalities, involving wider policy areas, and higher level of institutionalization distinguish the strategy from the old intersectoral collaboration such as intersectoral action for health and healthy public policy. Making intersectoral collaboration the mainstream of policy making is important to address integrated policy agendas such as 'Health in All Policies' and 'Sustainable Development Goals.' Political leadership and interpersonal skills are also required to strengthen the capacity of public health sector for implementing 'Health in All Policies' in local, national, and international circumstances.

Reducing health inequalities: the use of health impact assessment on rural areas / Reduciendo las desigualdades sociales en salud: el uso de la evaluación de impacto en salud en las áreas rurales

Health is greatly influenced by social, economic and political determinants. Accordingly, decisions influencing people's health do not concern only health services or 'health policies', but decisions in many different policy areas have their influence on these health determinants. Health Impact assessment (HIA) is a predictive tool to support decisions in policy-making. The ultimate goal of this framework is to maximize health gains and, as far as possible, to reduce health inequalities. HIA presents a commitment to ensure that the rural dimension is routinely considered as part of the making and implementing of policy. The aim of this paper is to review the use of HIA on rural areas. Conclusions: HIA shows its great potential to contribute to local authority decision making. The use of HIA was identified in 2 key areas: strategic planning (sustainable development, EU Common Agricultural Policy, Federal Farm Bill, land-use planning work); and in specific smaller scale projects (rural health service redesign proposal, accessing healthy food, transport, health care disparities, etc.).

La salud esta condicionada en gran medida por determinantes sociales, económicos y políticos. Así, la salud no es el resultado únicamente de las políticas sanitarias sino también de otras políticas de sectores no sanitarios que actúan sobre dichos determinantes. La Evaluación del Impacto en Salud (EIS) es una metodología prospectiva que trata de predecir los impactos en la salud de las políticas con el fin de modificar su planteamiento inicial para maximizar los impactos positivos, evitar los efectos negativos inesperados en la salud y reducir las desigualdades sociales en salud. La EIS asegura que la dimensión rural es considerada sistemáticamente en el diseño e implementación de las políticas. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar el uso de la EIS en las áreas rurales. Conclusiones: la EIS muestra su gran potencial para contribuir a una toma de decisiones basada en la evidencia para las autoridades locales. Su utilización se ha identificado en dos grandes áreas diferenciadas. Por un lado, la EIS se ha utilizado en políticas estratégicas (desarrollo sostenible, Política Agraria Común de la Unión Europea, Federal Farm Bill, planificación territorial u ordenación del territorio). Y por otro lado, se ha puesto en práctica en proyectos de menor escala (propuestas de rediseño del servicio rural de salud, el acceso a una comida saludable, transporte, desigualdades en la atención, etc.).

Doenças crônicas Não transmissíveis e o suporte das ações intersetoriais no seu enfrentamento / Chronic Non Communicable Diseases and the support of intersectorial action to tackle them

O estudo visa a analisar o tema das Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNT) e o papel das ações intersetoriais no enfrentamento destas doenças. Trata-se de estudo de revisão narrativa realizado por meio de buscas na base Medline, Pubmed e Lilacs, e documentos da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), Organização Panamericana da Saúde (OPAS) e do Governo Brasileiro. A articulação entre o tema da intersetorialidade e DCNT é revisada nas Conferências e Agendas Globais de Promoção da Saúde; bem como o papel de outros setores em relação às intervenções efetivas em DCNT. São apresentadas algumas experiências de iniciativas intersetoriais no enfrentamento das DCNT. Conclui-se que a implementação das ações intersetoriais em articulação com políticas setoriais de saúde no enfrentamento das DCNT passa por prioridade política, envolvendo ações coordenadas, fóruns de negociação, planejamento integrado e garantia de financiamento. Deve-se buscar a participação efetiva dos diversos atores sociais no processo de advocacy, monitoramento e prestação de contas, aliados aos processos de capacitação de gestores e trabalhadores, o que conferirá sustentabilidade aos processos sociais e às mudanças pretendidas. Parcerias intersetoriais são fundamentais.

The study seeks to analyze the topic of Chronic Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and the role of intersectorial actions in tackling these diseases. It involved a narrative review through searches on Medline, Pubmed and Lilacs databases, and documents from the World Health Organization (WHO), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the Brazilian government. The link between the theme of intersectoriality and NCD is reviewed in the Global Conferences and Agendas on Health Promotion, and the role of other sectors in relation to effective interventions for NCDs. Some experiences of intersectorial activities for tackling NCDs are presented. The conclusion drawn is that the implementation of intersectorial action in conjunction with sectorial health policies in tackling NCDs has become a political priority, involving coordinated actions, negotiations forums, integrated planning and sustainable funding. It is necessary to seek the active participation of social actors in the advocacy, monitoring and accountability process, coupled with training processes for managers and other professionals, which will give sustainability to the social processes and required changes. Intersectorial partnerships are fundamental.

Beyond leadership:Political strategies for coordination in health policies / 中国卫生政策研究

Health in All Policies ( HiAP) promises to improve population health by harnessing the energies and activities of various sectors. Nevertheless, it faces well-documented bureaucratic obstacles and appears to require intersectoral governance if it is to be established. The basic problems of establishing intersectoral governance for HiAP are known to public administration and political science. On reading that literature, we find that the difficulty of es-tablishing intersectoral governance for HiAP breaks down into two kinds of problems:that of establishing coordinated actions at all ( coordination);and ensuring that they endure in changed political circumstances ( durability). We fur-ther find that policymakers’ solutions fall into three categories:visible ones of political will ( e. g. , plans and targets);bureaucratic changes such as the introduction of Health Impact Assessment or reorganization; and indirect methods such as data publication and support from outside groups to put pressure on the government. It can seem that Health in All Policies, like much of public health, depends on effective and committed policymakers but is vulnerable to changing political winds. The three kinds of strategies suggest how policymakers can, and do, create intersectoral governance that functions and persists, expanding the range of effective policy recommendations.

Social determinants of health (inequities): an european snapshot and stimuli for action / Determinantes sociales de la salud (inequidades): situación europea y estímulo para la acción

Health states are the result of the effect of multiple social determinants of health (SDOH). Health inequities appear as a consequence of the adverse interaction of the SDOH, leading to avoidable and therefore unfair health disparities between and within populations. Although the European population achieves higher levels of health and life expectancy than ever before, health inequities between and within European countries are still widespread and even increasing in some areas. The current economic crisis further shows significant negative impacts on the SDOH and consequently on the health of populations. Furthermore, data suggests that governmental responses of several European countries to the crisis failed to provide sustainable and comprehensive solutions as they do not take health into consideration. However, strong economic, social and health systems seem to act preventatively on negative effects on SDOH and health itself. Moreover, intersectoral governance structures and Health Impact Assessments (HIA) can foster the narrowing of unfair health gaps.

Los estados de salud son resultado del efecto de los múltiples factores sociales determinantes de la salud. Las inequidades en salud aparecen como consecuencia de la interacción adversa de dichos factores determinantes, que llevan a disparidades en salud entre diversas poblaciones y entre integrantes de una misma población, las cuales pueden catalogarse como injustas y evitables. Aunque la población europea ha alcanzado altos niveles de salud y esperanza de vida como nunca antes, las inequidades en salud entre y dentro de los países europeos se encuentran aun ampliamente extendidas y en incremento en algunas áreas. La crisis económica actual, además, muestra impactos negativos significativos sobre los factores determinantes sociales de la salud y, por consiguiente, sobre la salud de las poblaciones. Adicionalmente, la información actual sugiere que las respuestas gubernamentales de varios países europeos ante la crisis fallaron en su objetivo de proveer soluciones integrales y sostenibles, en la medida en que estas no toman en cuenta a la salud. Sin embargo, los sistemas de salud, sociales y económicos sólidos parecen actuar preventivamente ante los efectos negativos sobre los factores sociales determinantes de la salud y sobre la salud misma. Por otra parte, el desarrollo de estructuras gubernamentales intersectoriales y de estrategias como la evaluación de impacto en salud, pueden fomentar la reducción de disparidades en salud consideradas como injustas.

Igualdad social, justicia y políticas de salud / igualdade social, justiça e políticas de saúde / Social equality, justice, and health policy

El presente trabajo busca integrar los resultados de los estudios empíricos sobre el impacto de la desigualdad social en salud con los estudios normativos que justifican diferentes modelos de justicia y políticas públicas de salud. La metodología elegida es "equilibrio reflexivo" El fin; brindar no sólo una contribución a la ética teórica sino también, y muy especialmente, brindar una integración de los conocimientos de la ciencia, la filosofía política y la ética aplicada, para el diseño de políticas públicas que reduzcan las desigualdades en salud...

The aim of the present work is to integrate the results of the empirical studies on the impact of the social inequality in health, with the normative studies that justify different models of justice and public policies of health care. The methodology selected is "reflective equilibrium" The end: to offer not only a contribution to the theoretical ethics, but also, and very specially, to offer an integration of the knowledge of the science, the political philosophy and the applied ethics, for the design of public policies that reduce inequalities in health care...

O presente trabalho busca integrar os resultados dos estudos empíricos sobre o impacto da desigualdade social na saúde com os estudos normativos que justificam diferentes modelos de justiça e políticas públicas de saúde. A metodologia escolhida é o "equilíbrio reflexivo" A finalidade: oferecer não apenas uma contribuição à ética teórica, como também, e muito especialmente, oferecer uma integração dos conhecimentos da ciência, da filosofia política e da ética aplicada, para o design de políticas públicas que reduzam as desigualdades na saúde...