Proporção de casos nosocomiais de COVID-19 no Brasil: análise de seus fatores associados em 1.631.47 registros de 2020 a 2022 / Proporción de casos nosocomiales de COVID-19 en Brasil: análisis de sus factores asociados en 1.631.47 registros de 2020 a 2022 / Proportionof nosocomial cases of COVID-19 in Brazil: analysisof1.631.47 case records from 2020 to 2022

Introdução: Infecções nosocomiais, adquiridas após a internação hospitalar, são o evento adverso mais comum que ameaça a saúde dos pacientes hospitalizados, sendo a pneumonia, incluindo a causada pelo SARS-Cov-2, responsável por mais de 80% das infecções nosocomiais. A pandemia declarada pela OMS em março de 2020 reflete o rápido aumento de casos, impulsionado pela disseminação do vírus através de gotículas e aerossóis. A transmissão nosocomial do SARS-Cov-2 foi observada desde o início do surto em Wuhan, representando um desafio adicional na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Estudos internacionais em hospitais reportam incidências de infecção nosocomial por COVID-19 entre 11% e 44%.Objetivo: Identificar a proporção de infecção nosocomial por SARS-COV-2 no Brasil entre março de 2020 até dezembro de 2022.Metodologia:Trata-se de um estudo analítico, retrospectivo, de corte transversal, sobre a proporção de infecção nosocomial por Sars-Cov-2 no Brasil, através de dados secundários oriundos do Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe. No presente estudo a variável dependente analisada foi a proporção de infecção nosocomial por Sars-cov-2. Como variáveis independentes exploratórias foram utilizadas: faixa etária, sexo, comorbidades e macrorregião de residência. Resultados: O estudo identificou uma proporção de casos nosocomiais de 2,58%, sendo maior no terceiro ano da pandemia 2022 (5,5%) na região Norte (7,57%), entre os indivíduos de 18-59 anos de idade (6,93%)Conclusões: Este estudo sobre casos nosocomiais de COVID-19 no Brasil revela uma proporção de 2,58% entre 2020 e 2022, com associações identificadas em relação à região, idade e comorbidades. Diferenças em relação a estudos internacionais sugerem questões metodológicas específicas. Essa pesquisa é de importância crítica, visto ser de abrangência nacional com grande amplitude, e estabelece uma base sólida para futuros estudos epidemiológicos (AU).

Introduction: Nosocomial infections, acquired after hospital admission, are the most common adverse events threatening patient health, with pneumonia, including that caused by SARS-CoV-2, responsible for over 80% of nosocomial infections. The pandemic declared by the WHO in March 2020 reflects the rapid rise in cases driven by the virus's spread through droplets and aerosols. Nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been observed since the outbreak's onset in Wuhan, posing an additional challenge to patient quality of life. International hospital studies report nosocomial COVID-19 infection rates between 11% and 44%. Objective: Identifying the proportion of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil between March 2020 and December 2022.Methodology:This is an analytical, retrospective, cross-sectional study on the proportion of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil, using secondary data from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System. In this study, the analyzed dependent variable was the proportionof nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection. The exploratory independent variables included: age group, gender, comorbidities, and macro-region of residence.Results:The study identified a proportion of nosocomial cases of 2.58%, with a higher proportion in the third year of the pandemic, 2022 (5.5%) in the North region (7.57%), among individuals aged 18-59 years (6.93%). Conclusions: This study on nosocomial cases of COVID-19 in Brazil reveals a proportion of 2.58% between 2020 and 2022, with associations identified regarding region, age, and comorbidities. Differences compared to international studies suggest specific methodological issues. This research is of critical importance, given its national scope and broad coverage, and establishes a solid foundation for future epidemiological studies (AU).

Introducción: Las infecciones nosocomiales, adquiridas tras la hospitalización, son el evento adverso más común que amenaza la salud de los pacientes hospitalizados, siendo la neumonía, incluida la causada por el SARS-Cov-2, la responsable de más del 80% de las infecciones. La pandemia declarada por la OMS en marzo de 2020 refleja el rápido aumento de casos, impulsado por la propagación del virus a través de gotitas y aerosoles. La transmisión nosocomial del SRAS-Cov-2 se ha observado desde el inicio del brote en Wuhan, lo que supone un reto adicional para la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Estudios internacionales realizados en hospitales informan de incidencias de infecciones nosocomiales por COVID-19 de entre el 11% y el 44%. Objetivo: Identificar la proporción de infección nosocomial por SARS-CoV-2 en Brasil entre marzo de 2020 y diciembre de 2022. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio analítico, retrospectivo y transversal sobre la proporción de infección nosocomial por SARS-CoV -2 en Brasil, utilizando datos secundarios del Sistema de Información de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Influenza. La variable dependiente analizada fue la proporción de infección nosocomial por SARS-CoV-2. Como variables independientes exploratorias se utilizaron: grupo de edad, sexo, comorbilidades y macrorregión de residencia. Resultados:El estudio identificó una proporción de casos nosocomiales del 2,58%, siendo mayor en el tercer año de la pandemia de 2022 (5,5%) en la región Norte (7,57%), entre individuos de 18 a 59 años (6,93%). Conclusiones:Este estudio de casos de COVID-19 hospitalizados en Brasil revela una proporción de 2,58% entre 2020 y 2022, con asociaciones identificadas en relación a la región, edad y comorbilidades. Las disparidades en relación a estudios internacionales sugieren la presencia de cuestiones metodológicas específicas. Esta investigación es de extrema importancia para orientar estrategias preventivas y mejorar el control de las infecciones hospitalarias (AU).

Analysis of Healthcare-associated Infections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Colombian hospital

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections pose a significant challenge, contributing to hospital morbidity and mortality. Objective: To describe the behavior of Healthcare Associated Infections before and during the pandemic reported to a high-complexity health institution in Colombia. Material and Methods: In our retrospective observational study on Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), we analyzed data from all in-patients diagnosed with HAIs between 2018 and 2020. This included clinical, demographic, microbiological, and microbial susceptibility information collected from the Committee on Nosocomial Infections' prospective database. Data from 391 isolates were obtained using Whonet software for antimicrobial resistance surveillance. Results: We found 504 cases of HAIs (2018-2020) with an overall in-hospital infection rate of 2.55/1000 patient-days. The median age for pediatric patients was 5 years, and for adults, 56 years, with 57% male. The leading admission diagnoses were oncologic disease complications (31%). Bacteremia had a 30-day mortality rate of 13%, predominantly catheter-associated (37%). Gram-negative bacilli, notably Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, represented 58% cases of HAI. Discussion: The critical need for specific interventions and antimicrobial management to control HAIs, especially given the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, is highlighted. Conclusions: This is the first report on HAIs incidence at a tertiary hospital in Bucaramanga, Santander (Colombia). Bacteremia was predominant; 75% of HAIs patients had comorbidities. Gram-negative bacilli prevailed; a notable rise in ICU respiratory infections occurred during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems was prevalent.

Monitoring of Air and Water Bacterial Load in the Operation Theatres and Intensive Care Units of Selected Hospitals in Dhaka city: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Hospital milieu monitoring is an essential component for controlling healthcare associated infections (HCAIs) as it serves as the reservoir for pathogenic microbes. Aim of this study was to identify the bacterial load in Intensive care units (ICU) and Operation theaters (OT) air and water sources of selected tertiary care hospitals. Material & Methods: The study was organized in Microbiology department, BIRDEM General Hospital. A sum total 28 air samples & 6 water samples were collected from three selected hospitals and those were processed according to the set of protocols. Results: From air sampling, highest load of bacteria was found 480 CFU/dm²/hr in Hospital C ICU, 38.40 ± 9.99 CFU/dm²/hr in pre-OT samples & 218.2±43.35 CFU/dm²/hr in intra OT samples of Hospital C. From water sampling, unacceptable level of coliforms was found in all three hospitals. Among the non-pathogens, 24% – 37% Micrococcus spp. (normal flora) and 2% -18% Bacillus spp. (contaminants) were found in the OTs. Whereas pathogens found were Acinetobacter spp. (20.7%) followed by Pseudomonas spp. (19.4%), Klebsiella spp. (12.1%) & S. aureus (9.2%) in the ICUs. Conclusion: It could be deduced from the study that environmental sources such as air and water contaminations with multidrug resistant pathogens are an ultimate risk factor for all related to the healthcare settings, specially the indoor patients.

Healthcare-associated blood stream infections: An evaluation of blood culture as indicator

Background: A nosocomial infection or healthcare-associated illness that develops in patients after they are admitted to the hospital but was not present or incubating at the time of admission is referred to as a hospital acquired infection. In patients with severe viral and fungal infections today, it is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening consequences. Blood culture is one of the most important diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of hospital acquired infections. It can also help in providing a clinical as well as an etiological diagnosis. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is early detection of blood stream infections along with its antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Materials and Methods: All samples were obtained and processed using conventional microbiological techniques, and an antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out in accordance with CLSI recommendations. Results: Total 160 samples were processed, out of which 54 (34%) samples were positive. Out of 54 positive blood sample, maximum samples were from NICU (28) 52%, followed by causality (10) 18%, PICU (4) 7%, HDU (2) 3%, intensive careunit (4) 7%, surgery (6) 11%, and overall males contributed to higher positivity rate. Total nine different organisms were isolated, out of which Gram negative bacilli were comprised 40 (74%), Gram positive cocci 8 (14%) and Candida were 6 (11%). Among Gram-negative bacilli of most common species were Klebsiella pneumonia (30%), Acinetobacter baumanii (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11%), Burkhoderia cepacia (11%), and Serratia fonticola (3%). The most prevalent isolated species of gram-positive cocci were Staphylococcus aureus (11%), Coagulase negative S. aureus (3%), and Enterococcus faecalis (3%). Conclusion: This study on blood culture gives insight to magnitude of hospital acquired infections in our set up. Again result of antibiotic susceptibility tests gives overview of drug resistance problem at our set up. This may help in antibiotic stewardship program.

Factores de riesgo para infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud en recién nacidos sometidos a cirugía en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales / Risk factors for healthcare-associated infections in newborns after surgery in a neonatal intensive care unit

Resumen Antecedentes: Las infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud (IAAS) son causa frecuente de morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de IAAS en recién nacidos (RN) sometidos a cirugía. Material y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte. Los casos fueron RN sometidos a cirugía, con IAAS y los controles, RN sometidos a cirugía sin IAAS. Se registraron datos perinatales, uso de profilaxis antimicrobiana, de catéter venoso central (CVC), ventilación mecánica, nutrición parenteral y sondas; edad y peso al momento de la cirugía, tipo de cirugía, clasificación de la herida quirúrgica, duración de la cirugía, número de procedimientos quirúrgicos y tipo de infección. Se realizó análisis univariado y multivariado. Resultados: Se incluyeron 71 casos y 142 controles. Las IAAS más frecuentes fueron las infecciones sanguíneas (36.6 %); los principales microorganismos aislados en hemocultivos fueron cocos grampositivos. Los factores de riesgo asociados a IAAS en el análisis multivariado fueron duración del CVC > 8 días (RMa = 17.2), ≥ 2 intervenciones quirúrgicas (RMa = 16.5) y cirugía abdominal (RMa = 2.6). Conclusiones: Los RN sometidos a cirugía, principalmente aquellos con factores de riesgo, requieren vigilancia estrecha durante el posoperatorio. El CVC debe ser retirado tan pronto sea posible.

Abstract Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a common cause of morbidity and mortality. Objective: To identify the risk factors for the development of HAIs in newborns (NBs) undergoing surgery. Material and methods: Nested case-control study. Cases were NBs undergoing surgery with HAIs, while controls were NBs undergoing surgery with no HAIs. Perinatal data, use of antimicrobial prophylaxis, use of central venous catheter (CVC), mechanical ventilation, parenteral nutrition, and other medical devices were recorded, as well as age and weight at the time of surgery, type of surgery, surgical wound classification, duration of surgery, number of surgical procedures, and type of infection. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: Seventy-one cases and 142 controls were included. The most frequent HAI was bloodstream infection (36.6%); the main microorganisms isolated in blood cultures were gram-positive cocci. The risk factors associated with HAIs in the multivariate analysis were CVC duration > 8 days (aOR = 17.2), ≥ 2 surgical interventions (aOR = 16.5) and abdominal surgery (aOR = 2.6). Conclusions: NBs undergoing surgery, mainly those with risk factors, require close monitoring during the postoperative period. CVC should be withdrawn as soon as possible.

Identification and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus with special reference to methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in tertiary care hospital

Background: The emergence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has posed a serious therapeutic challenge. It is responsible for a wide range of infections including superficial skin infections, food poisoning, osteomyelitis and septicemia. Aim of this study was to identify and to determine antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from various clinical samples. Materials and methods: Different clinical specimens were collected and processed for routine culture and antibiotic sensitivity test by standard microbiology techniques. Results: A total of 129 S. aureus strains were isolated from various clinical specimens out of which 84 (65.12%) were Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). 66(51.16%) S. aureus were obtained from indoor (IPD) patients. S. aureus was found higher in male than female. S. aureus was found highly resistant to Benzylpenicillin (94.57%) followed by ciprofloxacin (77.51%), Erythromycin (61.24%), and Cotrimoxazole (51.94%), Clindamycin (44.19%), and Gentamicin (17.05%). 1 (0.78%) of the isolates were resistance to Vancomycin and Linezolid. For urine isolates Nitrofurantoin was drug of choice. Conclusion: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was found 65.12% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. It was most common in males and hospitalized patients. Teicoplanin or Tigecyline seems to be drug of choice followed by Vancomycin, Linezolid, Tetracycline and Gentamicin. It would be helpful to formulating and monitoring the antibiotic policy and ensure proper empiric treatment.

Investigation of a suspected outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia infection / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate a suspected outbreak of healthcare-associated infection （HAI） caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia （CRKP） in a secondary grade-A hospital， analyze the infection source and transmission route， and put forward corresponding preventive and control measures. MethodsEpidemiological investigation was conducted on 5 patients with CRKP infection in department of neurosurgery during December 23‒30， 2021. Specimens were collected with the environmental microbiology monitoring procedure. CRKP isolated from the environmental samples were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing （MLST） method. Comprehensive measures were taken to control the CRKP infection. ResultsThe 5 infected patients were located in 3 rooms， and all were diagnosed as HAI. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing results from the specimens of 3 CRKP infected patients were the same. Through environmental microbiology monitoring， CRKP strains were detected from the faucet handle and sink specimens in 3 rooms. The results of MLST analysis showed that the faucet handle and sink specimens in room 2 and 3 were ST11 type. The environmental specimen in room 1 was ST23 type. The suspected outbreak was effectively controlled after comprehensive interventions. ConclusionHAI suspected outbreak might be caused by the environmental contamination from the pathogens of CRKP-infected patients as well as the contaminated hands of medical staff and accompanying family members. Strengthening the publicity， education and management of medical staff and accompanying staff， early identification of infection outbreaks， and timely comprehensive control measures are the keys to controlling multidrug-resistant nosocomial infection outbreaks.

Prevalence, outcomes, and predictors of multidrug-resistant nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections among patients in an ICU / Prevalência, desfechos e preditores de infecções nosocomiais do trato respiratório inferior multirresistentes em pacientes em uma UTI

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence, outcomes, and predictors of multidrug-resistant nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in patients in an ICU. Methods: This was an observational cohort study involving patients with nosocomial LRTI (health care-associated pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, or ventilator-associated pneumonia). Data were prospectively collected between 2015 and 2019. The multidrug-resistant pathogens (MDRPs) identified in the isolates studied included resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at microbiological diagnosis. Results: During the study period, 267 patients in the ICU were diagnosed with LRTI, microbiological confirmation of LRTI having been obtained in 237. Of these, 146 (62%) had at least one MDRP isolate. Patients infected with MDRP were found to have poorer outcomes than patients infected with susceptible strains, such as prolonged mechanical ventilation (18.0 days vs. 12.0 days; p < 0.001), prolonged ICU length of stay (23.0 days vs.16.0 days; p < 0.001), and higher mortality (73% vs. 53%; p < 0.001) when compared with patients infected with susceptible strains. Hospital length of stay ≥ 5 days (OR = 3.20; 95% CI: 1.39-7.39; p = 0.005) and prolonged use vasoactive drugs (OR = 3.15; 95% CI: 1.42-7.01; p = 0.004) were independent predictors of LRTI caused by MDRPs (LRTI-MDRP). The presence of LRTI-MDRP was found to be an independent predictor of death (OR = 2.311; 95% CI: 1.091-4.894; p = 0.028). Conclusions: Prolonged use of vasoactive drugs and prolonged hospital length of stay were independent predictors of LRTI-MDRP in this population of critically ill patients with very poor outcomes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência, os desfechos e os preditores de infecções do trato respiratório inferior (ITRI) nosocomiais em pacientes em uma UTI. Métodos: Estudo observacional de coorte com pacientes com ITRI nosocomiais (pneumonia associada à assistência à saúde, pneumonia adquirida no hospital ou pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica). Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente entre 2015 e 2019. Os patógenos multirresistentes (PMR) identificados nos isolados estudados incluíram Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistentes a cefalosporinas de espectro estendido e carbapenêmicos, enterobactérias resistentes a carbapenêmicos e Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina no diagnóstico microbiológico. Resultados: Durante o período do estudo, 267 pacientes internados na UTI foram diagnosticados com ITRI, 237 dos quais tiveram confirmação microbiológica de ITRI. Destes, 146 (62%) apresentaram pelo menos um isolado de PMR. Os pacientes infectados por PMR tiveram piores desfechos do que os infectados por cepas sensíveis, como ventilação mecânica prolongada (18,0 dias vs. 12,0 dias; p < 0,001), tempo prolongado de internação na UTI (23,0 dias vs. 16,0 dias; p < 0,001) e maior mortalidade (73% vs. 53%; p < 0,001). Tempo de internação hospitalar ≥ 5 dias (OR = 3,20; IC95%: 1,39-7,39; p = 0,005) e uso prolongado de drogas vasoativas (OR = 3,15; IC95%: 1,42-7,01; p = 0,004) foram preditores independentes de ITRI por PMR (ITRI-PMR). A presença de ITRI-PMR foi um preditor independente de óbito (OR = 2,311; IC95%: 1,091-4,894; p = 0,028). Conclusões: O uso prolongado de drogas vasoativas e o tempo prolongado de internação hospitalar foram preditores independentes de ITRI-PMR nesta população de pacientes críticos com desfechos muito ruins.

Factores de riesgo de bacteriemia asociada a los cuidados sanitarios

Introducción: las infecciones asociadas a los cuidados sanitarios (IACS), tienen un fuerte impacto social y económico; asimismo, constituyen un indicador de la calidad de atención en hospitales. Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo que influyen de forma independiente para adquirir bacteriemia asociada a los cuidados sanitarios. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico de casos y controles, se seleccionaron 48 casos y 144 controles. Con una proporción de 1: 3. Se realizó el análisis estadístico univariado y multivariado. Resultados: en el análisis univariado, la comorbilidad, el uso de sonda nasogástrica y sonda vesical se mostraron sin influencia estadísticamente significativa, mientras que el multivariado mostró que el factor con independencia más importante fue el uso de catéter venoso central (OR 11,837 ajustado IC 95% 4,493-31,180), seguido de la presencia de shock séptico al ingreso en UCIP (OR 4,908 ajustado IC 95% 1,152-20,907) y la presencia de ostomías (OR ajustado 10.44 IC 95% 2,806−17,836) de manera similar. Conclusiones: la comorbilidad, el uso de sonda nasogástrica y uso de sonda vesical no contribuyeron al riesgo de adquirir bacteriemia asociada a los cuidados sanitarios. La presencia de catéter venoso central, presencia de shock séptico al ingreso en UCIP y la presencia de ostomías resultaron ser los factores de mayor riesgo.

Introduction: infections associated with health care (IACS) have a strong social and economic impact; likewise, they constitute an indicator of the quality of care in hospitals. Objective: to identify the risk factors that influence independently to acquire bacteremia associated with health care. Methods: an observational, analytical study of cases and controls was carried out, 48 cases and 144 controls were selected. With a ratio of 1:3. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis was performed. Results: in the univariate analysis, comorbidity, the use of a nasogastric tube and a bladder catheter did not show a statistically significant influence, while the multivariate analysis showed that the most important independent factor was the use of a central venous catheter (OR 11,837 adjusted CI 95% 4,493-31,180), followed by the presence of septic shock on admission to the PICU (OR 4,908 adjusted 95% CI 1,152-20,907) and the presence of ostomies (adjusted OR 10.44 95% CI 2,806−17,836) in a similar way. Conclusions: comorbidity, the use of a nasogastric tube and the use of a bladder catheter did not contribute to the risk of acquiring healthcare-associated bacteremia. The presence of a central venous catheter, the presence of septic shock on admission to the PICU, and the presence of ostomies were the highest risk factors.

Introdução: as infecções associadas aos cuidados de saúde (IACS) têm um forte impacto social e económico; Eles também são um indicador da qualidade do atendimento nos hospitais. Objetivo: identificar os fatores de risco que influenciam independentemente a aquisição de bacteremia associada à assistência à saúde. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo observacional e analítico de casos e controles, selecionados 48 casos e 144 controles. Com uma proporção de 1: 3. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas univariada e multivariada. Resultados: na análise univariada, a comorbidade, o uso de sonda nasogástrica e cateter urinário foram mostrados sem influência estatisticamente significativa, enquanto o multivariado mostrou que o fator independente mais importante foi o uso de cateter venoso central (OR 11,837 ajustado IC 95% 4,493-31,180), seguido pela presença de choque séptico na admissão na UTIP (OR 4,908 ajustado IC 95% 1,152-20,907) e a presença de ostomias (OR ajustado 10,44 IC 95% 2,806−17, 836) da mesma forma. Conclusões: comorbidade, uso de sonda nasogástrica e cateter vesical não contribuíram para o risco de adquirir bacteremia associada à assistência à saúde. A presença de cateter venoso central, a presença de choque séptico na admissão na UTIP e a presença de ostomias foram os maiores fatores de risco.

What do patients know about healthcare-associated infections? What do they want to know? Ethical evaluation

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Patients hospitalized for treatment may be exposed to healthcare-associated infections, and these infections can affect patients seriously. OBJECTIVE: This research was conducted to determine what hospitalized patients know and what they want to know about healthcare-associated infections. METHODS: This is a full-text original research article. The study was conducted between July and September 2022 with inpatients in all clinics of Kocaeli University Hospital in Turkey. A total of 310 patients participated in this cross-sectional study. The questions were asked by the researcher and the answers were recorded. RESULTS: Almost all (92.8%) the patients who stated that they knew what healthcare-associated infection was evaluated their knowledge as insufficient. Patients with higher educational levels have more information (p=0.000) about healthcare-associated infections. Young (p=0.000) and highly educated patients (p=0.000) stated that the infection rate of the hospital would affect the choice of hospital. CONCLUSION: Patients want to learn about healthcare-associated infections, but most do not know about them. Patients should be informed about healthcare-associated infections during hospitalization planning and hospitalization.

Infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria en el servicio de Misceláneas

Introducción: las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria son consideradas un gran problema de salud a nivel mundial y tienen gran repercusión económica y social. Las mismas aparecen después de 48 horas de estadía hospitalaria. Son causadas por gran variedad de hongos, bacterias y virus adquiridos durante la asistencia a la salud en el tratamiento de otras afecciones. Objetivo: caracterizar las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria en el servicio de Misceláneas del Hospital Provincial Pediátrico Docente "Gral Milanés". Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo, en el año 2019. El universo estuvo constituido por 53 pacientes a los que se les diagnóstico infección asociada a la asistencia sanitaria y la muestra quedó representada por 44 pacientes y que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: el sexo masculino 61.4 %, los menores de un año 77.3 %, el rango de 4-6 días 34.1%, la fiebre 41.5%, las bacteriemias 43.2% y las cefalosporinas de 4ta generación fueron los resultados más significativos. Conclusiones: los menores de un año y el sexo masculino fueron los más representados en el estudio, la fiebre fue la manifestación clínica más observada, el rango de estadía hospitalaria de 4-6 días fue el de mayor incidencia, las bacteriemias primarias fueron las predominantes y las cefalosporinas de 4ta generación fue la terapéutica antimicrobiana más utilizada.

Introduction: healthcare-associated infections are considered a major health problem worldwide and have great economic and social repercussions. They appear after 48 hours of hospital stay. They are caused by a wide variety of fungi, bacteria and viruses acquired during health care in the treatment of other conditions. Objective: to characterize infections associated with health care in the Miscellaneous Service of the "Gral Milanés" Teaching Pediatric Provincial Hospital. Methods: a descriptive, observational and retrospective study was conducted in 2019. The universe consisted of 53 patients who were diagnosed with healthcare-associated infection and the sample was represented by 44 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: male sex 61.4%, children under one year 77.3%, the range of 4-6 days 34.1%, fever 41.5%, bacteremia 43.2% and cephalosporins of 4th generation were the most significant results. Conclusions: children under one year of age and males were the most represented in the study, fever was the most observed clinical manifestation, the range of hospital stay of 4-6 days was the one with the highest incidence, primary bacteremia was the predominant and 4th generation cephalosporins was the most used antimicrobial therapeutic.

Introdução: as infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde são consideradas um importante problema de saúde em todo o mundo e têm grande repercussão econômica e social. Aparecem após 48 horas de internação. Eles são causados por uma grande variedade de fungos, bactérias e vírus adquiridos durante os cuidados de saúde no tratamento de outras condições. Objetivo: caracterizar as infecções associadas à assistência à saúde no Serviço de Diversos do Hospital Provincial Pediátrico Universitário "Gral Milanés". Métodos: estudo descritivo, observacional e retrospectivo realizado em 2019. O universo foi composto por 53 pacientes com diagnóstico de infecção relacionada à assistência à saúde e a amostra foi representada por 44 pacientes que preencheram os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Resultados: sexo masculino 61,4%, crianças menores de um ano 77,3%, variação de 4-6 dias 34,1%, febre 41,5%, bacteremia 43,2% e cefalosporinas de 4ª geração foram os resultados mais significativos. Conclusões: crianças menores de um ano e do sexo masculino foram as mais representadas no estudo, febre foi a manifestação clínica mais observada, a faixa de internação de 4-6 dias foi a de maior incidência, bacteremia primária foi a predominante e cefalosporinas de 4ª geração foi a terapêutica antimicrobiana mais utilizada.

Device-associated infections in neonatal care units in a middle-income country, 2016-2018

Abstract Objective: Describe the device-associated infections in the NICUs in Cali - Colombia, a middle-income country, between August 2016 to December 2018. Methods: Observational cross-sectional study evaluating reports of device-associated infections in 10 NICUs in Cali, Colombia, between August 2016 and December 2018. Socio-demographic and microbiological data were obtained from the National Public Health surveillance system, through a specialized notification sheet. The relationship of device-associated infections with several outcomes including birth weight, microorganisms, and mortality was evaluated using OR Cl95%, using the logistic regression model. Data processing was performed using the statistical program STATA 16. Results: 226 device-associated infections were reported. The rate of infection with central line-associated bloodstream infections was 2.62 per 1000 days of device use and 2.32 per 1000 days for ventilator-associated pneumonia. This was higher in neonates under 1000 g; 4.59 and 4.10, respectively. 43.4% of the infections were due to gram-negative bacteria and 42.3% were due to gram-positive bacteria. Time from hospitalization to diagnosis of all device-associated infections had a median of 14 days. When compared by weight, infants with a weight lower than 1000 g had a greater chance of death (OR 3.61; 95% CI 1.53-8.49, p = 0.03). Infection by gram-negative bacteria was associated with a greater chance of dying (OR 3.06 CI 95 1.33-7.06, p = 0.008). Conclusions: These results highlight the need to maintain epidemiological surveillance processes in neonatal intensive care units, especially when medical devices are used.

Factores asociados a las infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos

Introducción: Las infecciones asociadas con la asistencia sanitaria representan un grave problema de salud e impacto económico, elementos que conducen a un aumento en el número de días estancia, agrava el pronóstico del paciente grave y condiciona costo familiar y social. Objetivo: Determinar los principales factores de riesgo asociados a las infecciones relacionadas con la atención médica en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico, tipo casos y controles en la sala de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario "Paquito González Cueto" en pacientes con infecciones relacionadas con los servicios sanitarios, desde enero 2018 a diciembre 2020. Resultados: Predominaron los menores de 4 años fundamentalmente el grupo de 1-4 años con riesgo 2,1 veces mayor para las infecciones con ligero predominio del sexo masculino, prevalecieron los normopesos 31,6 % que presentaron algún déficit nutricional por defecto, con un riesgo de infección de 7,2 veces para desnutridos; 48,3 % de los pacientes tenían un factor intrínseco asociado. Las enfermedades neurológicas crónicas, oncoproliferativas e inmunodeficiencias fueron las más representativas; el uso previo de antibióticos, cateterismo y estadía hospitalaria prolongada fueron los factores extrínsecos que predominaron, con riesgo significativo en casi la totalidad de los pacientes. Conclusiones: Existe asociación con riesgo elevado de infección en niños menores de 4 años, con déficit nutricional por defecto; factores intrínsecos como las enfermedades crónicas con predominio de las neurológicas y factores de riesgo extrínsecos significativos en su mayoría. Esto permite dirigir las estrategias de mejora para disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad.

Introduction: Infections associated with healthcare represent a serious health problem and an economic impact, elements that lead to an increase in the number of days/stay, worsen the prognosis of the seriously ill patient and conditions family and social cost. Objective: To determine the main risk factors associated with healthcare-related infections in the intensive care unit. Methods: Observational, analytical, case-control type study in the intensive care unit of "Paquito González Cueto" University Pediatric Hospital in patients with infections related to health services, from January 2018 to December 2020. Results: Children under 4 years of age predominated, mainly the group of 1-4 years with a 2.1 times higher risk for infections, with a slight predominance of the male sex, the normal weight prevailed (31.6%) who presented some nutritional deficit by default, with a risk of infection of 7.2 times for malnourished; 48.3% of the patients had an associated intrinsic factor. Chronic neurological, onco-proliferative and immunodeficiencies diseases were the most representative; the previous use of antibiotics, catheterization and prolonged hospital stay were the extrinsic factors that predominated, with significant risk in almost all patients. Conclusions: There is an association with an elevated risk of infection in children under 4 years of age, with nutritional deficit by default; intrinsic factors such as chronic diseases with a predominance of neurological diseases and significant extrinsic risk factors. This makes it possible to direct improvement strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Infecciones asociadas a la atención de la Salud en pacientes internados en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en el año 2020

Introducción: La pandemia por coronavirus se diseminó mundialmente con una amplia variedad de presentaciones clínicas. Se reportó que 15% de los pacientes requirió internación en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Estudios epidemiológicos demostraron que pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMi) por SARS-Cov-2 presentan más riesgo de infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud (IAAS). Objetivo: Describir la incidencia IAAS en adultos internados en UCI en VMi del Sanatorio Anchorena San Martín, durante la pandemia en 2020. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, el análisis de normalidad se efectuó mediante test Shapiro-Wilk. El análisis de regresión múltiple se realizó en forma automática, (backward selection). Para la comparación entre grupo COVID-19 y no COVID-19 se utilizó T test o Test de Wilcoxon según correspondiera; y el χ2 o el test exacto de Fisher. Todas las estimaciones de las funciones de incidencia acumuladas fueron realizadas con el paquete cmprsk. Resultados: Se incluyeron 252 pacientes, 40 desarrollaron IAAS (incidencia acumulada de 15,9%), con un total de 60 eventos de IAAS. La edad (OR 0,96), cantidad de accesos venosos centrales (AVC) (OR 2,01), COVID-19 (OR 2,96) y decúbito prono (OR 2,78) se asociaron a IAAS. Desarrollar IAAS se asoció a más días de VMi y estadía en UCI. La incidencia acumulada de IAAS en pacientes NO COVID fue menor que en COVID-19. Días de VMi y mortalidad en UCI fueron mayores en pacientes con COVID. El 29,6% de los pacientes con COVID-19 desarrolló algún tipo de IAAS vs 7,1% en NO COVID. Conclusión: Describimos la incidencia de IAAS en nuestra cohorte. La presencia de COVID-19, AVC, el decúbito prono y estadía en UCI se asociaron con mayor probabilidad de contraer una IAAS.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread fast globally comprising a great variety of clinical presentations. It was reported that 15% of patients required admission to intensive care units (ICU). Previous epidemiological studies have reported higher risk of healthcare-associated infections (HCAI) in those patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (iMV) due to COVID-19. Aim: To analyze the incidence of HCAI in adults under iMV admitted to ICU of Anchorena San Martín Clinic during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Retrospective cohort study, the analysis of normality was carried out using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The multiple regression analysis was performed automatically, based on backward elimination of the variables (backward selection). For the comparison between the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups, the T test or Wilcoxon test was used, as appropriate; and the χ2 or Fisher's exact test. All cumulative incidence function estimates were made with the cmprsk package. Results: 252 patients were included, 40 patients developed HCAI (accumulated incidence was 15.9%), counting for 60 total HCAI events. Age (OR 0.96), number of central venous access devices (CVAD) (OR 2.01), COVID-19 (OR 2.96) and prone positioning (OR 2.78) were associated with HCAI. HCAI was associated with more days of iMV and ICU stay. The accumulated incidence of HCAI in non-COVID-19 patients was lower than in COVID-19 patients. iMV days and mortality were higher in COVID-19. 29.6% of COVID-19 patients developed HCAIs vs 7.1% of non-COVID-19 ones. Conclusión: We describe the incidence of HCAI. Age, COVID-19, CVAD, prone positioning and ICU stay were associated with higher probability of HCAIs.

Diagnóstico microbiológico de infección por Clostridioides difficile en épocas de COVID-19 en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad / Microbiological diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile infection in times of COVID-19 in a high complexity pediatric hospital

Resumen La infección por Clostridioides difficile (ICD) puede variar desde diarrea hasta megacolon tóxico. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron mostrar la variación en el número de casos diagnosticados de ICD en este laboratorio entre 2020, cuando comenzó la pandemia de COVID-19 y 2019 y 2021 y detallar los casos precedidos por la infección de SARS-CoV-2. El presente es un estudio retrospectivo observacional en el que se registraron el número total de muestras procesadas con sospecha de ICD y el de positivas y los antecedentes clínicos de pacientes con ICD hasta dos meses después de su diagnóstico de COVID-19. Durante 2020 se procesaron menos muestras que en 2019 y 2021; sin embargo, el porcentaje de positividad fue de 13,1%, 7,2% y 7,8%, respectivamente. Esto pudo deberse a mejoras en el criterio clínico al momento de seleccionar las muestras con sospecha de ICD.

Abstract Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) can cause anything from diarrhea to toxic megacolon. The objectives of this study were: to show the variation in the number of diagnosed cases of CDI in this center, comparing 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic began, with 2019 and 2021 and to detail cases preceded by SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is an observational retrospective study in which the total number of samples processed with suspected CDI were recorded. The positive ones and the clinical history of patients with a diagnosis of CDI up to two months after their diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection were recorded as well. During 2020 a smaller number of samples were processed. However, during this year the percentage of positivity was 13.1% vs. 7,2% and 7.8% during 2019 and 2021, respectively. It is believed that this may have been due to improvements in clinical suspicion and sample selection for CDI diagnosis.

Resumo A infecção por Clostridioides difficile (ICD) pode causar desde diarreia até megacólon tóxico. Os objetivos desta apresentação foram: mostrar a variação do número de casos diagnosticados de ICD neste laboratório, entre 2020 quando começou a pandemia de COVID-19 e 2019 e 2021 e, detalhar os casos precedidos pela infecção por SARS-CoV-2. Esse estudo foi retrospectivo observacional e foram registrados: o número total de amostras processadas com suspeita de ICD e de amostras positivas e os antecedentes clínicos daqueles pacientes com diagnóstico de ICD até dois meses após o diagnóstico de COVID 19. Durante 2020, foram processadas menos amostras do que em 2019 e 2021; no entanto, o percentual de positividade foi de 13,1%, 7,2% e 7,8%, respectivamente. Isso pode ter sido resultado de melhorias no critério clínico na hora de selecionar as amostras com suspeita de ICD.

Caracterización de especies de Acinetobacter causantes de infecciones en hospitales cubanos / Characterization of Acinetobacter species, contributors to infections in Cuban hospitals

Introducción: Acinetobacter spp. constituye un patógeno relevante en Cuba. El complejo Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus es la principal especie causante de infecciones graves. Se aísla frecuentemente en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) y exhibe una elevada resistencia a la mayoría de los antibióticos disponibles, incluidos los carbapenémicos. Objetivo: Caracterizar los aislados de Acinetobacter obtenidos de pacientes ingresados en hospitales cubanos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en el Laboratorio de Infecciones Asociadas a la Asistencia Sanitaria del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, que incluyó 278 aislados conservados durante junio de 2011 a julio de 2012, pertenecientes a la colección de cultivos del laboratorio y procedentes de 21 hospitales, distribuidos en nueve provincias. Las especies se identificaron mediante pruebas bioquímicas y se determinó la susceptibilidad a 18 antibióticos por el método de Bauer-Kirby, excepto la colistina, cuya determinación se realizó por el E-test (método epsilométrico). Las variables analizadas fueron: especie de Acinetobacter, tipo de muestra, tipo de servicio hospitalario, susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos y categorización de la multirresistencia a los antimicrobianos. Resultados: Predominó el complejo Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus, fundamentalmente en muestras de secreción endotraqueal y sangre. Las UCI y unidades de quemados fueron los servicios hospitalarios más afectados. Se detectaron porcentajes elevados de resistencia para los betalactámicos (76-94 por ciento), aminoglucósidos (66-80 por ciento) y fluoroquinolonas (60-89 por ciento). La tetraciclina, doxiciclina y colistina resultaron los antimicrobianos más activos. El 73,5 por ciento de los aislados fueron multidrogorresistentes, el 26,1 por ciento extremodrogorresistentes y un aislado resultó pandrogorresistente (0,4 por ciento). Conclusiones: Las infecciones provocadas por Acinetobacter spp. constituyen un grave problema de salud en los hospitales cubanos. Los aislados se caracterizaron por una elevada resistencia a los antibióticos disponibles y revelan la necesidad del monitoreo continuo de la susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos, además del reforzamiento de las medidas de control, principalmente en las UCI(AU)

Introduction: Acinetobacter spp. is a relevant pathogen in Cuba. The Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex is the main cause of severe infections. It is frequently isolated in intensive care units (ICU) and exhibits high resistance to most available antibiotics, including carbapenems. Objective: To characterize the Acinetobacter isolates collected from patients admitted to Cuban hospitals. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at the Healthcare-Associated Infections Laboratory of "Pedro Kourí" Tropical Medicine Institute. The study included 278 isolates from 21 hospitals located in 9 provinces, stored from June 2011 to July 2012 in the culture collection of the laboratory. Species identification was based on biochemical tests and the susceptibility to 18 antibiotics was determined by the Bauer-Kirby method, except for colistin, for which the E-test (epsilometric method) was used. The variables under analysis were: Acinetobacter species, type of sample, type of healthcare service, antimicrobial susceptibility, and antimicrobial multi-resistance categorization. Results: Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex prevailed, mainly in endotracheal fluid and blood samples. The ICU and the burn unit were the most affected healthcare services. High resistance percentages were observed to beta-lactams (76-94%), aminoglycosides (66-80%), and fluoroquinolones (60-89%). Tetracycline, doxycycline, and colistin were the most active antimicrobials. Multi-drug-resistance was observed in 73.5% of isolates, extensively-drug-resistance in 26.1%, and pan-drug-resistance in one isolate (0.4%). Conclusions: Infections by Acinetobacter spp. constitute a serious health problem in the Cuban hospitals. High resistance to available antibiotics characterizes the isolates, which evidences the need to constantly monitor antimicrobial susceptibility and to reinforce the control measures, mainly in the ICUs.

Copper-based fabric for healthcare professionals to prevent healthcare-associated infections: A futuristic/dreamed uniform

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) have a major impact on public health worldwide. Till now, we are relying on hand washing and environmental disinfection, but the compliance rate of hand washing and adequate supply of materials is always a catch. Alongside patients, surfaces and supplies act as reservoirs of microorganisms in healthcare settings. The reduction in organisms may prove to be an effective strategy to decline HAIs. The use of gold and silver in commercial textiles is prohibited because of the high cost rather than having excellent antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, so copper has become the best choice for researchers as it possesses similar properties to gold and silver and has other characteristics such as its durability, corrosion resistance, prestigious appearance, and ability to form complex shapes. It has been found that copper brings down the microbial burden of high-touch surfaces in healthcare settings. The fundamental properties of copper offer a theoretical advantage to regular cleaning, as the effect is continuous rather than episodic. So the use of copper-impregnated textiles in hospital areas whether in form of bed linen or uniforms for health professionals, as well as patients, can be a viable alternative to decline the levels of infection in healthcare settings, and with the discovery of copper-encapsulated hospital beds and fabrics, dividends will likely be paid in improved patient outcomes, lives saved, and healthcare cost saved. The application of copper in fabrics for healthcare professionals will be a sound initiative to prevent HAIs. The fabric may help decline the infection rate and mortality among hospitalized patients.

Effectiveness of educational interventions in improving knowledge and practice regarding infection prevention and control among healthcare workers.

Introduction: Rise of major Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) can be mitigated by inculcating good infection control practices which can only be possible by proper and timely educational training of healthcare workers. Aim: To reinforce infection prevention and control knowledge and practices of nursing staff through proper training program- To conduct the training in multiple sessions, to assess the immediate outcome of training program by conducting Pre and Post test (in written format only) Materials and Methods: This study was done in a tertiary care hospital in Davangere, Karnataka over a period of 2 years. Healthcare workers including 144 nurses and 12 doctors underwent training in four sessions where knowledge on how to identify, audit and conduct surveillance of major healthcare associated infections, management of needlestick injuries were imparted through interactive lectures and video demonstrations followed by hands on hand hygiene, proper use and disposal of personal protective equipments. Pre and Post test were given to know their basal knowledge and effect of our training intervention. Data was collected, analyzed and tabulated. Results: Out of four sessions covering a total of 144 nurses, 84 were trained before the onset of COVID-19 and remaining 60 were trained in the latter half of 2021, when the lockdown was relaxed in our region. The mean total Knowledge score in pre test and post test was 5.93 � 1.336 and 7.95 � 1.040. The mean difference was -2.021 and it was statistically significant by paired test. (p - 0.001). The mean total practice pretest and post test score was 3.57 � 1.48 and 4.56 � 1.114. Paired t test showed significant mean difference between the pretest and post test score. (p - 0.001). Conclusion: Our training intervention was effective in increasing their awareness on proper infection prevention and control practices. Repeated training and retraining of healthcare care workers have to be carried out to prevent and control healthcare associated infections.

Fatores de sucesso em colaborativa para redução de infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde em unidades de terapia intensiva no Nordeste do Brasil / Success factors of a collaborative project to reduce healthcare-associated infections in intensive care units in Northeastern Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a implementação e os resultados da colaborativa PROADI-SUS, do Ministério da Saúde Brasileiro, para redução das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde: pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica, infecção primária da corrente sanguínea associada ao cateter venoso central e infecção do trato urinário associada ao cateter vesical de demora. Métodos: Estudo observacional prospectivo que pesquisou as etapas da implementação e dos resultados por 18 meses, em cinco unidades de terapia intensiva de Recife. As reduções de infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde em cada unidade foram calculadas pelas medianas anteriores comparadas ao período do estudo. Resultados: A meta de redução das três infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde, ou seja, 30% em 18 meses, foi obtida em no mínimo uma das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde nas cinco unidades de terapia intensiva, sendo ainda atingida para duas infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde em dois hospitais e nas três infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde em apenas um hospital; este último atingiu a meta prevista para 36 meses. Foram ações consideradas essenciais pelas equipes gestoras locais a implantação dos bundles e o acompanhamento dos resultados pelos profissionais. Também, aquisição de insumos e disponibilização junto aos leitos, sinalização, checklists, conscientização da equipe, adaptação, criação de times, treinamento e comemoração de conquistas foram avaliados como relevantes para redução das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde. Conclusão: A colaborativa reduziu infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde, apesar da adesão parcial aos bundles. A hipótese é a de que o êxito se relacione com a metodologia do projeto e equipes multiprofissionais motivadas, especialmente a enfermagem.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the implementation and results of the collaborative PROADI-SUS project by the Brazilian Ministry of Health to reduce healthcare-associated infections: ventilator-associated pneumonia, primary central line-associated bloodstream infection and catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Methods: This was a prospective observational study that investigated the implementation stages and outcomes during 18 months in five intensive care units in the city of Recife. Reductions in healthcare-associated infections in each unit were calculated using previous medians compared to those of the study period. Results: The goal of reducing the three healthcare-associated infections, i.e., 30% in 18 months, was achieved in at least one of the healthcare-associated infections and was also achieved for two healthcare-associated infections in two hospitals and three healthcare-associated infections in just one hospital; the latter reached the target of 36 months. Implementing the bundles and monitoring the results by the professionals were considered essential actions by the local management teams. In addition, the acquisition of supplies and their availability alongside the beds, signage, checklists, staff awareness, adaptation, team building, training and celebration of achievements were assessed as being relevant for reducing healthcare-associated infections. Conclusion: The collaborative approach reduced healthcare-associated infections, despite partial adherence to the bundles. The hypothesis is that success is related to the project methodology and motivated multidisciplinary teams, especially nursing teams.

Deep Learning-based Risk Prediction Model for Postoperative Healthcare-associated Infections / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To develop a risk prediction model combining pre/intraoperative risk factors and intraoperative vital signs for postoperative healthcare-associated infection(HAI)based on deep learning. Methods We carried out a retrospective study based on two randomized controlled trials(NCT02715076,ChiCTR-IPR-17011099).The patients who underwent elective radical resection of advanced digestive system tumor were included in this study.The primary outcome was HAI within 30 days after surgery.Logistic regression analysis and long short-term memory(LSTM)model based on iteratively occluding sections of the input were used for feature selection.The risk prediction model for postoperative HAI was developed based on deep learning,combining the selected pre/intraoperative risk factors and intraoperative vital signs,and was evaluated by comparison with other models.Finally,we adopted the simulated annealing algorithm to simulatively adjust the vital signs during surgery,trying to explore the adjustment system that can reduce the risk of HAI. Results A total of 839 patients were included in this study,of which 112(13.3%)developed HAI within 30 days after surgery.The selected pre/intraoperative risk factors included neoadjuvant chemotherapy,parenteral nutrition,esophagectomy,gastrectomy,colorectal resection,pancreatoduodenectomy,hepatic resection,intraoperative blood loss>500 ml,and anesthesia time>4 h.The intraoperative vital signs significantly associated with HAI were in an order of heart rate>core body temperature>systolic blood pressure>diastolic blood pressure.Compared with multivariable Logistic regression model,random forest model,and LSTM model including vital signs only,this deep learning-based prediction model performed best(ACC=0.733,F1=0.237,AUC=0.728).The simulation via simulated annealing algorithm reduced the incidence of postoperative HAI.Moreover,the incidence decreased most in the case of reducing the initial annealing temperature and choosing the last 20% of surgery procedure. Conclusions This study developed a risk prediction model for postoperative HAI based on deep learning,which combined pre/intraoperative risk factors and intraoperative basic vital signs.Using simulated annealing algorithm to adjust intraoperative vital signs could reduce the incidence of postoperative HAI to some extent.