Impact of Collared Peccaries Dycotiles tajacu (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) on understory vegetation in the tropical rainforest of the Nogal-La Selva Biological Corridor, Costa Rica / Impacto del pecarí de collar, Dycotiles tajacu (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) en la vegetación del sotobosque del bosque tropical húmedo del Corredor Biológico Local Nogal-La Selva, Costa Rica

Abstract Introduction: Evidence suggests that herbivores, such as peccaries, shape vegetation structure and diversity through predation, trampling, dispersal, and rooting behavior. Objective: To evaluate the impact of peccaries (Dycotiles tajacu) on the understory vegetation of the tropical rainforest in the Nogal-La Selva Local Biological Corridor, Costa Rica, comparing a site with the absence of peccaries to another with the presence of these animals. Methodology: From June to November 2021, 20 experimental exclusions and 20 free access plots, each measuring 2 m2 were used to quantify herbivory, the number of leaf blades, damaged leaves, healthy leaves, sapling height, and fallen biomass at both sites. Results: A higher sapling density was found in the Nogal Reserve, but a lower sapling diversity, while in La Selva there was a higher sapling diversity, but a lower density of seedlings. Herbivory and sapling height in La Selva exceeded those in Nogal. The exclusion of peccaries reduced seedling damage but did not affect the dynamics of fallen biomass. Conclusion: For the design, implementation, and evaluation of the effectiveness of biological corridors, it is crucial to consider plant-animal interactions to enhance the flow of ecological processes through functional and structural connectivity, analyzed from interactions such as those presented in this paper.

Resumen Introducción: Existe evidencia que herbívoros, como los saínos, dan forma a la estructura y diversidad de la vegetación a través del comportamiento de depredación, pisoteo, dispersión y enraizamiento. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de los saínos (Dycotiles tajacu) en la vegetación del sotobosque del bosque tropical húmedo en el Corredor Biológico Local Nogal-La Selva, Costa Rica, en un sitio con ausencia y en otro con presencia de saínos. Métodos: De junio a noviembre de 2021 se utilizaron 20 exclusiones experimentales y 20 parcelas de acceso libre de 2 m2, se cuantifico la herbivoría, número de láminas foliares, hojas dañadas, hojas sanas, altura de brinzales y biomasa caída en ambos sitios. Resultados: Se encontró una mayor densidad de brinzales en Reserva Nogal pero una menor diversidad, contrario en La Selva donde se encontró una mayor diversidad de brinzales, pero una menor densidad de plántulas. La herbivoría y la altura de brinzales en La Selva fue mayor que en Nogal. La exclusión de los saínos disminuyó el daño a las plántulas, pero no afectó la dinámica de la biomasa caída. Conclusión: Es necesario contemplar para el diseño, implementación y evaluación de la efectividad de corredores biológicos, las interacciones planta-animal, para potencializar el flujo de procesos ecológicos mediante la conectividad funcional y estructural, analizada a partir de interacciones como las presentadas en este trabajo.

Nutritional status and age at menarche in Amazonian students

Abstract Objectives: Age at menarche (MA) is a proxy for biological maturation and a parameter of socioeconomic changes. Worldwide, anticipation of menarche is associated with nutritional transition and excess weight. The objective of this study was to evaluate the MA in Amazonian students and its association with nutritional status, ethnicity, and socioeconomic level. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 1,017 students aged 6 to 17 living in the city of Manaus, Brazil. MA was analyzed by status quo and recall; its association with body mass index (BMI), race, socioeconomic status, and adult height was examined. Results: 559 (51.9%) participants had already experienced menarche. In 91.7%, menarche occurred between 10 and 14 years of age; the mean age at the onset of menarche was 11.9 years. Overweight (11.6 years) and obese (11.4 years) participants reached menarche earlier than those with normal weight (12 years) and lean (12.7 years) participants. The associations between MA and nutritional status showed that overweight and obesity are risk factors for the early occurrence of menarche. MA was not associated with socioeconomic status/parental education or race. However, excess weight was associated with earlier MA in all races and social classes. The adult height was slightly lower in girls with menarche before 12 years old (157.9 vs 159.4 cm). Conclusion: Regardless of socioeconomic level or ethnicity, excess weight was associated with earlier menarche in Amazonian students.

Brazilian growth charts for Williams-Beuren Syndrome at ages 2 to 18 years

Abstract Objective: To develop growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and body mass index (BMI)-for-age for both genders aged 2 to 18 years for Brazilian patients with Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS). Methods: This is a multicenter, retrospective, and longitudinal study, data were collected from the medical records of boys and girls with a confirmed diagnosis of WBS in three large university centers in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Growth charts stratified by gender and age in years were developed using LMSchartmaker Pro software. The LMS (Lambda Mu Sigma) method was used to model the charts. The quality of the settings was checked by worm plots. Results: The first Brazilian growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age stratified by gender were constructed for WBS patients aged 2 to 18 years. Conclusion: The growth charts developed in this study can help to guide family members and to improve the health care offered by health professionals.

Parameters of pubertal growth spurt in children and adolescents living at high altitude in Peru

Abstract Objectives: The aim was to estimate the pubertal growth height of children and adolescents living in a high-altitude region of Peru using the Preece-Baines model 1 (1 PB). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in schoolchildren from the department of Puno (Peru) between 3841 and 3874 masl. The age range was between 4 and 17 years. Standing height was evaluated. 1 PB was used to infer the mathematical and biological parameters of stature. Results: Mathematical parameters estimated by the 1 PB model reflected small residual standard error (RSE) values in both sexes (0.25 in boys and 0.27 in girls). In boys, the age at which peak velocity was reached (APHV) was estimated at 13.21 ± 0.33years. While in girls it was 9.96 ± 0.26years (p < 0.05). In general, girls reached APHV (y) 3.25 years earlier than boys. On the other hand, the growth velocity of maximum height [APHV (cm/y)] of boys was higher (6.33 ± 6.06 cm/y) relative to girls (6.06 ± 0.32 cm/y). Estimated final adult height (EFAH) in boys was reached at 166.020 ± 0.99 cm and height at maximum growth velocity (HPHV) was 153.07 ± 0.67 cm, while in girls they were significantly lower (EFAH; 153.74 ± 0.44 cm and HPHV: 139.73 ± 0.84 cm). Conclusions: This study showed that girls living in Puno at a high altitude in Peru reached APHV 3 years earlier than boys and at the same time reflected slower PHV. These results suggest that pubertal growth at high altitudes is slower in both sexes and especially in girls. Thus, modeling physical growth may be an important step in understanding the onset of puberty at different latitudes.

Relación entre índice cintura cadera, índice cintura talla y la Escala FINDRISC en adultos de Guatemala / Relationship between waist-hip index, waist-height index and the FINDRISC Scale in adults from Guatemala

La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) es una amenaza para la salud por las complicaciones derivadas de un diagnóstico tardío, donde la identificación oportuna es primordial. Con el objetivo de establecer la relación entre índice cintura talla (ICT), índice cintura cadera (ICC) y puntaje de la escala FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score) como determinantes del riesgo de padecer DM2 a largo plazo, se realizó este estudio predictivo transversal con adultos de 18 y 60 años atendidos en el Centro de Salud Primero de Julio del municipio de Mixco, Guatemala. Participaron 80 adultos, seleccionados por un muestreo aleatorio simple. El instrumento de recolección de datos estuvo conformado por tres secciones: información general de la persona, parámetros antropométricos y la encuesta de FINDRISC. Se generaron modelos lineales generalizados para identificar relaciones entre índice cintura talla (ICT), índice cintura cadera (ICC) y puntaje de la escala FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score). El 36.2% presentó riesgo de desarrollar DM2 a largo plazo; encontrándose un 21.2% en el nivel de riesgo alto y muy alto. Se comprobó que únicamente existe relación significativa entre el ICT y el puntaje de la escala de FINDRISC como determinante del riesgo de padecer DM2 a largo plazo. Se concluye que la implementación de la medición del ICT constituye una herramienta útil para identificar personas con riesgo de desarrollar DM2, siendo su aplicación sencilla, no invasiva, económica y de fácil acceso en los servicios de salud.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a health threat due to the complications derived from a late diagnosis, where timely identification is essential. This study aimed to establish the relationship between waist-height index (WHR), waist-hip index (WHR) and the FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score)scale as determinants of the risk of suffering from T2DM in the long term. A cross-sectional predictive study was carried out with a simple random sample of 80 adults between 18 and 60 years old treated at the Primero de Julio Health Center in Mixco, Guatemala. The data collection instrument was structured into three sections: general information, anthropometric parameters and the FINDRISC survey. Generalized linear models were generated to identify relationships between waist-height ratio (WHR), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and the FINDRISC scale score (Finish Diabetes Risk Score). The results shows that 36.2% of the participants were at risk of developing T2DM in the long term; 21.2% being at the high and very high risk level. It was found that there is only a significant relationship between the WHR and the FINDRISC scale score as a determinant of the risk of suffering from T2DM in the long term. The implementation of the waist height index measurement constitutes a useful tool to identify people at risk of developing T2DM, its application being simple, non-invasive, economical and easily accessible in health services.

Anthropometric Characteristics, Body Composition and Nutritional Status of Younger Primary School Children in Montenegro: National Study / Características Antropométricas, Composición Corporal y Estado Nutricional de los Niños más Pequeños de la Escuela Primaria en Montenegro. Estudio Nacional

SUMMARY: This article has two aims: (a) first aim was to determine what is the most applicable and the simplest alternative for recommended BMI categories for underweight, overweight and obesity related to IOTF references, from the practical standpoint; (b) second aim was to determine the prevalence of the nutritional status in Montenegro on this representative sample of school children aged 9-13 years and compare them with peers from relevant and similar studies from both the local region and globally. A total sample of 1478 healthy children from Montenegro participated in this study divided into two sub-samples of 732 girls and 746 boys. According to the IOTF body mass index (BMI) reference values were used through ROC curve analysis to evaluate potential alternatives for estimation of the nutritional status of this sample of children. Only WHtR did not show significant age-related differences in the case of both genders. Considering the nutritional status of children from this study it has been found that boys have a considerably higher prevalence of being overweight (22.7 % vs. 16.4 %) and obese (7.5 % vs. 3.3 %) compared to girls. On the other hand, girls were more prevalent to be underweight (10.5 % vs. 7.5 %). WHtR seems like the best alternative for the estimation of obesity and being overweight due to simplicity and the equipment needed.

Este artículo tiene dos objetivos: (a) el primero fue determinar cuál es la alternativa más aplicable y más sencilla para las categorías de IMC recomendadas para bajo peso, sobrepeso y obesidad relacionadas con las referencias de la IOTF, desde el punto de vista práctico; (b) el segundo objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia del estado nutricional en Montenegro en esta muestra representativa de escolares de 9 a 13 años y compararlos con pares de estudios relevantes y similares tanto de la región local como a nivel mundial. En el estudio participaron 1478 niños sanos de Montenegro divididos en dos submuestras de 732 niñas y 746 niños. De acuerdo con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de la IOTF, se utilizaron valores de referencia mediante análisis de curvas ROC para evaluar posibles alternativas para la estimación del estado nutricional de esta muestra en niños. Sólo el ICT no mostró diferencias significativas relacionadas con la edad en el caso de ambos sexos. Teniendo en consideración el estado nutricional de los niños, se determinó que los éstos tenían una prevalencia considerablemente mayor de sobrepeso (22,7 % frente a 16,4 %) y obesidad (7,5 % frente a 3,3 %) en comparación con las niñas. Por otro lado, las niñas tenían más prevalencia de bajo peso (10,5 % frente a 7,5 %). El WHtR parece la mejor alternativa para la estimación de la obesidad y el sobrepeso por su sencillez y equipamiento necesario.

Somatic Maturity and Physical Performance in Male Youth Players from a Professional Soccer Academy / Madurez Somática y Rendimiento Físico en Jugadores Juveniles Masculinos de una Academia de Fútbol Profesional

SUMMARY: The aim was to analyze the relationship between somatic maturation and physical performance in male youth soccer players belonging to a professional Mexican academy. In 121 male soccer aged 11 to 16 years from a professional academy the peak height velocity (PHV), percentage of adult height (PAS), jump capacity, sprint, intermittent speed and muscle mass were estimated. ANOVA was conducted to compare performance variables among maturity somatic categories and percentiles were calculated based on maturity offset using LMS method. Furthermore, a general linear model was employed to determine the explanatory variables for performance. Post-PHV soccer players demonstrated superior physical performance across several tests compared to Pre-PHV (p<0.001) and Circa-PHV (p<0.001) players. The smoothed percentile values of performance tests, based on somatic maturation, indicated progressive performance enhancement as individuals approached PHV (-2 to 2 years from PHV) (p<0.005). PHV was associated with jump capacity (p<0.001) and intermittent speed (p=0.007) while PAS was associated with time in sprint (p=.0004). In conclusion PHV and PAS explained better performance than chronological age, body composition characteristics, injuries, or training factors.

El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre la maduración somática y el rendimiento físico en futbolistas juveniles masculinos pertenecientes a una academia profesional mexicana. Métodos. En 121 futbolistas masculinos de 11 a 16 años de una academia profesional se estimó la velocidad máxima en altura (VPH), porcentaje de altura adulta (PAS), capacidad de salto, sprint, velocidad intermitente y masa muscular. Se realizó ANOVA para comparar variables de desempeño entre categorías somáticas de madurez y se calcularon percentiles en función de la compensación de madurez utilizando el método LMS. Además, se empleó un modelo lineal general para determinar las variables explicativas del desempeño. Los jugadores de fútbol post-PHV demostraron un rendimiento físico superior en varias pruebas en comparación con los jugadores Pre-PHV (p<0,001) y Circa-PHV (p<0,001). Los valores percentiles suavizados de las pruebas de rendimiento, basados en la maduración somática, indicaron una mejora progresiva del rendimiento a medida que los individuos se acercaban al PHV (-2 a 2 años desde el PHV) (p<0,005). PHV se asoció con la capacidad de salto (p<0,001) y velocidad intermitente (p=0,007) mientras que PAS se asoció con el tiempo en sprint (p=0,0004). En conclusión PHV y PEA explicaron un mejor rendimiento que la edad cronológica, las características de composición corporal, las lesiones o los factores de entrenamiento.

Changes in Height and Body Weight Within a Time Period of 35 Years in Males of the Same Age / Cambios en la Altura y el Peso Corporal en un Período de 35 Años en Hombres de la Misma Edad

SUMMARY: Height and body weight measurements are among the most important anthropometric variables when assessing a population's growth, development and body composition. This study aimed to evaluate the height and body weight variability of male entities aged 17-18 years within 35 years. This goal was realized by comparing the height and body weight of the population of the same gender and age in three different time studies. The descriptive statistical parameters and T-test for independent groups show systematic and significant differences in measured variables between three measurements in different timelines. Both in body height and body weight, from measurement to measurement, significant systematic and statistically significant differences (p<0.01) have been identified (1985: BH= 172.8cm, BW= 61.7kg; 2004: BH=176.8 cm, BW=66.9 kg; 2019: BH=178.5 cm, BW=72 kg). The results of this study prove that the change in the socio-economic status of a population over a period time of 35 years can significantly affect the growth and development of children/adolescents.

Las medidas de altura y peso corporal se encuentran entre las variables antropométricas más importantes a la hora de evaluar el crecimiento, el desarrollo y la composición corporal de una población. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la variabilidad de la altura y el peso corporal de entidades masculinas de 17 a 18 años dentro de 35 años. Este objetivo se logró comparando la altura y el peso corporal de la población del mismo sexo y edad en tres estudios temporales diferentes. Los parámetros estadísticos descriptivos y la prueba T para grupos independientes muestran diferencias sistemáticas y significativas en las variables medidas entre tres mediciones en diferentes líneas de tiempo. Tanto en la altura como en el peso corporal, de medición en medición, se han identificado diferencias significativas sistemáticas y estadísticamente significativas (p<0,01) (1985: BH= 172,8 cm, BW= 61,7 kg; 2004: BH=176,8 cm, BW=66,9 kg; 2019: BH=178,5 cm, BW=72 kg). Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que el cambio en el estatus socioeconómico de una población durante un período de 35 años puede afectar significativamente el crecimiento y desarrollo de niños/ adolescentes.

Factors influencing the height development of children and adolescents in Chengguan District of Lhasa of Xizang Autonomous Region, China / 中国基层医药

Objective:To analyze the factors that influence the height development of children and adolescents aged 3 to 16 years in Chengguan District of Lhasa of Xizang Autonomous Region, China.Methods:During the period from August 2021 to June 2022, a convenient sampling method was used to select 100 children and adolescents aged 3-16 years residing in Chengguan District of Lhasa of Xizang Autonomous Region, China. The subjects' physical measurement indicators, Tanner stage, height development questionnaire, wrist bone age, sex hormones, and nutritional biochemical indicators were carefully collected. The factors that influence height development were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Furthermore, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to visualize the effects of these influential factors.Results:The study involved a total of 100 children and adolescents, with 51 (51.0%) participants in the tall stature group and 49 (49.0%) participants in the low stature group. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of height difference relative to the national average, body weight, waist circumference, luteinizing hormone level, the percentage of individuals with an abnormal luteinizing hormone level, follicle stimulating hormone level, and bone age [ χ2 ( t) = 13.6, 2.65, 2.47, -2.58, 10.9, -2.95, 11.8, all P < 0.05]. A univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that body mass, waist circumference, the percentage of individuals with an abnormal luteinizing hormone level, follicle stimulating hormone level, and bone age are factors that possibly affect height development ( OR = 1.05, 1.05, 4.56, 1.18, 2.99, all P < 0.05). Furthermore, a multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed waist circumference, the percentage of individuals with an abnormal luteinizing hormone level, and bone age as independent factors influencing height development ( OR = 1.10, 7.01, 3.14, all P < 0.05). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the values of the area under the curve were 0.65, 0.65, 0.67, and 0.75 respectively for waist circumference, the percentage of individuals with an abnormal luteinizing hormone level, bone age, and their combination (all P < 0.05). Conclusion:Waist circumference, the percentage of individuals with an abnormal luteinizing hormone level, and bone age appear to be critical factors influencing the height development of children and adolescents In Chengguan District of Lhasa of Xizang Autonomous Region, China.

Height development of 25 225 children aged 6 to 15 years in Nanning City / 中国儿童保健杂志

【Objective】 To analyze the height growth of children aged 6 - 15 years in Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, so as to provide evidence for the assessment of local children′s height development. 【Methods】 A total of 25 225 children aged 6 - 15 years were selected to get their physical examination data from 41 primary schools in Nanning by stratified cluster sampling method in December 2021.Then the height data were compared with the current domestic standards. 【Results】 The average height of boys in Nanning was lower than the national standard before the age of 10 years and 7 months, and the gap with the national standard gradually narrowed after the age of 10 years and 7 months. The average height of boys in Nanning City exceeded the national standard between the age of 11 years and 1 month and 13 years and 6 months, and then lagged behind the national standard again after the age of 13 years and 7 months. The mean height of girls in Nanning City was lower than the national standard height in several age groups, and it was more obvious before the age of 9 years and 7 months. The proportion of height ≤-2s,≤-s,≥ +s and ≥+2s in boys aged 6 to 15 years in Nanning City fluctuated from 2.59% to 6.04%, 12.09% to 23.43%, 7.18% to 18.79% and 0.93% to 3.14%, respectively; the total proportions were 4.56%, 17.46%, 11.35% and 1.74%, respectively; the minimum/maximum proportion values of each height group were at 11 years old /8 years old, 14 years old/8 years old, 8 years old/12 years old, and 6 years old/11 years old, respectively. The proportions of girls aged 6 - 15 years in Nanning City with height ≤-2s, ≤-s, ≥+s, and ≥+2s fluctuated from 2.06% to 5.19%, 9.35% to 25.15%, 8.21% to 15.80% and 1.23% to 3.49%, respectively; the total proportions were 3.38%, 16.91%, 11.97% and 2.29%, respectively; and the minimum/maximum proportion values of each height group were at 13 years old/6 years old, 12 years old/6 years old, 7 years old/12 years old, and 6 years old/11 years old, respectively. 【Conclusions】 The overall height level of children in Nanning is still lower than the national level, with short prepubertal basal heights, an earlier age of onset of accelerated pubertal height, and a shorter duration of accelerated pubertal height in boys. Strengthening pre-pubertal height management and emphasizing the onset and duration of children′s pubertal development, especially the height development of boys during puberty, can help improve the adult lifelong height of children in this region.

Effect of restored height on neighboring vertebrae after vertebral body strengthening:a finite element analysis / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Vertebral compression fracture is a common disease in the current orthopedic field.However,the occurrence of re-fracture in neighboring vertebrae after surgery is a problem that cannot be ignored,which has a serious impact on the normal life of patients. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study is to establish four postoperative models with different recovery heights using computed tomography images.By using finite element analysis,we derived the stresses on the neighboring vertebrae at different recovery heights and further explored the importance of postoperative recovery of the height of the injured vertebrae. METHODS:A finite element model of the thoracolumbar spine(T11-L3)was established and validated,on the basis of which four postoperative finite element models of L1 with different recovery heights of 100%,80%,60%,and 40%were constructed,in which the cement capacity varied with the recovery height.The specific models are as follows:Model 1 was the postoperative model with normal recovery height,and the cement capacity was 8.3 mL.Model 2 was the postoperative model in which 20%of the anterior height of the L1 was removed and the posterior convexity angle became 10.41°,and the cement capacity was 6.9 mL.Model 3 was the postoperative model in which 40%of the anterior height of the L1 was removed and the posterior convexity angle became 20.17°,and the cement capacity was 4.7 mL.Model 4 was a postoperative model with 60%of the L1 anterior height removed and the posterior convexity angle changed to 28.85°,with a cement capacity of 3.6 mL.For evaluation of the postoperative model,we applied a moment of 7 Nm and an axial force of 500 N.The followings were recorded and analyzed:peak stresses in the L2 upper endplate and T12 lower endplate;peak stresses in the L2 and T12 cancellous bone. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The highest peak stresses for each condition of the L2 upper endplate,T12 lower endplate,L2 cancellous bone,and T12 cancellous bone occurred in Model 1 and Model 4.In particular,the T12 lower endplate,except for the posterior extension condition,the anterior flexion,left and right lateral bending,and left and right rotation conditions all reached their highest peak stresses in Model 4,with stresses of 50.3,33.1,44.9,34.3,and 31.9 MPa.(2)Based on the peak stresses in the adjacent vertebral endplates and cancellous bone,after excluding Model 1 and Model 4,the minimum peak stresses for most of the conditions appeared in the Model 2,and the minimum peak stresses appeared in the Model 2 in 66.6%of the cases,especially in the upper endplates of the L2 and cancellous bone except for the posterior extension condition,the minimum peak stresses all appeared on the Model 2.(3)Therefore,controlling the recovery height at about 100%and 40%of the original height was a dangerous recovery height,which had a greater impact on the neighboring vertebrae.Controlling the recovery height at about 80%of the original height may be a more ideal choice.With a recovery height of about 80%of the original height,the adjacent vertebrae are subjected to less stress,thus reducing the risk of re-fracture of the adjacent vertebrae in the patient.

Growth retardation and its influencing factors in infants aged 0‒3 in Minhang District， Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the detection rate and main influencing factors of growth retardation in infants aged 0-3 in Minhang District， and to provide relevant evidence for early intervention， nutrition promotion and health guidance in the future. MethodsFrom September 1， 2020 to August 31， 2021， the height， weight， basic information of parents， feeding methods， and lifestyle habits of infants who received systematic healthcare aged 0‒3 in community health service centers and Minhang maternal child health hospital were collected， and the current situation and influencing factors of infant growth retardation were analyzed. ResultsAmong the 68 637 infants who underwent a systematic physical examination in Minhang District， the total detection rate of growth retardation was 5.03% （3 453/68 637）. The detection rates in the 0-year-old， 1-year-old， 2-year-old， and 3-year-old groups were 6.57% （1 636/24 885）， 3.90% （664/17 031）， 4.62% （827/17 905）， and 3.72% （326/8 773）， respectively. There was no difference in the detection rate of growth retardation between boys and girls （P>0.05）， and a multinomial logistic regression analysis of 13 influencing factors （infant birth weight， birth length， parental weight， height， education level， mother’s childbearing age， delivery mode， household registration， feeding mode within 6 months， infant sleep， etc.） in univariate analysis showed that birth weight <2 500 g （OR=3.99， 95%CI： 2.809‒5.674） or ≥4 000 g （OR=12.78， 95%CI： 8.868‒18.443）， maternal height <150 cm （OR=7.10， 95%CI： 4.294‒11.753）， paternal height <160 cm （OR=5.65， 95%CI： 2.792‒11.422）， maternal education level of junior high school and below （OR=1.31， 95%CI： 1.087‒1.588）， paternal education level of junior high school and below （OR=1.02， 95%CI： 0.838‒1.236）， mixed feeding （OR=1.15， 95%CI： 1.031‒1.288）， and sleep duration exceeding the recommended time （OR=1.58， 95%CI： 1.466‒1.710） were risk factors for growth retardation in infants aged 0‒3. Infants with a birth length <50 cm or with household registration in Shanghai had a higher incidence of growth retardation. ConclusionGrowth retardation in infants aged 0‒3 is influenced by a combination of genetic， environmental， and sleep factors. It is essential for parents to realize the impact of growth retardation on the future of their children early on and actively participate in the early detection， screening， and intervention of growth retardation.

Evaluation of the treatment effect on sinus elevation and implant restoration in cases with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis after tooth extraction / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To investigate the clinical effects of sinus elevation surgery and implant restorationdue to insufficient bone massafter tooth extraction in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS) and to provide a reference for use in clinical practice.@*Methods@#This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained from the patients. Forty-five teeth were extracted from patients with OMS in the maxillary posterior area (the study group). Sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction in the study group. Forty-eight teeth were extracted from patients without "OMS" in the maxillary posterior area (the control group), and sinus elevation and implantation were performed due to insufficient bone height in the implant area 6-8 months after tooth extraction inthe control group. In the study group, 13 cases of discontinuous maxillary sinus floor bone and residual alveolar bone height of the maxillary sinus floor less than 4 mm were addressed with lateral wall sinus elevation, and the other 32 cases were addressed with crest-approach sinus elevation. In the control group, 8 cases of residual alveolar bone height less than 4 mm in the maxillary sinus floor were addressed with lateral wall sinus,and the other 40 cases were addressed with crest approach sinus elevation. Restorations were placed 6 to 8 months after surgery. The patients were followed up 21 days, 3 months, and 8 months after implantation and every 6 months after the placement of the restorations. The sinus bone gain (SBG), apical bone height (ABL) and marginal bone loss (MBL) were statistically analyzed 24 months after the restoration.@*Results@#The average preoperative mucosal thickness in the 45 patients in the study group was (1.556 ± 0.693) mm, which was significantly larger than that in the control group (1.229 ± 0.425) mm (P<0.001). There were no perforations in either group. Twenty-four months after restoration, there was no significant difference in the SBG, ABH or MBL between the two groups (P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#After the extraction of teeth from patients with OMS, the inflammation of the maxillary sinus decreased, and the bone height and density in the edentulous area were restored to a certain degree. The effects of sinus floor lifting surgery and implant restoration do not differ between patients with and without OMS.

Considerations on the improvement of height benefit in children with central precocious puberty / 中国当代儿科杂志

With the changes in various factors such as genetics and the environment, the incidence of childhood precocious puberty has been gradually increasing. Improving height is one of the key issues in the clinical management of precocious puberty. Currently, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) remain the preferred treatment for precocious puberty, but their effect on height improvement is influenced by multiple factors, which may result in lower-than-expected height benefits. Combining recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy with GnRHa treatment is an alternative strategy to enhance the efficacy of GnRHa, but there is still no clear recommendation regarding the timing of their combination. Considering the current status of precocious puberty treatment, it is crucial to reevaluate the effects of GnRHa monotherapy and combination therapy with rhGH on height improvement. This article discusses strategies such as combination therapy indications to guide clinical medication and help children with precocious puberty achieve optimal height benefits.

Clinical evaluation of the effect of two resilient attachments retaining mandibular over-denture supported by implant and natural tooth on the supporting structures

Aim: This study aimed to assess the effect of two resilient attachments used for retention of mandibular over-denture supported by an implant and a natural tooth on the supporting structures throughout a one-year follow-up period. Materials and methods: Fourteen patients with maxillary completely edentulous arches and only one standing natural mandibular canine were selected. Each patient received a dental implant with 10.5 mm length and 3.8 mm diameter at the canine region of the contralateral side of the mandible. The patients were divided into two groups according to the type of attachment used (n=7); BC group included patients who received mandibular over-dentures retained by bar clip attachment supported by an implant on one side and a natural tooth on the other side. BS group involved patients who received a mandibular implant splinted to the natural canine by bar joint attachment utilizing soft liner material. The patients of both groups were rehabilitated with conventional maxillary complete dentures. Clinical and radiographic assessment were performed immediately after over-denture delivery, six and twelve months from denture insertion. Clinical evaluation involved gingival index. Radiographic evaluation included measuring mesial, distal, buccal and lingual bone height differences. Results: BC group recorded significantly higher bone loss compared to BS group around both dental implants and natural teeth. Conclusion: Considering the limitations of this study, it could be concluded that soft liner retained over-dentures are more effective in decreasing bone resorption around the implants and natural teeth compared to clip retained over-dentures.

Exploratory analysis of the association between stature, obesity, and food insecurity in adults of the National Dietary Survey 2017-2018 / Análise exploratória da associação entre estatura, obesidade e insegurança alimentar em adultos no Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação 2017-2018

ABSTRACT Objective Evaluate short stature as a possible explanation for obesity, and identify if consumption of energy, protein, carbohydrate, and lipids were associated to higher risk for obesity in Brazilian adults (20-59 y) living in household food insecurity. Methods Cross-sectional study from 2017/2018 Household Budget Survey (N=28,112). Food insecurity was measured with the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale. Short stature was used as an indicator of malnutrition at the beginning of life, which characterizes metabolic alterations resulting from the presence of food insecurity (cuts off women ≤149cm; men ≤160cm). Body mass index (kg/m2) was estimated from self-reported weight and body height. The average food intake was estimated from a 24-hr recall. The weighted means and standard error of the food security/insecurity categories were assessed according to height, mean energy intake and protein(g), carbohydrate(g) and lipids(g) intake, stratified by gender and nutritional status. Results Both men and women with obesity and food insecurity had significantly lower average height in comparison with those in food security status (p-value <0.01). The prevalence of obesity 1 (BMI 30-34.9kg/m2) increased significantly with the food insecurity among women. There was a trend towards short stature among obese women from families with food insecurity, as well as lower intake of energy. Among both men and women, the lowest intakes of protein and the highest intake of carbohydrates were observed in the underweight group (BMI <18.5kg/m2). Conclusion In women, the risk of obesity may depend on the metabolic background, since who presents food insecurity and develop obesity have low stature and lower energy intake.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a baixa estatura como possível explicação para a obesidade, e identificar se o consumo de energia, proteína, carboidrato e lipídios esteve associado ao maior risco de obesidade em adultos brasileiros (20-59 anos) que vivem em domicílios em insegurança alimentar domiciliar. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2017/2018 (N=28.112). A Insegurança alimentar domiciliar foi medida pela Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. A baixa estatura (mulheres ≤149cm; homens ≤160cm) foi utilizada como indicador de alterações metabólicas decorrentes da presença de insegurança alimentar. O índice de massa corporal (kg/m2) foi estimado a partir do peso e altura autorreferidos. A média de ingestão alimentar foi estimada a partir do recordatório de 24 horas. As médias ponderadas e o erro padrão das categorias de segurança/insegurança alimentar foram avaliadas segundo estatura, médias de ingestão energéticas e de proteínas(g), carboidratos(g) e lipídios(g), estratificado por sexo e estado nutricional. Resultados Homens e mulheres com obesidade e insegurança alimentar apresentaram a média de estatura significativamente menor em comparação aqueles com segurança alimentar (p-valor <0,01). A prevalência de obesidade 1 (índice de massa corporal 30-34,9Kg/m2) aumentou significativamente com a insegurança alimentar entre as mulheres. Houve tendência de baixa estatura entre mulheres obesas de famílias com insegurança alimentar, bem como menor ingestão de energia. Entre homens e mulheres, a menor ingestão de proteína e a maior ingestão de carboidratos foram observadas no grupo de baixo peso (índice de massa corporal <18,5Kg/m2). Conclusão Nas mulheres, o risco de obesidade pode depender do metabolismo, pois quem apresenta insegurança alimentar e desenvolve obesidade possui baixa estatura e menor ingestão energética.

The effect of anastrozole therapy on final height and sex hormone levels in pubertal boys receiving growth hormone therapy

ABSTRACT Objective: This research aimed to evaluate retrospectively the effect of anastrozole on height gain and sex hormone levels in pubertal boys receiving growth hormone (GH). Materials and methods: Pubertal boys who received both GH and anastrozole (GH+A) were one-to-one matched with boys who received only GH (GH-Only) for chronological and bone age, pubertal stage and height before the GH initiation, treatment duration and midparental height. Anthropometric measurements throughout treatment and adult heights were compared between the groups. Sex hormone levels were evaluated longitudinally in the GH+A group. Results: Forty-eight cases (24 in each group) were included. There was no statistical difference in adult height between the GH+A and GH-Only (p = 0.071). However, when the analysis was limited to those receiving anastrozole for at least 2 years, mean adult height was higher in the GH+A than in the GH-Only group (173.1 ± 6.2/169.8 ± 5.6 cm, p = 0.044). Despite similar growth rates between the two groups, bone age advancement was slower in the GH+A than in the GH-Only in a mean anastrozole treatment period of 1.59 years (1.37 ± 0.80/1.81 ± 0.98 years, p = 0.001). The greatest increase for FSH, LH, total and free testosterone and decrease for estradiol levels were observed in the third month after anastrozole was started, albeit remaining within the normal ranges according to the actual pubertal stages. Conclusions: Using anastrozole with GH for at least 2 years decelerates the bone age advancement resulting in adult height gain with no abnormality in sex hormone levels. These results suggest anastrozole can be used as an additional treatment to GH for further height gain in pubertal boys.

Repercusión del síndrome metabólico sobre el crecimiento de fetos de ratas Wistar / Repercussion of the metabolic syndrome on the growth of Wistar rat fetuses

Introducción: El síndrome metabólico es un conjunto de anomalías metabólicas como obesidad, dislipidemia, intolerancia a la glucosa e hipertensión arterial. Se realizó estudio experimental, longitudinal prospectivo en la Unidad de Toxicología Experimental de Villa Clara, periodo septiembre del 2016 y julio del 2019. Objetivo: Evaluar las modificaciones del crecimiento de los fetos de ratas con síndrome metabólico, con respecto al grupo control. Métodos: Se crearon dos grupos, uno de control y otro de estudio con síndrome metabólico inducido. Las variables estudiadas fueron: peso, talla y diámetros craneanos. Se utilizó el programa Excel 2010 y el SPSS versión 15.0 para Windows, la prueba Chi Cuadrado, y como estadístico de decisión, la significación de Monte Carlo. Resultados: Los fetos de ratas con síndrome metabólico inducido tuvieron mayor peso y talla. Conclusiones: El síndrome metabólico influyó en la ganancia del peso y la talla en los fetos en vida prenatal, al incrementar la probabilidad de macrosomía al momento del nacimiento.

Introduction: metabolic syndrome is a group of metabolic abnormalities such as obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and arterial hypertension. An experimental, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out in the Villa Clara Experimental Toxicology Unit from September 2016 to July 2019. Objective: to evaluate the changes in the growth of rat fetuses with metabolic syndrome, with respect to the control group. Methods: two groups with induced metabolic syndrome were created, one for control and the other for study. Weight, height and cranial diameters were the studied variables. The Excel 2010 program and SPSS version 15.0 for Windows and the Chi Square test were used, as well as the Monte Carlo significance as statistical decision. Results: rat fetuses with induced metabolic syndrome had greater weight and height. Conclusions: the metabolic syndrome influenced the weight and height gain in prenatal fetuses, increasing the probability of macrosomia at birth.

Relación entre la Temperatura de Superficie, la Composición Corporal e Indicadores Antropométricos de Obesidad y Sobrepeso / Relationship Between Surface Temperature, Body Composition and Anthropometric Indicators of Obesity and Overweight

La termografía por infrarrojo (TI) permite evaluar la temperatura corporal, medir los cambios en la disipación del calor corporal en superficie y relacionarlos con las características de composición corporal e índices antropométricos. Aumentar el número de registros de zonas corporales evaluadas con TI y establecer las relaciones de estas temperaturas (32 áreas corporales) con variables de composición corporal e índices antropométricos, como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), índice cintura cadera, índice cintura estatura, en hombres adultos divididos según su estado ponderal. Participaron 60 hombres, adultos sanos, divididos en 2 grupos: grupo 1 (n=30), con IMC ≤ 24,9, edad 23,2 ± 3,9 años, masa corporal 66,5 ± 6,5 kg, y talla 170,5 ± 7,4 cm; y, grupo 2 (n= 30), con IMC > 24,9, edad 29,4 ± 9,9 años, masa corporal 84,5 ± 11,9 kg, y talla 172,0 ± 7,18 cm. Se realizaron evaluaciones antropométricas y de TI. Sujetos con IMC ≤ 24,9 kg/ m2 presentaron valores mayores de temperatura superficial, en todas las zonas estudiadas, a diferencia de los sujetos con niveles de IMC > 24,9 kg/m2, donde la disipación del calor corporal fue menor. Existe una estrecha relación entre la temperatura superficial de la piel y el IMC, donde sujetos con un IMC normal mostraron una disipación de calor y valores de temperatura superficial mayores, en todas las zonas evaluadas, a diferencia de los sujetos con un IMC que se encontraba por encima del límite de normalidad.

SUMMARY: Infrared thermography (IT) makes it possible to assess body temperature, measure changes in body heat dissipation on the surface, and relate them to body composition characteristics and anthropometric indices. The objective of this study was to increase the number of records of body areas evaluated with IT and establish the relationships of these temperatures (32 body areas) with body composition variables and anthropometric indices, such as body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, in adult men divided according to their weight status. A total of 60 healthy adult men participated, divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n=30), with a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 24.9, age 23.2 ± 3.9 years, body mass 66.5 ± 6.5 kg, and height 170.5 ± 7.4 cm; and, group 2 (n = 30), with BMI > 24.9, age 29.4 ± 9.9 years, body mass 84.5 ± 11.9 kg, and height 172.0 ± 7.18 cm. Anthropometric and IT assessments were performed. Subjects with BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/ m2 presented higher values of surface temperature in all areas studied, unlike subjects with BMI levels > 24.9 kg/m2, where body heat dissipation was lower. There is a close relationship between skin surface temperature and BMI, where subjects with a normal BMI showed higher heat dissipation and surface temperature values, in all evaluated areas, unlike subjects with a BMI that was above the normal limit.

Liver Size and its Correlation with Anthropometric Parameters and Age / El Tamaño del Hígado y su Correlación con los Parámetros Antropométricos y la Edad

SUMMARY: The liver has over 500 physiological and biochemical roles in our organism so checking of liver size and function is a part of every clinical examination. Aim of our research was to estimate liver size on computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen images and to determinate relations between liver dimensions and anthropometric parameters. The research included 99 patients, 49 men and 50 women, who were referred for CT of abdomen. We measured body height (BH) and body mass (BM), and calculated body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA). Also, on CT images we measured anteroposterior (AP), laterolateral (LL) and two craniocaudal liver diameters (one at the level of midclavicular line - CCmcl, and the other was maximal - CCmax). Liver volume (LV) was calculated with formula. Our results showed that AP diameter positively correlated with BSA (r=0.30) in women. LL diameter positively correlated with BH (r=0.43), and BSA (0.31) in men. CCmcl diameter positively correlated with BH (r=0.33), BM (r=0.31), and BSA (r=0.34) in men, while in women it correlated only with BH (r=0.38). CCmax diameter positively correlated with BH (r=0.33) and BSA (r=0.33) in men. LV positively correlated with BH and BSA in both men (r=0.36, r=0.33, respectively) and women (r=0.42, r=0.31, respectively), and in men also with BM (r=0.34). LL, CCmcl, CCmax, and LV negatively correlated with aging in both sexes After the age of 60, there was a decrease in size of LL, CC diameters, as well as in LV. We concluded that liver dimensions decrease with aging, regardless of sex at the expanse of LL and CC diameters which are related to the size of body parameters, so that for a precise evaluation of liver size all three diameters should be measured, LV as well as BH, BM, and BSA.

El hígado desempeña más de 500 funciones fisiológicas y bioquímicas en nuestro organismo, por lo que comprobar el tamaño y la función de este órgano es parte de cada examen clínico. El objetivo de nuestra investigación fue estimar el tamaño del hígado mediante tomografía computarizada (TC) de imágenes del abdomen y determinar las relaciones entre las dimensiones del hígado y los parámetros antropométricos. La investigación incluyó a 99 pacientes, 49 hombres y 50 mujeres, que fueron remitidos para TC de abdomen. Medimos la altura corporal (BH) y la masa corporal (BM), y calculamos el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y el área de superficie corporal (BSA). Además, en las imágenes de TC medimos los diámetros hepáticos anteroposterior (AP), laterolateral (LL) y dos craneocaudales (uno a nivel de la línea medioclavicular - CCmcl, y el diámetro máximo - CCmax). El volumen del hígado (VI) se calculó con una fórmula. Nuestros resultados mostraron que el diámetro AP se correlacionó positivamente con BSA (r = 0,30) en mujeres. El diámetro de LL se correlacionó positivamente con BH (r=0,43) y BSA (0,31) en hombres. El diámetro CCmcl se correlacionó positivamente con BH (r=0,33), BM (r=0,31) y BSA (r=0,34) en hombres, mientras que en mujeres se correlacionó solo con BH (r=0,38). El diámetro CCmax se correlacionó positivamente con BH (r=0,33) y BSA (r=0,33) en hombres. El VI se correlacionó positivamente con BH y BSA tanto en hombres (r=0,36, r=0,33, respectivamente) como en mujeres (r=0,42, r=0,31, respectivamente), y en hombres también con BM (r=0,34). LL, CCmcl, CCmax y LV se correlacionaron negativamente con el envejecimiento en ambos sexos. Después de los 60 años, hubo una disminución en el tamaño de los diámetros LL, CC y LV. Concluimos que las dimensiones del hígado disminuyen con la edad, independientemente del sexo, en la extensión de los diámetros LL y CC que están relacionados con el tamaño de los parámetros corporales, por lo que para una evaluación precisa del tamaño del hígado se debe medir LV como BH, BM y BSA.