Changes in Height and Body Weight Within a Time Period of 35 Years in Males of the Same Age / Cambios en la Altura y el Peso Corporal en un Período de 35 Años en Hombres de la Misma Edad

SUMMARY: Height and body weight measurements are among the most important anthropometric variables when assessing a population's growth, development and body composition. This study aimed to evaluate the height and body weight variability of male entities aged 17-18 years within 35 years. This goal was realized by comparing the height and body weight of the population of the same gender and age in three different time studies. The descriptive statistical parameters and T-test for independent groups show systematic and significant differences in measured variables between three measurements in different timelines. Both in body height and body weight, from measurement to measurement, significant systematic and statistically significant differences (p<0.01) have been identified (1985: BH= 172.8cm, BW= 61.7kg; 2004: BH=176.8 cm, BW=66.9 kg; 2019: BH=178.5 cm, BW=72 kg). The results of this study prove that the change in the socio-economic status of a population over a period time of 35 years can significantly affect the growth and development of children/adolescents.

Las medidas de altura y peso corporal se encuentran entre las variables antropométricas más importantes a la hora de evaluar el crecimiento, el desarrollo y la composición corporal de una población. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la variabilidad de la altura y el peso corporal de entidades masculinas de 17 a 18 años dentro de 35 años. Este objetivo se logró comparando la altura y el peso corporal de la población del mismo sexo y edad en tres estudios temporales diferentes. Los parámetros estadísticos descriptivos y la prueba T para grupos independientes muestran diferencias sistemáticas y significativas en las variables medidas entre tres mediciones en diferentes líneas de tiempo. Tanto en la altura como en el peso corporal, de medición en medición, se han identificado diferencias significativas sistemáticas y estadísticamente significativas (p<0,01) (1985: BH= 172,8 cm, BW= 61,7 kg; 2004: BH=176,8 cm, BW=66,9 kg; 2019: BH=178,5 cm, BW=72 kg). Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que el cambio en el estatus socioeconómico de una población durante un período de 35 años puede afectar significativamente el crecimiento y desarrollo de niños/ adolescentes.

Evaluation of the treatment effect on sinus elevation and implant restoration in cases with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis after tooth extraction / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to insufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS) and to provide a reference for use in clinical practice.@*Methods@#This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained from the patients. Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area (the study group). Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group. Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without "OMS" in the maxillary posterior area (the control group), and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group. In the study group, 13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation, and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation. In the control group, 8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation. Restorations were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery. The patients were followed up 21 days, 3 months, and 8 months after implantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations. The sinus bone gain (SBG), apical bone height (ABL) and marginal bone loss (MBL) were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration.@*Results@#The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was (1.556 ± 0.693) mm, which was significantly larger than that in the control group (1.229 ± 0.425) mm (P<0.001). There were no perforations in either group. Twenty-four months after restoration, there was no significant difference in the SBG, ABH or MBL between the two groups (P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS, the inflammation of the maxillary sinus decreased, and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree. The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.

Growth retardation and its influencing factors in infants aged 0‒3 in Minhang District， Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the detection rate and main influencing factors of growth retardation in infants aged 0-3 in Minhang District， and to provide relevant evidence for early intervention， nutrition promotion and health guidance in the future. MethodsFrom September 1， 2020 to August 31， 2021， the height， weight， basic information of parents， feeding methods， and lifestyle habits of infants who received systematic healthcare aged 0‒3 in community health service centers and Minhang maternal child health hospital were collected， and the current situation and influencing factors of infant growth retardation were analyzed. ResultsAmong the 68 637 infants who underwent a systematic physical examination in Minhang District， the total detection rate of growth retardation was 5.03% （3 453/68 637）. The detection rates in the 0-year-old， 1-year-old， 2-year-old， and 3-year-old groups were 6.57% （1 636/24 885）， 3.90% （664/17 031）， 4.62% （827/17 905）， and 3.72% （326/8 773）， respectively. There was no difference in the detection rate of growth retardation between boys and girls （P>0.05）， and a multinomial logistic regression analysis of 13 influencing factors （infant birth weight， birth length， parental weight， height， education level， mother’s childbearing age， delivery mode， household registration， feeding mode within 6 months， infant sleep， etc.） in univariate analysis showed that birth weight <2 500 g （OR=3.99， 95%CI： 2.809‒5.674） or ≥4 000 g （OR=12.78， 95%CI： 8.868‒18.443）， maternal height <150 cm （OR=7.10， 95%CI： 4.294‒11.753）， paternal height <160 cm （OR=5.65， 95%CI： 2.792‒11.422）， maternal education level of junior high school and below （OR=1.31， 95%CI： 1.087‒1.588）， paternal education level of junior high school and below （OR=1.02， 95%CI： 0.838‒1.236）， mixed feeding （OR=1.15， 95%CI： 1.031‒1.288）， and sleep duration exceeding the recommended time （OR=1.58， 95%CI： 1.466‒1.710） were risk factors for growth retardation in infants aged 0‒3. Infants with a birth length <50 cm or with household registration in Shanghai had a higher incidence of growth retardation. ConclusionGrowth retardation in infants aged 0‒3 is influenced by a combination of genetic， environmental， and sleep factors. It is essential for parents to realize the impact of growth retardation on the future of their children early on and actively participate in the early detection， screening， and intervention of growth retardation.

The effect of anastrozole therapy on final height and sex hormone levels in pubertal boys receiving growth hormone therapy

ABSTRACT Objective: This research aimed to evaluate retrospectively the effect of anastrozole on height gain and sex hormone levels in pubertal boys receiving growth hormone (GH). Materials and methods: Pubertal boys who received both GH and anastrozole (GH+A) were one-to-one matched with boys who received only GH (GH-Only) for chronological and bone age, pubertal stage and height before the GH initiation, treatment duration and midparental height. Anthropometric measurements throughout treatment and adult heights were compared between the groups. Sex hormone levels were evaluated longitudinally in the GH+A group. Results: Forty-eight cases (24 in each group) were included. There was no statistical difference in adult height between the GH+A and GH-Only (p = 0.071). However, when the analysis was limited to those receiving anastrozole for at least 2 years, mean adult height was higher in the GH+A than in the GH-Only group (173.1 ± 6.2/169.8 ± 5.6 cm, p = 0.044). Despite similar growth rates between the two groups, bone age advancement was slower in the GH+A than in the GH-Only in a mean anastrozole treatment period of 1.59 years (1.37 ± 0.80/1.81 ± 0.98 years, p = 0.001). The greatest increase for FSH, LH, total and free testosterone and decrease for estradiol levels were observed in the third month after anastrozole was started, albeit remaining within the normal ranges according to the actual pubertal stages. Conclusions: Using anastrozole with GH for at least 2 years decelerates the bone age advancement resulting in adult height gain with no abnormality in sex hormone levels. These results suggest anastrozole can be used as an additional treatment to GH for further height gain in pubertal boys.

Considerations on the improvement of height benefit in children with central precocious puberty / 中国当代儿科杂志

With the changes in various factors such as genetics and the environment, the incidence of childhood precocious puberty has been gradually increasing. Improving height is one of the key issues in the clinical management of precocious puberty. Currently, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) remain the preferred treatment for precocious puberty, but their effect on height improvement is influenced by multiple factors, which may result in lower-than-expected height benefits. Combining recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy with GnRHa treatment is an alternative strategy to enhance the efficacy of GnRHa, but there is still no clear recommendation regarding the timing of their combination. Considering the current status of precocious puberty treatment, it is crucial to reevaluate the effects of GnRHa monotherapy and combination therapy with rhGH on height improvement. This article discusses strategies such as combination therapy indications to guide clinical medication and help children with precocious puberty achieve optimal height benefits.

Repercusión del síndrome metabólico sobre el crecimiento de fetos de ratas Wistar / Repercussion of the metabolic syndrome on the growth of Wistar rat fetuses

Introducción: El síndrome metabólico es un conjunto de anomalías metabólicas como obesidad, dislipidemia, intolerancia a la glucosa e hipertensión arterial. Se realizó estudio experimental, longitudinal prospectivo en la Unidad de Toxicología Experimental de Villa Clara, periodo septiembre del 2016 y julio del 2019. Objetivo: Evaluar las modificaciones del crecimiento de los fetos de ratas con síndrome metabólico, con respecto al grupo control. Métodos: Se crearon dos grupos, uno de control y otro de estudio con síndrome metabólico inducido. Las variables estudiadas fueron: peso, talla y diámetros craneanos. Se utilizó el programa Excel 2010 y el SPSS versión 15.0 para Windows, la prueba Chi Cuadrado, y como estadístico de decisión, la significación de Monte Carlo. Resultados: Los fetos de ratas con síndrome metabólico inducido tuvieron mayor peso y talla. Conclusiones: El síndrome metabólico influyó en la ganancia del peso y la talla en los fetos en vida prenatal, al incrementar la probabilidad de macrosomía al momento del nacimiento.

Introduction: metabolic syndrome is a group of metabolic abnormalities such as obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and arterial hypertension. An experimental, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out in the Villa Clara Experimental Toxicology Unit from September 2016 to July 2019. Objective: to evaluate the changes in the growth of rat fetuses with metabolic syndrome, with respect to the control group. Methods: two groups with induced metabolic syndrome were created, one for control and the other for study. Weight, height and cranial diameters were the studied variables. The Excel 2010 program and SPSS version 15.0 for Windows and the Chi Square test were used, as well as the Monte Carlo significance as statistical decision. Results: rat fetuses with induced metabolic syndrome had greater weight and height. Conclusions: the metabolic syndrome influenced the weight and height gain in prenatal fetuses, increasing the probability of macrosomia at birth.

Relación entre la Temperatura de Superficie, la Composición Corporal e Indicadores Antropométricos de Obesidad y Sobrepeso / Relationship Between Surface Temperature, Body Composition and Anthropometric Indicators of Obesity and Overweight

La termografía por infrarrojo (TI) permite evaluar la temperatura corporal, medir los cambios en la disipación del calor corporal en superficie y relacionarlos con las características de composición corporal e índices antropométricos. Aumentar el número de registros de zonas corporales evaluadas con TI y establecer las relaciones de estas temperaturas (32 áreas corporales) con variables de composición corporal e índices antropométricos, como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), índice cintura cadera, índice cintura estatura, en hombres adultos divididos según su estado ponderal. Participaron 60 hombres, adultos sanos, divididos en 2 grupos: grupo 1 (n=30), con IMC ≤ 24,9, edad 23,2 ± 3,9 años, masa corporal 66,5 ± 6,5 kg, y talla 170,5 ± 7,4 cm; y, grupo 2 (n= 30), con IMC > 24,9, edad 29,4 ± 9,9 años, masa corporal 84,5 ± 11,9 kg, y talla 172,0 ± 7,18 cm. Se realizaron evaluaciones antropométricas y de TI. Sujetos con IMC ≤ 24,9 kg/ m2 presentaron valores mayores de temperatura superficial, en todas las zonas estudiadas, a diferencia de los sujetos con niveles de IMC > 24,9 kg/m2, donde la disipación del calor corporal fue menor. Existe una estrecha relación entre la temperatura superficial de la piel y el IMC, donde sujetos con un IMC normal mostraron una disipación de calor y valores de temperatura superficial mayores, en todas las zonas evaluadas, a diferencia de los sujetos con un IMC que se encontraba por encima del límite de normalidad.

SUMMARY: Infrared thermography (IT) makes it possible to assess body temperature, measure changes in body heat dissipation on the surface, and relate them to body composition characteristics and anthropometric indices. The objective of this study was to increase the number of records of body areas evaluated with IT and establish the relationships of these temperatures (32 body areas) with body composition variables and anthropometric indices, such as body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, in adult men divided according to their weight status. A total of 60 healthy adult men participated, divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n=30), with a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 24.9, age 23.2 ± 3.9 years, body mass 66.5 ± 6.5 kg, and height 170.5 ± 7.4 cm; and, group 2 (n = 30), with BMI > 24.9, age 29.4 ± 9.9 years, body mass 84.5 ± 11.9 kg, and height 172.0 ± 7.18 cm. Anthropometric and IT assessments were performed. Subjects with BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/ m2 presented higher values of surface temperature in all areas studied, unlike subjects with BMI levels > 24.9 kg/m2, where body heat dissipation was lower. There is a close relationship between skin surface temperature and BMI, where subjects with a normal BMI showed higher heat dissipation and surface temperature values, in all evaluated areas, unlike subjects with a BMI that was above the normal limit.

Liver Size and its Correlation with Anthropometric Parameters and Age / El Tamaño del Hígado y su Correlación con los Parámetros Antropométricos y la Edad

SUMMARY: The liver has over 500 physiological and biochemical roles in our organism so checking of liver size and function is a part of every clinical examination. Aim of our research was to estimate liver size on computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen images and to determinate relations between liver dimensions and anthropometric parameters. The research included 99 patients, 49 men and 50 women, who were referred for CT of abdomen. We measured body height (BH) and body mass (BM), and calculated body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA). Also, on CT images we measured anteroposterior (AP), laterolateral (LL) and two craniocaudal liver diameters (one at the level of midclavicular line - CCmcl, and the other was maximal - CCmax). Liver volume (LV) was calculated with formula. Our results showed that AP diameter positively correlated with BSA (r=0.30) in women. LL diameter positively correlated with BH (r=0.43), and BSA (0.31) in men. CCmcl diameter positively correlated with BH (r=0.33), BM (r=0.31), and BSA (r=0.34) in men, while in women it correlated only with BH (r=0.38). CCmax diameter positively correlated with BH (r=0.33) and BSA (r=0.33) in men. LV positively correlated with BH and BSA in both men (r=0.36, r=0.33, respectively) and women (r=0.42, r=0.31, respectively), and in men also with BM (r=0.34). LL, CCmcl, CCmax, and LV negatively correlated with aging in both sexes After the age of 60, there was a decrease in size of LL, CC diameters, as well as in LV. We concluded that liver dimensions decrease with aging, regardless of sex at the expanse of LL and CC diameters which are related to the size of body parameters, so that for a precise evaluation of liver size all three diameters should be measured, LV as well as BH, BM, and BSA.

El hígado desempeña más de 500 funciones fisiológicas y bioquímicas en nuestro organismo, por lo que comprobar el tamaño y la función de este órgano es parte de cada examen clínico. El objetivo de nuestra investigación fue estimar el tamaño del hígado mediante tomografía computarizada (TC) de imágenes del abdomen y determinar las relaciones entre las dimensiones del hígado y los parámetros antropométricos. La investigación incluyó a 99 pacientes, 49 hombres y 50 mujeres, que fueron remitidos para TC de abdomen. Medimos la altura corporal (BH) y la masa corporal (BM), y calculamos el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y el área de superficie corporal (BSA). Además, en las imágenes de TC medimos los diámetros hepáticos anteroposterior (AP), laterolateral (LL) y dos craneocaudales (uno a nivel de la línea medioclavicular - CCmcl, y el diámetro máximo - CCmax). El volumen del hígado (VI) se calculó con una fórmula. Nuestros resultados mostraron que el diámetro AP se correlacionó positivamente con BSA (r = 0,30) en mujeres. El diámetro de LL se correlacionó positivamente con BH (r=0,43) y BSA (0,31) en hombres. El diámetro CCmcl se correlacionó positivamente con BH (r=0,33), BM (r=0,31) y BSA (r=0,34) en hombres, mientras que en mujeres se correlacionó solo con BH (r=0,38). El diámetro CCmax se correlacionó positivamente con BH (r=0,33) y BSA (r=0,33) en hombres. El VI se correlacionó positivamente con BH y BSA tanto en hombres (r=0,36, r=0,33, respectivamente) como en mujeres (r=0,42, r=0,31, respectivamente), y en hombres también con BM (r=0,34). LL, CCmcl, CCmax y LV se correlacionaron negativamente con el envejecimiento en ambos sexos. Después de los 60 años, hubo una disminución en el tamaño de los diámetros LL, CC y LV. Concluimos que las dimensiones del hígado disminuyen con la edad, independientemente del sexo, en la extensión de los diámetros LL y CC que están relacionados con el tamaño de los parámetros corporales, por lo que para una evaluación precisa del tamaño del hígado se debe medir LV como BH, BM y BSA.

Relación entre Índices Antropométricos de Obesidad y Condición Física en Escolares de 9 a 14 Años de la Región de Valparaíso, Chile / Relationship Between Anthropometric Indices of Obesity and Physical Condition in Schoolchildren Aged 9 to 14 Years From the Valparaíso Region, Chile

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron 1) describir factores antropométricos asociados a la obesidad y pruebas de condición física junto con 2) determinar la correlación entre estas variables en un grupo de escolares provenientes de la región de Valparaíso. Participaron un total de 109 escolares divididos por sexo y por grupos de edad. Los escolares fueron divididos en dos grupos entre 9 a 11 años (24 hombres= 47,98 ± 10,4 kg; 145,73 ± 7,3 cm; 25 mujeres= 45,06 ± 11,1 kg; 145,30 ± 6,6 cm) y entre 12 a 14 años (24 hombres= 54,85 ± 13,2 kg; 158,42 ± 8,8 cm; 36 mujeres= 52,21 ± 9,1 kg; 155,36 ± 6,1 cm). Se realizaron evaluaciones de la condición física utilizadas en el proceso de evaluación del Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de la Educación (SIMCE) de educación física para escolares chilenos. Estas evaluaciones incluyeron parámetros de flexibilidad, carrera, salto horizontal, y resistencia muscular. Junto con esto, se evaluaron variables antropométricas como peso, estatura y perímetro de cintura para establecer índices antropométricos de obesidad como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el perímetro de cintura (PC) y el índice de cintura estatura (ICE). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de hombres de los diferentes grupos de edad en las pruebas de condición física, resistencia muscular abdominal (p = 0,001), salto horizontal (p = 0,002) y prueba de carrera (p = 0,003). Entre los grupos de mujeres se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables de condición física, salto horizontal (p = 0,002) y carrera (p = 0,003). Tanto en hombres como en mujeres del grupo de 9 a 11 años se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre las variables antropométricas con pruebas de salto horizontal y capacidad de carrera (p = 0,03, r = -0,42 - 0,83, moderado a muy fuerte). En este mismo grupo solo las mujeres presentaron una correlación significativa entre parámetros antropométricos y la prueba de resistencia muscular en flexo extensiones de codo (p < 0,05, r = -0,42 - -0,52, moderado a fuerte) y abdominales (p < 0,05, r = -0,57 - -0,60, fuerte). Para el grupo entre 12 y 14 años se obtuvieron correlaciones negativas entre el ICE y la prueba de carrera en hombres (p < 0,016, r = -0,48, moderado), PC y la prueba de carrera en mujeres (p < 0,011, r = -0,41, moderado). Sólo en mujeres fue posible encontrar correlaciones significativas entre PC, IMC e ICE con salto horizontal (p < 0,05, r = 0,38 - 0,48, moderado). Los resultados sugieren una correlación negativa entre parámetros antropométricos de exceso de peso corporal y el rendimiento en pruebas físicas, siendo en el grupo de mayor edad las mujeres quienes presentan mayor cantidad de correlaciones significativas entre variables. Estos datos refuerzan la importancia de incluir abordajes integrales en las clases de educación física considerando estilos de vida activos y saludables en conjunto con la promoción de la actividad física.

SUMMARY: The objectives of this study were 1) to describe anthropometric factors associated with obesity and physical fitness tests and 2) to determine the correlation between these variables in a group of schoolchildren from the Valparaíso region. A total of 109 schoolchildren divided by sex and age groups participated. The schoolchildren were divided into two groups between 9 to 11 years (24 males = 47,98 ± 10,4 kg; 145,73 ± 7,3 cm; 25 females = 45,06 ± 11,1 kg; 145,30 ± 6,6 cm) and between 12 to 14 years (24 males = 54,85 ± 13,2 kg; 158,42 ± 8,8 cm; 36 females = 52,21 ± 9,1 kg; 155,36 ± 6,1 cm). Physical fitness assessments used by the Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de la Educación (SIMCE) evaluation process for physical education for Chilean schoolchildren were performed. These assessments included flexibility, sprint capacity, horizontal jump, and muscular endurance parameters. In addition, anthropometric variables such as weight, height and waist circumference were evaluated to establish anthropometric indices of obesity such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-height index (WHI). Significant differences were found between the groups of men in the different age groups in the physical fitness tests, abdominal muscular endurance (p = 0.001), horizontal jump (p = 0.002), sprint test (p = 0.003) and the anthropometric index BMI (p = 0.048). Among the female groups, significant differences were only found in the physical condition variables, horizontal jump (p = 0.002) and sprint (p = 0.003). In both males and females in the 9- to 11- year-old group, significant correlations were found between anthropometric variables and tests of horizontal jumping and sprint ability (p = 0.03, r = -0.42 - 0.83, moderate to very high). In this same group, only females presented a significant correlation between anthropometric parameters and muscular endurance tests in elbow flexion (p < 0.05, r = -0.42 - -0.52, moderate to high) and abdominals (p < 0.05, r = -0.57 - -0.60, high). For the group between 12 and 14 years, negative correlations were obtained between WHI and the sprint test in males (p < 0.016, r = -0.48, moderate), WC and the sprint test in females (p < 0.011, r = -0.41, moderate). Only in women was it possible to find significant correlations between WC, BMI and ICE with a horizontal jump (p < 0.05, r = 0.38 - 0.48, moderate). The results suggest a negative correlation between anthropometric parameters of excess body weight and performance on physical tests, with women in the older age group presenting the highest number of significant correlations between variables. These data reinforce the importance of including integral approaches in physical education classes that consider active and healthy lifestyles together with the promotion of physical activity.

Tratamiento con hormona de crecimiento en niños nacidos pequeños para la edad gestacional. Experiencia de un centro / Growth hormone treatment in small for gestational age children. A single-center experience

Introducción. Los pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG) suelen tener una talla final 1 DE bajo la media. Se diferencian tres grupos según antropometría al nacimiento: de peso reducido (PRN), de longitud reducida (LRN) o ambos. Objetivos. Describir las características de los pacientes PEG atendidos en el Servicio de Endocrinología Pediátrica de un hospital de tercer nivel, y analizar la evolución de niños PEG sin crecimiento recuperador a los 4 años de edad, en tratamiento con hormona del crecimiento (GH), según su diagnóstico. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes PEG atendidos desde 2004 hasta 2021. Resultados. Se estudiaron 89 PEG; 44/89 iniciaron tratamiento con GH (11/44 PRN, 8/44 LRN y 25/44 ambos). La edad media al diagnóstico fue de 3,87 años; la talla media al inicio del tratamiento fue de -2,99 DE en los PEG diagnosticados por PRN, -2,85 DE en aquellos diagnosticados por LRN y -3,17 DE en los diagnosticados por bajo PRN y LRN. La talla final fue de -1,77, -1,52 y -1,23 DE, respectivamente, lo que supone una ganancia total de 1,22, 1,33 y 1,93 DE, respectivamente, alcanzando así su talla diana con una diferencia de 0,36 ± 0,08 DE. Conclusión. Menos de la mitad de los PEG derivados a la consulta precisaron tratamiento con GH, por no tener la edad de 4 años aún, o haber completado el crecimiento recuperador. Aquellos pacientes PEG según peso y longitud al nacimiento presentaron percentiles peores al diagnóstico y una mayor respuesta a GH.

Introduction. Small for gestational age (SGA) children usually have a final height of 1 SD below the mean. Three groups are established based on anthropometric characteristics at birth: low birth weight (LBW), short birth length (SBL), or both. Objectives. To describe the characteristics of SGA patients seen at the Department of Pediatric Endocrinology of a tertiary care hospital and to analyze the course of SGA children without catch-up growth at 4 years of age who were receiving treatment with growth hormone (GH), according to their diagnosis. Methods. Retrospective study of SGA patients seen between 2004 and 2021. Results. A total of 89 SGA children were studied; 44/89 started treatment with GH (11/44 LBW, 8/44 SBL, and 25/44 both). Their mean age at diagnosis was 3.87 years; their mean height at treatment initiation was -2.99 SD in SGA children diagnosed by LBW, -2.85 SD in those with SBL, and -3.17 SD in those with both LBW and SBL. Their final height was -1.77, -1.52, and -1.23 SD, respectively, with a total gain of 1.22, 1.33, and 1.93 SD, respectively, thus reaching their target height with a difference of 0.36 ± 0.08 SD. Conclusion. Less than half of SGA children referred to the clinic required treatment with GH because they were not yet 4 years old or had not completed their catch-up growth. SGA patients according to birth weight and length had worse percentiles at diagnosis and a greater response to GH.

Characteristics of tear meniscus using a spectral domain optical coherence tomography in medically controlled glaucoma

Purpose: To compare the tear meniscus height (TMH) and tear meniscus depth (TMD) between medically controlled glaucoma subjects and age?matched controls. Methods: This prospective, cross?sectional, observational study included 50 patients with medically controlled glaucoma and 50 age?matched controls. Glaucoma subjects using topical medications for the duration of more than 1 year were included. The age?matched controls were participants with no history of glaucoma, dry eye, or any other diseases affecting the ocular surface. All the participants underwent TMH and TMD scan using spectral domain?optical coherence tomography (SD?OCT), which was followed by ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire administration. Results: The mean ages of glaucoma subjects and age?matched controls were 40 ± 22 and 39 ± 21 years, respectively (P > 0.05). Of them, 40% (n = 22) were on single drug therapy or monotherapy and 60% (n = 28) were on multidrug therapy. TMH and TMD of glaucoma subjects and age?matched controls were 101.27 ± 31.86 versus 230.63 ± 49.82 ?m and 70.60 ± 27.41 versus 167.37 ± 57.06 ?m, respectively. Subjects on multidrug therapy showed a statistically significant reduction in TMH and TMD when compared to age?matched controls. Conclusion: Preservative containing topical glaucoma medications affects the ocular surface, including the tear film. The prolonged duration and multiple combination of this drug usage serve as potential factors for causing reduction in the tear meniscus levels leading to drug?induced dryness

Choosing the Correct?Sized Adult Double?Lumen Tube: Quest for the Holy Grail

Appropriate size selection of double?lumen tubes (DLTs) for one?lung ventilation (OLV) in adults is still a humongous task. Several important factors are to be considered like patient height, gender, tracheal diameter, left main bronchial diameter, and cricoid cartilage transverse diameter. In addition to radiological assessment of the airway diameters, the manufacturing details of the particular DLT being used also play a significant role in size selection. Optimal positioning of the appropriately sized DLT is indispensable to avoid complications like airway trauma, cuff rupture, hypoxemia, and tube displacement. It is imperative to know whether the one?size?fits?all dictum holds for DLT size selection as claimed by certain studies. Further randomized studies are required for crystallizing standard protocols ascertaining the correct DLT size. This systematic review article highlights the various parameters employed for DLT size selection and explores the newer DLTs used for adult OLV.

Sex Determination in Kerala Population Using Morphometric Analysis of Orbital and Mandibular Height: An Institutional Based Study

Introduction: Measurement of orbital space and height of the mandible are used as tools for estimation of sex, which can be done by using different radiographic techniques like CT, MRI, frontal and lateral skull view, which gives superior accuracy and reproducibility. Aims: To determine the sex of the individual using orbital and mandibular height. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional retrospective study was conducted using a study group consisting of 100 lateral cephalograms both male and female of 18-30 years of age. Lateral cephalograms available in orthodontics department ar- chives were used. In the lateral cephalogram height of orbit was measured by marking the points at supra orbital and infra orbital margin & height of mandible was measured by marking the points at condylion superior (the most superior point on the mandibular condyle) and gonion with the help of GIMPS (GNU Image Manipulation Program) software. The data obtained were analyzed by descriptive statistics, discriminant function analysis using Wilk’s Lambda test. Results: Discriminant function analysis was used to describe the data with appropriate method of presentation. Descriptive statistics showed that mandibular height was statistically significant between males and females. However, the orbital height difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Mandibular height can be used in sex determination, which can be utilized as an adjunct in forensic identification

Correlation of body mass index and waist to height ratio with cardiovascular risk factors in Colombian preschool and school children

Objective: To analyze the agreement between body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height Ratio (WHtR) to identify preschool and school children with cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs). Methods: Three-hundred-twenty-one kids were divided into preschool (3-5 years) and school children (6-10 years). BMI was used to classify children as overweight or obese. Abdominal obesity was defined with a WHtR ≥0.50. Fasting blood lipids, glucose and insulin were measured, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The presence of CRFs and multiple non-waist circumference (non-WC) metabolic syndrome factors (MetS-Factors) [high HOMA-IR, high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)] were analyzed. Results: One-hundred-twelve preschool and 209 school children were evaluated. WHtR ≥0.50 classified abdominal obesity in more than half of the preschool children, exceeding those classified with overweight+obesity by BMI (59.5% vs. 9.8%; p0.05). There were similar proportions of school children classified with abdominal obesity by the WHtR and overweight+obesity by the BMI (18.7% vs. 24.9%; p>0.05). There was substantial agreement between WHtR and BMI to identify school children with high total cholesterol values, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, non-HDL-C, insulin, HOMA-IR, low HDL-C values, and the presence of multiple non-WC MetS-Factors (kappa: 0.616 to 0.857, p<0.001). Conclusion: In preschool children WHtR ≥0.5 disagree with BMI results, but in school kids, it has good agreement with the BMI to classify the children´s nutritional status and to identify those with CRFs.

Objetivo: Analizar el grado de acuerdo entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la relación/cintura estatura (rCE) para identificar niños con factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRC). Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico con 112 niños preescolares (3-5 años) y 209 escolares (6-10 años). El sobrepeso y la obesidad se clasificaron con el IMC y la obesidad abdominal con la rCE ≥0.50. Se tomaron muestras sanguíneas en ayuno para análisis de glucosa, insulina, lípidos y cálculo del índice HOMA-IR. Se analizó la presencia de FRC y de múltiples factores del síndrome metabólico (Factores-SinMet) diferentes a la cintura [HOMA-IR elevado, triglicéridos elevados y colesterol de alta densidad (HDL-C) bajo]. Resultados: rCE ≥0.50 clasificó con obesidad abdominal a más de la mitad de los niños preescolares, excediendo el número de niños clasificados con sobrepeso+obesidad por IMC (59.5% vs 9.8%; p0.05). Fueron similares las proporciones de niños escolares clasificados con obesidad abdominal por la rCE o con sobrepeso+obesidad por el IMC (18.7% vs. 24.9%; p>0.05). Hubo acuerdo sustancial entre la rCE y el IMC para identificar niños escolares con valores elevados de colesterol total, colesterol de baja densidad, triglicéridos, colesterol no-HDL, insulina, HOMA-IR, valores bajos de HDL-C y la presencia de múltiples Factores-SinMet diferentes a la cintura (kappa: 0.616 a 0.857, p<0.001). Conclusión: En niños preescolares la aplicación de rCE ≥0.5 no presenta acuerdo con el IMC, pero en escolares presenta un acuerdo sustancial con el IMC en la clasificación del estado nutricional y en la identificación de niños con FRC.

Radiographic morphometry of the distal end radius in Anatolian population / Morfometría radiográfica del extremo distal del radio en la población de Anatolia

SUMMARY: Distal radius fractures are one of the most common orthopedic injuries encountered by orthopedic surgeons. Correction of dorsal tilt and radial height is essential to restore normal biomechanics of the wrist joint. Comprehensive knowledge of the morphometry of the distal radius of the local population becomes critical for the treating surgeon. This study aims to report the morphometry of the distal radius in the Anatolian population and compare it with similar studies in other races and humans. Radiographs of one hundred and twenty-four people were included in the study. Four radiological parameters were examined on all radiographs: radial height, radial tilt, ulnar variance, and palmar tilt. Radial tilt was 23.35°±1.96; palmar tilt was 15.7°±2,87 radial height (mm) was 10.55±4.34, ulnar variance (mm) was 0.32±1.79. The highest rate of negative ulnar variance was found. According to the study's results, reference data varying by race for anatomical fit should be considered in treating DER injuries.

Las fracturas de la parte distal del radio son probablemente las lesiones ortopédicas más comunes que encuentran los cirujanos ortopédicos. La corrección de la inclinación dorsal y la altura radial es esencial para restaurar la biomecánica normal de la articulación de la muñeca. El conocimiento integral de la morfometría del radio distal de la población local es importante para el cirujano tratante. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo reportar la morfometría de la parte rdistal del radio en la población de Anatolia y compararla con estudios similares en otras razas y humanos. Se incluyeron ciento veinticuatro radiografías simples consecutivas de la articulación de la muñeca. Se examinaron cuatro parámetros radiológicos: altura radial, inclinación radial, variación ulnar e inclinación palmar. El ángulo de inclinación radial fue de 23,35±1,96; el ángulo de inclinación palmar fue de 15,7±, la altura radial (mm) fue de 10,55±4,34, la varianza ulnar (mm) fue de 0,32±1,79. Se encontró la tasa más alta de varianza ulnar negativa (43,5%). Los resultados de este estudio deben tenerse en consideración al tratar fracturas de la parte distal del radio, con datos de referencia que varían según la raza para el ajuste anatómico.

Relationship between cardiometabolic index and hyperuricemia in health examination population / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between cardiometabolic index (CMI) and hyperuricemia (HUA) in the health examination population.Methods:It was a cross-sectional study. A total of 21 720 individuals who received health examinations in Xiangya hospital, Central South University between 2020 and 2021 were recruited in this study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent correlation between CMI and HUA, and stratified analysis was applied to check whether there were population differences. Then the predictive value of CMI for hyperuricemia in the health examination population was evaluated with the area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve.Results:Among the 21 720 subjects, 4 418 (20.34%) were detected with HUA. In the HUA group, the body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, CMI, total cholesterol, triglyceride, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, and blood creatinine levels were all significantly higher than those in the normal uric acid group, while high-density lipoprotein and epidermal growth factor receptor (eGFR) were significantly lower (all P<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for relevant factors, CMI was significantly positively correlated with HUA ( OR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.129-1.192); and with the increase of CMI, the risk of HUA increased gradually. Stratified analysis and interaction test according to gender, age, BMI, hypertension, abnormal blood glucose and glomerular filtration rate indicated that CMI was positively associated with the occurrence of HUA in all populations. Compared with that in people with abnormal blood glucose, the correlation between CMI and HUA was more obvious in people with normal blood glucose. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for CMI to predict HUA was 0.723(95% CI: 0.715-0.731), with a specificity of 0.636 and a sensitivity of 0.698, and the cut-point was 0.693. Conclusion:There was a significant positive correlation between CMI and HUA in the health examination population, which has good predictive value for HUA.

Association between the trajectory of waist-to-height ratio from childhood to adulthood and the risk of adult hypertension / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To analyze the trajectory of waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) from childhood to adulthood and its association with the risk of hypertension in adulthood.Methods:In this retrospective cohort study, based on the data of China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1991 to 2015, the group-based trajectory model was applied to identify the trajectory of WHtR in 1 794 subjects aged from 7 to 40 years living in 15 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China. The subjects aged 18 years and above with a systolic blood pressure≥140 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or those currently taking antihypertensive drugs were defined as having adult hypertension. And further, the Poisson regression model was used to assess the effect of WHtR trajectory from childhood to adulthood on adult hypertension, and the “E-value” approach was employed to evaluate the potential impact of unobserved confounders on the robustness of the results.Results:Of all the subjects surveyed, 3 trajectory groups were identified, and 750 (41.8%), 958 (53.4%) and 86 (4.8%) subjects were identified as having persistent normal, slow-growing and fast-growing WHtR trajectory, respectively; the incidence of adulthood hypertension in the up-mentioned 3 trajectory groups was 2.1%, 4.7% and 14.0%, respectively ( P<0.001). The risk of adult hypertension in the slow-growing trajectory group ( RR=1.94, 95% CI: 1.12-3.36) and the fast-growing trajectory group ( RR=5.70, 95% CI: 2.65-12.24) were both significantly higher than that in the persistent normal group (both P<0.05). The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the results were relatively robust (E-value was 3.29 and 10.88, respectively). Conclusion:Different trajectories of WHtR from childhood to adulthood exist in the surveyed population, and the increase of WHtR would be positively correlated with the risk of adulthood hypertension.

Nutritional Status of Children Aged 3 to 7 Years in Zhag′yab， Tibet / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveTo understand the physical development level of 3-7 years old children in Zhag′yab， and to provide reference for local health decision-making. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2021 and July 2021， with a sample of 1 247 Tibetan children aged 3-7 years from kindergartens in 13 districts of Zhag′yab. Their height and weight were measured and the hemoglobin was detected by a unified method. Standard statistical method was adopted （Z-score method）. Z-scores of length /height-for-age （HAZ）， Z-scores of weight-for-age （WAZ）， Z-scores of body mass index （BMI）-for-age （BAZ） and Z-scores of weight-for-height （WHZ） were calculated by WHO Anthro v3.2.2 and WHO Anthro Plus. The nutritional status of children was evaluated according to WHO diagnostic criteria for malnutrition and anemia. ResultsThe average WAZ and HAZ of children aged 3 to 7 in Zhag′yab were lower than the WHO standards，except for the WAZ of 4-year old， the differences were statistically significant （P<0.05）. The overall detection rate of malnutrition was 25.7%， stunting， underweight， wasting， overweight， obesity and anemia were 11.6%， 11.8%， 10.8%， 3.3%， 1.8% and 29.3%， respectively. The detection rates of all indicators in boys were higher than those in girls， and the differences were not statistically significant （P>0.05）. The overweight rate and obesity rate of rural children were lower than those of urban children， and the other detection rates were higher than those of urban children. The differences of underweight rate， obesity rate and anemia rate were statistically significant between urban and rural children （P<0.05）. Among the detection rates of all indicators in different age groups， there were statistically significant differences in the overweight rate and the anemia rate （P<0.05）. The overweight rate of children aged 4 and the anemia rate of children aged 5 were the highest. ConclusionsThe physical development of children aged 3 to 7 in Zhag′yab is poor， and the prevalence of malnutrition and anemia is high. Underweight and anemia are more serious in rural children， and the overweight and obesity problem of urban children is emerging. More attention should be paid to promote their nutritional status. The prevention and intervention of children’s malnutrition should be strengthened in Zhag′yab.

Analysis of smile exposure and related factors in young people aged 20 to 30 with convex facial profiles / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @#To study smile exposure in 20- to 30-year-olds with convex facial profiles and to explore the correlation between smile exposure and other aesthetic indicators, as well as psychological factors. @*Methods @# This study obtained ethical approval from the hospital. After they gave informed consent and portrait authorization, 80 young subjects aged 20-30 with convex facial profiles had their dynamic postural smile and spontaneous laughter recorded. The videos were imported into Photoshop CC software, key frames were selected, and the smile exposure was measured. The three-dimensional information of the subject's face in a resting state was obtained, the relevant aesthetic indicators were measured, and the satisfaction degree of their smile and laughter were evaluated. Correlation analysis was conducted for smile exposure and the relevant aesthetic indicators and subjective psychological evaluation.@*Results @# There were statistically significant differences in smile exposure, smile patterns, relevant aesthetic indicators and subjective psychological evaluation between males and females aged 20 to 30 (P<0.05). There was a large gap between males and females in the average opening degree when laughing, males having 5 times that of females, while the average gingival exposure height of the maxillary central incisor in males was approximately 1/2 of that in females. The average nasolabial angle of males (99.80° ± 7.96°) was larger than that of females (96.26° ± 7.31°) (P<0.05), while the average ratio of upper lip length to the length of the lower 1/3 of the face of males (33.73% ± 2.35%) was less than that of females (38.57% ± 2.76%) (P<0.05). The average psychological score of males (57.75±13.46) was higher than that of females (53.69±17.95) (P<0.05). The ratios of maxillary teeth and gingival exposure to oral fissure in the postural smile were positively correlated with the nasolabial angle. The oral fissure width in spontaneous laughter was negatively correlated with psychological score.@*Conclusion @# Convex-faced males and females aged 20 to 30 have different smile exposures and smile patterns. Males tend to smile more openly with a larger opening and less gingival exposure, while females tend to grin with a small opening and more gingival exposure. Smile exposure is positively correlated with nasolabial angle and negatively correlated with smile satisfaction.

Feasibility analysis of digital method for measuring supracrestal tissue height crest around implant / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of measuring the soft tissue height of bone cristae around implant by digital method.@*METHODS@#A total of 36 patients with dental implants were selected from the Dental Medicine Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital) from August 2022 to December 2022. A total of 43 dental implants were enrolled. All postoperative cone beam CT (CBCT) imaging data and intraoral digital impressions obtained before surgery were immediately obtained by the patients on the day of completion of oral implant surgery and they were imported into oral implant surgery planning software for image fitting. Then, virtual implants of the same specification were placed in the planting area, and the implant position was adjusted to overlap with the implant shadow in the CBCT image. Supracrestal tissue height (STH) was measured at the implant view interface (digital group). During the operation, implant holes were prepared step by step in accordance with the standard preparation method, and implants were implanted. The upper edge of the implant was flushed with the crest of the alveolar ridge. STH was measured by perio-dontal probing (periodontal probe group). Paired t-test was used to compare the STH differences between the digital and periodontal probe groups. Bland-Altman test was used to analyze the consistency of the two methods. Intra-group correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to verify the reliability of the results measured by different surveyors using di-gital methods.@*RESULTS@#No statistical significance was observed in the STH difference between the two methods (P>0.05). Bland-Altman test showed good consistency between the two methods, but the measurement of mandibular posterior teeth showed that the results of periodontal probe were greater than those of digital method. The ICC and 95%CI of the STH results measured digitally by different surveyors are 0.992 (0.986-0.996).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The digital me-thod is in good agreement with the periodontal probe method in measuring the soft tissue height of the bone cristae around the implant.