Manejo de aneurismas cerebrales: revisión de la literatura pasada, presente y futura / Management of cerebral aneurysms: Review of the past, present, and future literature

Resumen Introducción: El manejo de los aneurismas cerebrales ha ido evolucionando con el paso de los siglos, se busca evaluar el manejo médico, endovascular y quirúrgico de los aneurismas cerebrales rotos y no rotos a lo largo del tiempo, desde las primeras veces en que fueron tratados hasta las innovaciones que se están llevando a cabo. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión de artículos buscados en la base de datos de PubMed, buscando "Mesh Terms" (o descriptores en ciencias de la salud) con palabras seleccionadas relacionadas al tema y también se seleccionaron artículos según el criterio de los autores; además de la extracción de datos en Rayyan. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 48 artículos dentro de la búsqueda en Pubmed y según criterios propios de los autores, de los cuales 8 artículos se incluyeron en la sección "pasado", 35 artículos en la sección "presente" y 5 artículos en la sección "futuro". Discusión: Se dividió el manejo de aneurismas en tres secciones: pasado (pasado-1999), presente (20002020) y futuro (2021-futuro). Cada sección tuvo tres grupos: manejo médico, endovascular y quirúrgico. Conclusiones: El manejo de los aneurismas no rotos y rotos tiene métodos farmacológicos, de neuro-intervencionismo y neuro-quirúrgicos para abordar, de la mejor manera, la patología de cada paciente de forma individualizada e integral.

Abstract Introduction: The management of brain aneurysms has evolved over the centuries, it seeks to evaluate the medical, endovascular and surgical management of the broken and not broken brain aneurysms over time, from the first times they were treated even the innovations that are being carried out. Materials and methods: A review of articles searched in the PubMed database was carried out, searching for Mesh Terms with selected words related to the topic and articles were also selected according to the author's criteria. Data extraction in Rayyan. Results: 48 articles were selected within the Pubmed search and according to the author's own criteria. 8 articles were included in the Past section, 35 articles in the Present section, and 5 articles in the Future section. Discussion: Aneurysm management was divided into 3 sections: past (past-1999), present (2000-2020) and future (2021-future). Each section had 3 groups: medical, endovascular and surgical management. Conclusions: The management of non-broken and broken aneurysms has pharmacological, neuro-interventionism and neuro-surgical methods to be able to address each patient's pathology in an individualized and integral way.

Comparison of Prognostic Performance between Fisher and Modified Fisher Scales for Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Comparação do desempenho prognóstico entre as escalas Fisher e Fisher modificada para pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea aneurismática

Objective The present study aims to assess and compare the prognostic value of these two scales for predicting mortality. Method We reviewed 172 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, who were followed-up for 6 months. The Fisher and modified Fisher scales were evaluated for the prediction of mortality using logistic regressions. Results The Fisher scale was associated with mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09­4.05) in the multivariate analysis. The modified Fisher scale was not associated with mortality in the multivariate analysis (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 0.9­2.29), nor in the univariate analysis (OR: 1.24; 95%CI: 0.87­1.86). There was no significant association between Fisher score and unfavorable functional outcomes (mRS > 2) in the univariate analysis (OR: 1.33; 95%CI: 0.92­1.92), nor in the multivariate analysis (OR: 1.37; 95%CI: 0.92­2.05). There was no significant association between modified Fisher scores and unfavorable functional outcomes in the univariate analysis (OR: 1.16; 95%CI: 0.88­1.52). There was also no significant association in the multivariate analysis (OR: 1.18; 95%CI: 0.88­1.57). Conclusion Only the Fisher scale was associated with mortality. Neither of the two scales was associated with unfavorable functional outcomes (mRS > 2).

Objetivo O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar e comparar o valor prognós tico dessas duas escalas para predizer mortalidade. Método Revisamos 172 pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea aneurismática, acompanhados por 6 meses. As escalas de Fisher e modificada de Fisher foram avaliadas para a previsão de mortalidade usando regressões logísticas. Resultados A escala de Fisher foi associada à mortalidade (odds ratio [OR]: 2; intervalo de confiança [IC] 95%: 1.09­4.05) na análise multivariada. A escala Fisher modificada não foi associada à mortalidade na análise multivariada (OR: 1.39; IC95%: 0.9­2.29), nem na análise univariada (OR: 1.24; IC95%: 0.87­1.86). Não houve associação significativa entre o escore de Fisher e resultados funcionais desfavoráveis (mRS > 2) na análise univariada (OR: 1.33; IC95%: 0.92­1.92), nem na análise multivariada (OR: 1.37; IC95%: 0.92­2.05). Não houve associação significativa entre os escores modificados de Fisher e resultados funcionais desfavoráveis na análise univariada (OR: 1.16; IC95%: 0.88­1.52). Também não houve associação significativa na análise multivariada (OR: 1.18; IC95%: 0.88­1.57). Conclusão Apenas a escala de Fisher foi associada à mortalidade. Nenhuma das duas escalas foi associada a resultados funcionais desfavoráveis (mRS > 2).

Homocysteine serum levels in patients with ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a case-control study / Homocisteína sérica em pacientes com aneurismas rotos e não rotos: um estudo caso-controle

Abstract Background There is very few data regarding homocysteine's influence on the formation and rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Objective To compare homocysteine levels between patients with ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms, and to evaluate possible influences of this molecule on vasospasm and functional outcomes. Methods This is a retrospective, case-control study. We evaluated homocysteinemia differences between patients with ruptured and unruptured aneurysms; and the association of homocysteine levels with vasospasm and functional outcomes. Logistic regressions were performed. Results A total of 348 participants were included: 114 (32.8%) with previous aneurysm rupture and 234 (67.2%) with unruptured aneurysms. Median homocysteine was 10.75μmol/L (IQR = 4.59) in patients with ruptured aneurysms and 11.5μmol/L (IQR = 5.84) in patients with unruptured aneurysms. No significant association was detected between homocysteine levels and rupture status (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.96-1.04). Neither mild (>15μmol/L; OR = 1.25, 95% CI 0.32-4.12) nor moderate (>30μmol/L; OR = 1.0, 95% CI = 0.54-1.81) hyperhomocysteinemia demonstrated significant correlations with ruptured aneurysms. Neither univariate (OR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.71-1.0) nor multivariable age-adjusted (OR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.75-1.05) models evidenced an association between homocysteine levels and vasospasm. Homocysteinemia did not influence excellent functional outcomes at 6 months (mRS≤1) (OR = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.94-1.16). Conclusion There were no differences regarding homocysteinemia between patients with ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms. In patients with ruptured aneurysms, homocysteinemia was not associated with vasospasm or functional outcomes.

RESUMO Antecedentes Existem poucos dados sobre a influência da homocisteína na formação e rotura de aneurismas intracranianos (AI). Objetivo Comparar os níveis de homocisteína entre pacientes com AI rotos e não rotos e influências no vasoespasmo e resultados funcionais. Métodos Estudo caso-controle, que avaliou as diferenças de homocisteinemia entre pacientes com aneurismas rotos e não rotos, além da associação entre níveis de homocisteína, vasoespasmo e estado funcional. Regressões logísticas foram realizadas. Resultados Um total de 348 participantes foram incluídos: 114 (32,8%) com aneurismas rotos e 234 (67,2%) não rotos. A homocisteína mediana foi de 10,75μmol/L (IQR = 4,59) nos rotos e 11,5μmol/L (IQR = 5,84) nos não rotos. Não houve associação significativa entre os níveis de homocisteína e o status de ruptura (OR = 0,99, 95% CI = 0,96-1,04). Nem a hiperhomocisteinemia leve (>15μmol/L; OR = 1,25, 95% CI = 0,32-4,12) nem a moderada (>30μmol/L; OR = 1,0, 95% CI = 0,54-1,81) mostraram correlações significativas com aneurismas rotos. Modelos univariados (OR = 0,86; 95% CI = 0,71-1,0) e multivariados ajustados por idade (OR = 0,91; 95% CI = 0,75-1,05) não evidenciaram associação entre homocisteína e vasoespasmo. A homocisteinemia não influenciou resultados funcionais excelentes em seis meses (mRS ≤ 1) (OR = 1,04; 95% CI = 0,94-1,16). Conclusão Não houve diferenças em relação à homocisteinemia entre pacientes com aneurismas intracranianos rotos e não rotos. Em pacientes com aneurismas rotos, a homocisteinemia não foi associada ao vasoespasmo ou resultados funcionais.

Complicaciones del tratamiento endovascular y quirúrgico en las hemorragias subaracnoideas aneurismáticas en Uruguay: análisis prospectivo de una serie de 211 casos / Complications of endovascular and surgical treatment in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhages in Uruguay prospective analysis of a series of 211 cases / Complicações do tratamento endovascular e cirúrgico nas hemorragias subaracnóideas aneurismais no Uruguai: análise prospectiva de uma série de 211 casos

Introducción: si bien varios estudios han abordado la comparación entre el tratamiento endovascular y el clipado quirúrgico de aneurismas rotos, no existe aún evidencia firme respecto a la utilización de una u otra técnica en términos de seguridad y mejor pronóstico. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las distintas modalidades de tratamiento de la hemorragia subaracnoidea (HSA) implementadas en Uruguay y su impacto sobre la curación del aneurisma y el pronóstico de los pacientes. Material y método: estudio prospectivo y multicéntrico que incluyó a todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años que fueron asistidos por HSA espontánea aneurismática en Uruguay entre el 1 de noviembre de 2019 y el 31 de octubre de 2020. Fueron relevadas las características clínico-epidemiológicas y comorbilidades al momento del diagnóstico, el tipo de tratamiento recibido y variables de evolución clínica durante los siguientes seis meses. Los datos fueron procesados a través del software estadístico Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) y el nivel de significación utilizado en los test fue de 5%. Debido al carácter multicéntrico y nacional del estudio, debió ser sometido a evaluación por todos los comités de ética de las instituciones de salud participantes. Resultados: se observó un total de 211 casos en el período evaluado. La media de edad fue de 57 años con predominancia del sexo femenino (75%). En el 74% de los casos fue indicado algún tipo de tratamiento específico (43% cirugía abierta y 31% terapia endovascular), mientras al resto de los pacientes no se les pudo tratar el aneurisma por su grave situación neurológica; 52 pacientes tuvieron complicaciones vinculadas al tratamiento recibido, observándose una mayor proporción de estas en el caso de la cirugía abierta respecto a la terapia endovascular (42% vs 21,5%; p=0,008). Conclusiones: se observó una mayor tasa de complicaciones en el tratamiento quirúrgico, sin impacto en la morbimortalidad. De los factores predictores independientes de mala evolución clínica encontrados, el único vinculado al tipo de tratamiento fue la presencia de isquemia extensa.

Introduction: While several studies have addressed the comparison between endovascular treatment and surgical clipping of ruptured aneurysms, there is still no definitive evidence regarding the use of one or the other in terms of safety and improved prognosis. The objective of this study is to analyze the various modalities of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) treatment implemented in Uruguay and their impact on aneurysm resolution and patient prognosis. Method: This is a prospective, multicenter study that includes all patients over 18 years of age who were treated for spontaneous aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in Uruguay between November 1, 2019, and October 31, 2020. We collected and examined clinical-epidemiological characteristics and comorbidities at the time of diagnosis, the type of treatment received, and clinical outcome variables over the following 6 months. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, and a significance level of 5% was applied in the tests. Due to the multicenter and national nature of the study, it had to be submitted for evaluation to all the Ethics Committees of the participating healthcare institutions. Results: A total of 211 cases were observed during the evaluated period. The mean age was 57 years with a predominance of females (75%). In 74% of the cases, some form of specific treatment was recommended (43% open surgery and 31% endovascular therapy), while the remaining patients could not undergo aneurysm treatment due to their severe neurological condition. 52 patients experienced complications related to the treatment received, with a higher proportion of these in the case of open surgery compared to endovascular therapy (42% vs. 21,5%; p=0,008). Conclusions: A higher rate of complications was observed in the surgical treatment, with no impact on morbidity and mortality. Among the independent predictors of poor clinical outcomes identified, the only one related to the type of treatment was the presence of extensive ischemia.

As campanhas de prevenção e promoção da saúde, bem como os avanços na medidas terapêuticas voltadas para pacientes neurocríticos conseguiram reduzir a incidência de pacientes com lesão cerebral aguda que evoluem para morte encefálica (ME). No entanto, na maioria dos países latino-americanos, os órgãos que podem ser perfundidos adequados para transplante (TX) vêm de doadores falecidos em ME. A doação em assistolia e em particular a doação em assistolia controlada (DAC), é uma opção aceita e válida para a obtenção de órgãos, o que contribuiria para a redução das listas de espera para transplantes. Durante o processo DAC, são aplicados conceitos com forte cunho bioético, que são fundamentais na o momento da tomada de decisão. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar esses conceitos, com o objetivo de oferecer ferramentas válidas à equipe de saúde, para os processos em que há deliberação moral como ocorre na doação de órgãos em assistolia controlada considerada parte integrante dos cuidados de fim de vida.

Topografía más frecuente de aneurismas rotos en Uruguay: presentación de un estudio prospectivo multicéntrico de una serie de 211 casos / Most Frequent Topography of Ruptured Aneurysms In Uruguay: Presentation of a multicentricprospective study of a series of 211 cases

Introducción. La hemorragia subaracnoidea (HSA) es más frecuente en el sexo femenino entre la cuarta y sexta década de vida6. El 80 a 85% de las HSA se deben a rotura de un aneurisma. Los aneurismas intracraneanos pueden ser clasificados de diferentes maneras según su etiología, tamaño, morfología o topografía. Objetivo. Describir las características topográficas y morfo-estructurales de los aneurismas en nuestro país. Materiales y Métodos. Fueron incluidos en el estudio todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de HSA, que consultaron a centros asistenciales del país entre el 01/11/2019 y el 31/10/2020. Fueron relevadas las características clínico-epidemiológicas y comorbilidades al momento del diagnóstico, el tipo de tratamiento recibido y variables de evolución clínica durante los siguientes 6 meses. El nivel de significación utilizado en los test fue del 5%. Debido al carácter multicéntrico y nacional del estudio, debió ser sometido a evaluación por todos los Comité de Ética de las instituciones de salud participantes, y por la Comisión Nacional de Ética en Investigación (CNEI). Resultados. Se observó un total de 211 casos en el período evaluado. La media de edad fue de 57 años con predominancia del sexo femenino (75%). En el 82% de los casos, el estudio vascular utilizado fue la angio-TC. La topografía aneurismática más frecuente fue: arteria comunicante anterior (27,5%), arteria cerebral media (27%), y arteria comunicante posterior (23%). Un 27% tuvieron aneurismas múltiples. En el 74% de los casos fue indicado algún tipo de tratamiento específico (43% cirugía abierta y 31% terapia endovascular) Conclusiones. Este trabajo aporta las primeras cifras sobre la topografía de los aneurismas rotos en el Uruguay, siendo ésta comparable a lo descrito en la literatura internacional

Background. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is more common in females between the fourth and sixth decade of life6. 80 to 85% of SAH are due to ruptured aneurysm. Intracranial aneurysms can be classified in different ways according to their etiology, size, morphology or topography. Objectives. To describe the topographic and morpho-structural features of aneurysms in our country. Methods. All patients over 18 years old with a diagnosis of SAH, who consulted to a healthcare center in the country between 11/01/2019 and 10/31/2020, were included in the study. The clinical-epidemiological characteristics and comorbidities at the time of diagnosis, the type of treatment received and clinical evolution variables during the following 6 months were collected. The significance level of evidence used in the tests was 5%. Due to the multicenter and national nature of the study, it had to be subjected to an evaluation by all the Ethics Committees of the participating health institutions, and by the National Research Ethics Commission. Results. A total of 211 cases were observed in the evaluated period. The average age was 57 years with a predominance of the female sex (75%). In 82% of cases, the vascular study used was CT angiography. The most common aneurysmal topography was anterior communicating artery (27.5%), middle cerebral artery (27%), and posterior communicating artery (23%). 27% suffered multiple aneurysms. In 74% of cases, some type of specific treatment was indicated (43% open surgery and 31% endovascular therapy). Conclusions. This work provides the first figures on the topography of ruptured aneurysms in Uruguay, being this comparable to what is described in the international literature

Correlation between tomographic scales and vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage / Correlación entre escalas tomográficas y vasoespasmo e isquemia cerebral diferida en la hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of sonographic vasospasm and delayed ischemic deficit in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, to evaluate the correlation between different tomographic scales and these complications, and to study prognostic factors in this group of patients. Methods: This was a prospective study of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The prevalence of sonographic vasospasm and radiological delayed cerebral ischemia was analyzed, as was the correlation between different tomographic scales and these complications. Results: A total of 57 patients were studied. Sixty percent of the patients developed sonographic vasospasm, which was significantly associated with delayed cerebral ischemia and mortality. The Claassen and Hijdra scales were better correlated with the development of cerebral vasospasm (areas under the curve of 0.78 and 0.68) than was Fisher's scale (0.62). Thirty-two patients (56.1%) developed cerebral infarction on CT; the significantly associated factors were poor clinical grade at admission (p = 0.04), sonographic vasospasm (p = 0.008) and severity of vasospasm (p = 0.015). Only the semiquantitative Hijdra scale was significantly correlated with the development of radiological delayed cerebral ischemia (p = 0.009). The patients who presented cerebral infarction had worse neurological evolution and higher mortality. Conclusion: This is the first study in our environment on the subject. The Claassen and Hijdra tomographic scales showed better prognostic performance than the Fisher scale for the development of cerebral vasospasm. The finding of sonographic vasospasm could be a noninvasive criterion for the early detection of delayed cerebral ischemia and neurological deterioration in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de vasoespasmo sonográfico y déficit isquémico diferido en pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática, evaluar la correlación entre las diferentes escalas tomográficas con dichas complicaciones, así como estudiar los factores pronósticos en este grupo de pacientes. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de pacientes ingresados a la unidad de cuidados intensivos con diagnóstico de hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática. Se analizó la prevalencia de vasoespasmo sonográfico e isquemia cerebral diferida radiológica, así como la correlación entre diferentes escalas tomográficas con dichas complicaciones. Resultados: Se estudiaron 57 pacientes. El 60% de los pacientes desarrollaron vasoespasmo sonográfico, el cual se asoció significativamente con isquemia cerebral diferida y mortalidad. Las escalas de Claassen y de Hijdra tuvieron una mejor correlación con el desarrollo de vasoespasmo cerebral (área bajo la curva de 0,78 y 0,68) que la de Fisher (0,62). Treinta y dos pacientes (56,1%) desarrollaron infarto cerebral en la TC, siendo los factores que se asociaron en forma estadísticamente significativa al mismo: pobre grado clínico al ingreso (p = 0,04), vasoespasmo sonográfico (p = 0,008) y severidad del vasoespasmo (p = 0,015). Solamente la escala semicuantitativa de Hijdra se correlacionó significativamente con el desarrollo de isquemia cerebral diferida radiológica (p = 0,009). Los pacientes que presentaron infarto cerebral tuvieron peor evolución neurológica y mayor mortalidad. Conclusion: Se presenta el primer estudio en nuestro medio sobre el tema. Las escalas tomográficas de Claassen y Hijdra presentaron un mejor rendimiento pronóstico que la de Fisher para desarrollo de vasoespasmo cerebral. El hallazgo de vasoespasmo sonográfico podría ser un criterio no invasivo de detección temprana de isquemia cerebral diferida y peoría neurológica en los pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios and prognosis after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cohort study / Razão neutrófilos-linfócitos e razão plaquetas-linfócitos e o prognóstico de hemorragia subaracnóidea aneurismática: um estudo de coorte

Abstract Background Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) prognosis remains poor. Vasospasm mechanism might be associated with inflammation. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have been studied as inflammation markers and prognostic predictors. Objective We aimed to investigate NLR and PLR in admission as predictors of angiographic vasospasm and functional outcome at 6 months. Methods This cohort study included consecutive aneurysmal SAH patients admitted to a tertiary center. Complete blood count was recorded at admission before treatment. White blood cell count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, platelet count, NLR, and PLR were collected as independent variables. Vasospasm occurrence-modified Rankin scale (mRS), Glasgow outcome scale (GOS), and Hunt-Hess score at admission and at 6 months were recorded as dependent variables. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to adjust for potential confounding and to assess the independent prognostic value of NLR and PLR at admission. Results A total of 74.1% of the patients were female, with mean age of 55.6 ± 12.4 years. At admission, the median Hunt-Hess score was 2 (interquartile range [IQR] 1), and the median mFisher was 3 (IQR 1). Microsurgical clipping was the treatment for 66.2% of the patients. Angiographic vasospasm incidence was 16.5%. At 6 months, the median GOS was 4 (IQR 0.75), and the median mRS was 3 (IQR 1.5). Twenty-one patients (15.1%) died. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and PLR levels did not differ between favorable and unfavorable (mRS > 2 or GOS < 4) functional outcomes. No variables were significantly associated with angiographic vasospasm. Conclusion Admission NLR and PLR presented no value for prediction of functional outcome or angiographic vasospasm risk. Further research is needed in this field.

Resumo Antecedentes O prognóstico da hemorragia subaracnoidea (HSA) permanece ruim. Vasoespasmo pode estar associado à inflamação. Razões neutrófilo-linfócito (NLR) e plaqueta-linfócito (PLR) têm sido estudadas como marcadores de inflamação e prognóstico. Objetivo Investigar NLR e PLR na admissão como preditores de vasoespasmo angiográfico e desfecho aos 6 meses. Métodos Este estudo de coorte incluiu pacientes consecutivos com HSA aneurismática de um centro terciário. Contagem de leucócitos, neutrófilos, linfócitos e plaquetas, proporção de neutrófilos para linfócitos e de plaquetas para linfócitos foram coletados como variáveis independentes. Ocorrência de vasoespasmo, escala de Rankin modificada, escala de desfecho de Glasgow e o escore de Hunt-Hess na admissão e 6 meses após a mesma foram registradas como variáveis dependentes. Modelos de regressão logística multivariável foram usados para ajustar potenciais fatores de confusão e avaliar valor prognóstico independente de NLR e PLR. Resultados Um total de 74,1% pacientes eram do sexo feminino, com idade média de 55,6 ± 12,4 anos. Na admissão, a pontuação média de Hunt-Hess foi de 2 (IQR 1) e a mediana de mFisher foi de 3 (IQR 1). Clipagem microcirúrgica foi o tratamento escolhido para 66,2% dos pacientes. A incidência de vasoespasmo angiográfico foi de 16,5%. Aos 6 meses, a escala de desfecho de Glasgow mediana era 4 (IQR 0,75) e a escala de Rankin modificada mediana era 3 (IQR 1,5). Vinte e um pacientes (15,1%) morreram. Os níveis de NLR e PLR não diferiram entre resultados funcionais favoráveis e desfavoráveis (mRS > 2 ou GOS < 4). Nenhuma variável foi significativamente associada ao vasoespasmo angiográfico. Conclusão Razão neutrófilo-linfócito e a PLR não apresentaram valor preditivo de desfecho funcional ou risco de vasoespasmo angiográfico. Mais pesquisas são necessárias neste campo.

Comportamiento de indicadores relacionados con la asistencia a pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea espontánea en la provincia de Cienfuegos

Fundamento: la importancia sanitaria de la hemorragia subaracnoidea espontánea, como problema de salud, es un hecho reconocido. Objetivo determinar el comportamiento de algunos indicadores relacionados con la asistencia médica a pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea espontánea, en el contexto provincial. Métodos estudio observacional, descriptivo-correlacional y retrospectivo, de 96 pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea espontánea entre 2016 y 2021. Se analizó el comportamiento de indicadores seleccionados, en su relación con diversas variables. En el análisis estadístico se utilizó como estadígrafo el Odds Ratio y su intervalo de confianza. Resultados el 22 % de los pacientes fue diagnosticado pasadas las primeras 48 horas del inicio de los síntomas, mientras que 13 enfermos (14 %) requirieron más de una asistencia para el diagnóstico. La ocurrencia de diagnóstico tardío cuando no se identificó el sangramiento en la primera consulta fue significativa (OR 21,8[5,1;91,8]). Doce pacientes fueron admitidos fuera de unidades especializadas; esta situación se observó más en pacientes menores de 60 años (21% vs 4 %; OR 5,7[1,1;27,9]), y en quienes el diagnóstico se realizó después de las 48 horas del inicio de las manifestaciones (29 % vs 8 %; OR 4,6[1,3;16,2]). De los 35 pacientes trasladados a otra institución para tratamiento neuroquirúrgico solo cuatro (12 %) fueron evacuados en las primeras 72 horas. Conclusiones se identifican brechas en la atención al paciente con hemorragia subaracnoidea en el contexto provincial; se destacan el ingreso de enfermos fuera de unidades especializadas y el traslado tardío a instituciones con servicio de cirugía neurovascular.

Background: the spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage's health importance, it's recognized as a health problem. Objective: to determine the behavior of some indicators related to medical care for patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage, in the provincial context. Methods: Observational, descriptive-correlational and retrospective study of 96 patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage between 2016 and 2021. The behavior of selected indicators was analyzed in relation to various variables. In the statistical analysis, the Odds Ratio and its confidence interval were used as statisticians. Results: 22% of the patients were diagnosed after the first 48 hours after the onset of symptoms, while 13 patients (14%) required more than one assistance for diagnosis. The occurrence of late diagnosis when bleeding was not identified at the first visit was significant (OR 21.8[5.1;91.8]). Twelve patients were admitted outside of specialized units; this situation was observed more in patients under 60 years of age (21% vs 4%; OR 5.7[1.1;27.9]), and in whom the diagnosis was made 48 hours after the onset of manifestations (29% vs 8%; OR 4.6[1.3;16.2]). Of the 35 patients transferred to another institution for neurosurgical treatment, only four (12%) were evacuated in the first 72 hours. Conclusions: gaps are identified in the patients' care with subarachnoid hemorrhage in the provincial context; The admission of patients outside specialized units and the late transfer to institutions with neurovascular surgery service stand out.

Embolización de aneurismas intracraneales múltiples en sesión única

Objetivo: Determinar los resultados clínicos y angiográficos en pacientes con aneurismas intracraneales múltiples tratados endovascularmente en una única sesión. Materiales y Métodos: Se incluyó a todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años con aneurismas múltiples (≥2), rotos o no rotos, tratados con terapia endovascular en una única sesión entre 2019 y 2021. Se recolectaron los datos clínicos y angiográficos. Se determinó la tasa de oclusión inmediata y del seguimiento. La escala de Rankin modificado se usó para valorar el resultado clínico. Resultados: Se trataron 25 pacientes, de los cuales 14 se presentaron con hemorragia subaracnoidea. Se diagnosticaron un total de 78 aneurismas, de los cuales 59 aneurismas fueron tratados. La localización más frecuente fue el segmento oftálmico. La altura máxima promedio fue de 5.2mm, lo cual tuvo diferencia estadística significativa con el estado de ruptura (p ≤ 0.02). El principal tipo de tratamiento endovascular fue la técnica de remodeling en el 39 % de casos. El Raymond Roy inmediato fue I en el 60 % y IIIa en el 35 % de casos. La tasa de complicaciones fue del 24 % y de mortalidad fue del 8 %. Conclusiones: El tratamiento endovascular en una única sesión es una opción efectiva y segura en casos de aneurismas intracraneales múltiples en nuestra institución con tasa de oclusión y complicaciones aceptable.

Objective: To determine clinical and angiographical outcomes in patients with multiple intracranial aneurysms who underwent endovascular therapy in a single session. Materials and Methods: Patients older than 18 years with multiple (≥2) ruptured or non-ruptured aneurysms were included, and all of them underwent endovascular therapy in a single session between 2019 and 2021. Clinical and angiographic data was collected. Immediate occlusion and follow-up data were collected. Rankin modified scale was used for assessing clinical outcomes. Results: Twenty-five patients were treated, and fourteen had subarachnoid hemorrhage. Seventy-eight aneurysms were diagnosed, and 59 of them were treated. The most frequent location was at the ophthalmic segment. Maximum average height was 5.2- mm, which showed significant statistical difference with a ruptured condition (p≤0.02). The main modality for endovascular therapy was the remodeling technique, which was used in 39% of all cases. Immediate Raymond Roy staging was I in 60% of all cases, and IIIa in 35% of all cases. Complication rate was 24%, and mortality rate was 8%. Conclusions: Single session endovascular therapy is an effective and safe option for cases of multiple intracranial aneurysms in our institution. Occlusion and complication rates were acceptable.

Manejo ultra temprano del aneurisma cerebral roto. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Ultra-early management of ruptured brain aneurysm. A case report and literature review

Introducción : Los aneurismas intracraneales representan el 85% de casos de hemorragias subaracnoideas, dentro de las cuales las no traumáticas tienen una alta tasa de mortalidad (40-60%). En el manejo endovascular y microquirúrgico de esta enfermedad, el debate ha sido siempre intenso respecto a si el tratamiento temprano produce un beneficioso resultado funcional y reduce la morbi-mortalidad del paciente. Caso Clínico : Paciente mujer de 54 años, admitida con cefalea súbita y cuadro neurológico que cursó con rápido deterioro. La tomografía mostró hemorragia subaracnoidea por ruptura aneurísmica del complejo comunicante anterior; fue sometida a microcirugía dentro de las primeras 24 horas y transferida luego a UCI, sin complicaciones. Discusión : El tiempo de resolución, sea mediante clipaje microquirúrgico o tratamiento endovascular es tema de intensos debates. Las guías actuales señalan la necesidad del manejo más temprano posible de la patología. Conclusión : En nuestro caso, se obtuvo un buen resultado funcional debido a varios factores uno de ellos el ingreso precoz a cirugía. La actualización de las guías y nuevos estudios ayudarán a mejorar el conocimiento de la enfermedad y protocolos hospitalarios adecuados a la realidad clínica ayudarán a reducir su tiempo de resolución.

SUMMARY Introduction : Intracranial aneurysms account for 85% of all subarachnoid hemorrhages. Non-traumatic SAH has a high mortality rate (40-60%). Regarding the microsurgical and endovascular management for this pathology, there has been intense debate on whether early action is beneficial in terms of functional outcome and reduction of morbi-mortality. Clinical case : A 54-year-old woman admitted with a sudden, severe headache and a rapidly deteriorating neurological state at baseline, and with deterioration at the next hour. Tomography showed a subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery; the patient underwent surgery within the first 24 hours, with subsequent ICU management without complications. Discussion : The resolution time of this condition, either by micosurgery or endovascular management is a matter of intense debate. International guidelines point out the need of an earliest possible treatment. Conclusion : In our case, a good functional result was obtained due to several factors, one of which was early admission to surgery. The updating of guidelines and new studies will help to better understand the pathophysiology of SAH, and the creation of hospital protocols adapted to clinical realities will assist to reduce the resolution time of this pathology.

Pituitary Hormonal Disturbances in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Distúrbios hormonais pituitários na hemorragia subaracnóidea aneurismática

Objective The objective of the present study was to assess the hormonal alterations that occurred in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods This is a case series with 21 patients diagnosed with subarachnoid hemorrhage of aneurysmal etiology up to 30 days after the ictus. The following hormonal measurements were performed in these patients: cortisol, GH, testosterone, prolactin, estradiol, FSH, LH, FSH, T3, T4 and free T4. The hormonal results of the cases were compared with the results of twelve volunteers from the control group and correlated with findings in brain tomography, cerebral angiography, Hunt-Hess scale, and vasospasm. Results The main altered hormones were cortisol (52.6%), GH (42.9%) and TSH (28.6%). There was a trend towards more severe cases in the following groups of patients: Hunt-Hess scale > 2, Fisher scale > 1, aneurysmal topography in the anterior communicating artery and those who had vasospasm. Conclusion The present study observed the tendency of pituitary hormonal changes in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage of aneurysmal etiology, corroborating the need for dosage of hormones from the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the management of these cases.

Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as alterações hormonais em pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea e correlacionar tais alterações com a gravidade da hemorragia. Métodos Trata-se de uma série de casos com 21 pacientes com diagnóstico de hemorragia subaracnóidea de etiologia aneurismática até 30 dias do ictus. Foram realizadas as seguintes dosagens hormonais nesses pacientes: cortisol, GH, testosterona, prolactina, estradiol, FSH, LH, FSH, T3, T4 e T4 livre. Os resultados hormonais dos casos foram comparados com os resultados de 12 voluntários do grupo controle e correlacionados com achados em tomografia de crânio, estudo angiográfico cerebral, escala de Hunt-Hess e vasoespasmo. Resultados Os principais hormônios alterados foram o cortisol (52,6%), GH (42,9%) e o TSH (28,6%). Houve uma tendência de casos mais graves nos seguintes grupos de pacientes: escala de Hunt-Hess > 2, escala de Fisher > 1, topografia aneurismática na artéria comunicante anterior e aqueles que cursaram com o vasoespasmo. Conclusão O presente estudo observou a tendência de alterações hormonais hipofisárias em pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea de etiologia aneurismática, corroborando a necessidade de dosagem dos hormônios do eixo hipotálamo-hipofisário no manejo desses casos.

Microsurgical Treatment of Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms: An Analysis of 74 Consecutive Cases. Approach Side Choice and Outcome Considerations / Tratamento microcirúrgico de aneurismas da artéria comunicante anterior: Uma análise de 74 casos consecutivos. Escolha da abordagem e considerações sobre resultados

Introduction Anterior communicating artery aneurysms (ACoAAs) are intracranial aneurysms whose treatment is still considered a challenging task. Materials and Methods Altogether, 74 patients were included in this study. The variables included age, sex, comorbidities, incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), the Fisher, Hunt-Hess, and WFNS scores, approach side, length of hospital stay, and mortality. We also investigate A1/A2 dimensions, association with approach side choice and the influence of surgeon's experience on the outcome. Results There were 61 patients (82.2%) admitted with SAH and 13 were treated for unruptured aneurysms. The A1 and A2 branches were larger ipsilaterally to the selected approach side (p < 0,001). No deaths occurred in the unruptured aneurysm group. In the SAH group, mortality was strongly correlated with the Hunt-Hess score (p < 0.001), Fisher grade (p < 0.001), and WFNS score (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found in mortality between the right-side and the left-side approaches (p » 0.253). A significant survival difference was identified on the group operated by the senior surgeon versus the non-senior group (p » 0.048). Discussion and Conclusion A1 dominance was identified as a factor associated to the approach side for SAH cases at our center. Understanding the factors involved in brain aneurysm surgery remains a relevant and underexplored subject. Further studies involving larger case series and multicenter collaborations are necessary to elucidate these factors and to determine the external validity of our findings.

Introdução Os aneurismas da artéria comunicante anterior (ACoAA) são aneurismas intracranianos cujo tratamento ainda é considerado uma tarefa desafiadora. Materiais e Métodos Ao todo, 74 pacientes foram incluídos neste estudo. As variáveis incluíram idade, sexo, comorbidades, incidência de hemorragia subaracnóidea (HAS), escala de Fisher, Hunt-Hess e WFNS, lado de abordagem, tempo de internação e mortalidade. Também investigamos as dimensões A1/A2, a associação com a escolha do lado de abordagem e a influência da experiência do cirurgião no resultado. Resultados Foram admitidos 61 pacientes (82,2%) com HAS e 13 foram tratados por aneurismas não rotos. Os ramos A1 e A2 foram maiores ipsilateralmente ao lado de abordagem selecionada (p < 0,001). Nenhuma morte ocorreu no grupo de aneurismas não rotos. No grupo HAS, a mortalidade esteve fortemente correlacionada com a escala de Hunt-Hess (p < 0,001), pontuação de Fisher (p < 0,001) e pontuação WFNS (p < 0,001). Não foi encontrada diferença significativa na mortalidade entre as abordagens direita e esquerda (p » 0,253). Foi identificada diferença significativa de sobrevida no grupo operado pelo cirurgião sênior versus o grupo não sênior (p » 0,048). Discussão e Conclusão A dominância A1 foi identificada como fator associado ao lado de abordagem dos casos de HAS em nosso centro. A compreensão dos fatores envolvidos na cirurgia de aneurisma cerebral permanece um assunto relevante e pouco explorado. Mais estudos envolvendo séries de casos maiores e colaborações multicêntricas são necessários para elucidar esses fatores e para determinar a validade externa de nossas descobertas.

Influence of Serum Ferritin and B12 Levels in the Functional Outcomes of Patients with Ruptured and Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms / Influência dos níveis séricos de ferritina e B12 nos desfechos funcionais de pacientes com aneurismas intracranianos rotos e não rotos

Introduction Pathological processes in the arterial wall that result in vessel dilation are the cause of intracranial aneurysms (IAs), and the risk factors for their formation and progression are not well established. Ferritin is associated with inflammation and angiogenesis; it has protective antioxidative activity, and controls cell differentiation. Vitamin B12 is related to neurological and hematological disorders; it can be used as differential diagnosis tool, and acts in the control of homocysteinemia, a predictor of worse prognosis. The present article aims to assess the correlation between serum ferritin and B12 levels and the patient's functional outcome. Materials and Methods In the present cohort study, we assessed the serum levels of ferritin and B12, as well as the scores on the modified Rankin and Glasgow Outcome Scales at 6 months, of 2 groups, one with 19 and the other with 49 individuals, out of 401 patients treated for IA at Universidade de São Paulo from 2018 to 2019. We performed a statistical analysis, using logistic regression, to determine the aforementioned correlation. Results In the univariable analysis, the serum levels of ferritin showed no significant impact on the functional outcome (odds ratio [OR]: 0.96 for every 100 pg/mL increase; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.761­1.210; p » 0.732); neither did the serum levels of B12 (OR: 0.998 for every 100 pg/mL increase; 95%CI: 0.826­1.206; p » 0.987). Moreover, no significant impact on the functional outcome was observed in the multivariable analysis regarding the serum levels of B12, age, hypertension, and aneurysm rupture (OR: 1.086 for every 100 pg/mL increase; 95%CI: 0.847­1.392; p » 0.513). Conclusion We were not able to confirm a statistical correlation regarding the serum levels of ferritin and B12, and functional outcome of IA patients. These variables might be linked to other determinants of the pathophysiology of IAs, like inflammation and homocysteinemia.

Introdução Processos patológicos na parede arterial, que resultam em dilatação dos vasos, são a causa dos aneurismas intracranianos (AIs), e os fatores de risco para a sua formação e evolução não estão bem estabelecidos. A ferritina está associada a inflamação e angiogênese, tem atividade antioxidante, e controla diferenciação celular. A vitamina B12 está relacionada a distúrbios neurológicos e hematológicos, é utilizada como ferramenta de diagnóstico, e atua no controle da homocisteinemia. Este artigo visa avaliar a correlação entre os níveis séricos de ferritina e B12 e o desfecho funcional do paciente. Materiais e Métodos Neste estudo de coorte, analisamos os níveis séricos de ferritina e B12, assim como as pontuações nas escalas de desfechos de Rankin modificada e Glasgow aos 6 meses de 2 grupos, um com 19 e o outro com 49 indivíduos, dos 401 pacientes com AI tratados na Universidade de São Paulo de 2018 a 2019. Para determinar a já mencionada correlação, realizamos análise estatística usando regressão logística. Resultados Na análise univariada, a ferritina sérica não resultou em impacto significativo sobre o desfecho funcional (razão de possibilidades [RP]: 0,96 para cada aumento de 100 pg/mL; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 0,761­1,210; p » 0,732), nem a B12 sérica (RP: 0,998 para cada aumento de 100 pg/mL; IC95%: 0,826­1,206; p » 0,987). Tampouco observou-se impacto significativo sobre o desfecho na análise multivariada usando B12 sérica, idade, hipertensão e ruptura de aneurisma (RP: 1,086 para cada aumento de 100 pg/mL; IC95%: 0,847­1,392; p » 0,513). Conclusão Não foi confirmada a correlação estatística entre os níveis séricos de ferritina e de B12 e o desfecho funcional de pacientes com AI. Essas variáveis podem estar ligadas a outros determinantes da fisiopatologia do AI, como inflamação e homocisteinemia.

Aneurismas intracraneales, no rotos en pacientes de la provincia Sancti Spíritus / Non-ruptured intracranial aneurysms in patients from Sancti Spíritus province

Fundamento: Los aneurismas intracraneales cuando se fisuran provocan una hemorragia subaracnoidea. No obstante, no todos se rompen y algunos pueden ser encontrados de manera casual en un estudio imaginológico y se les denomina incidentales o asintomáticos según el paciente presente, o no, historia previa de otro saco que se haya roto con anterioridad. Tratar un aneurisma intracraneal no roto es un desafío para líderes clínicos y quirúrgicos. Objetivo: Describir las características y evolución de una serie de 91 aneurismas intracraneales incidentales y asintomáticos en pacientes atendidos en el Hospital General Camilo Cienfuegos de Sancti Spíritus entre los años 2010 y 2020. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo y cuantitativo con una muestra no probabilística de 91 aneurismas incidentales y asintomáticos encontrados en 72 pacientes mediante estudios imaginológicos. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, dimensiones, forma irregular, sitio de localización, método de tratamientos empleados, mortalidad y morbilidad. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes con edad entre 45 y 65 años y hubo un predominio del sexo femenino. Fue mayoritario el aneurisma de mediano tamaño y la localización más frecuente fue la comunicante anterior. Se detectaron variables clínicas y morfológicas predictivas de complicaciones. Los pacientes no intervenidos quirúrgicamente evolucionaron mejor. Se detectaron varios pacientes con familiares de primer y segundo grado afectados por aneurismas intracraneales. Conclusiones: Los aneurismas intracraneales no rotos predominan en mujeres de la quinta y sexta década de la vida. Factores morfológicos como el tamaño del saco, la altura máxima del domo y la razón de aspecto se relacionaron con la aparición de complicaciones en los pacientes operados. El síndrome de aneurisma intracraneal familiar debe tenerse en cuenta en pacientes con antecedentes de familiares de primer y segundo grado con aneurismas intracraneales.

Background: Intracranial aneurysms when ruptured cause subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, not always they rupture and some may be found by chance in an imaging study and they are called incidental or asymptomatic depending on whether or not the patient has a prior event of additional ruptured sac formerly. Treating a non-ruptured intracranial aneurysm is a challenge for foremost clinical physicians and surgeons. Objective: To describe the characteristics and evolution of a series of 91 incidental and asymptomatic intracranial aneurysms in patients treated at the General Hospital Camilo Cienfuegos in Sancti Spíritus between 2010 and 2020. Methodology: Descriptive and quantitative study with a non-probabilistic sample of 91 incidental and asymptomatic aneurysms found in 72 patients through imaging studies. The variables studied were: age, sex, dimensions, irregular shape, site of location, method of treatment used, mortality and morbidity. Results: Patients aged between 45 and 65 years predominated with a predominance of female sex. The majority were medium-sized aneurysms and the most frequent location was the anterior connecting aneurysm. Clinical and morphological variables predictive of complications were detected. Patients who did not undergo surgery had a better evolution. Several patients with first and second relatives' degree affected by intracranial aneurysms were detected. Conclusions: Non-ruptured intracranial aneurysms predominate in women in the fifth and sixth decade of life. Morphological factors such as sac size, maximum dome height and aspect ratio were related to the happening of complications in operated patients. Family intracranial aneurysm syndrome should be considered in patients with a history of first and second relatives' degree affected by intracranial aneurysms.

Big data analysis of endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms: a bibliometric analysis of the top 100 most cited articles / Análise de grandes dados do tratamento endovascular de aneurismas intracranianos: uma análise bibliométrica dos 100 artigos mais citados

Abstract Background The impact of a literature report on a particular subject can be measured by its number of citations. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of the literature reports in the field of endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) by analyzing the top 100 most cited articles. It should be noted that the focus of this study is to describe the bibliometric characteristics. Methods This bibliometric analysis dedicated only to endovascular treatment of IAs in our study. We searched the top 100 most cited articles in the field of endovascular treatment of IAs using the search tool of the Web of Science (WOS). We evaluated the characteristics of these high-impact publications, including publication year, category, journal, author's country, etc. Results The top 100 most cited articles were cited 281.3 times, on average. The United States has published the most articles every year compared with other countries. These highly cited articles are mostly published in the Journal of Neurosurgery. Eighty-six of the top 100 most cited articles were clinical studies. Conclusion The bibliometric analysis provides insight over the development and the growing trend in endovascular treatment of IAs. This study can help researchers better understand the global overview of this field, and it also provides leads about promising areas of future research and potential collaborations.

Resumo Antecedentes O impacto de um relato de literatura sobre um determinado assunto pode ser medido pelo seu número de citações. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características dos relatos da literatura na área de tratamento endovascular de aneurismas intracranianos (AIs), analisando os 100 artigos mais citados. Ressalta-se que o foco deste estudo é descrever as características bibliométricas. Métodos Esta análise bibliométrica foi dedicada apenas ao tratamento endovascular dos AIs em nosso estudo. Pesquisamos os 100 artigos mais citados na área de tratamento endovascular de AIs usando a ferramenta de busca daWeb of Science (WOS). Avaliamos as características dessas publicações de alto impacto, incluindo ano de publicação, categoria, periódico, país do autor etc. Resultados Os 100 artigos mais citados foram citados 281,3 vezes, em média. Os Estados Unidos publicaram o maior número de artigos todos os anos em comparação com outros países. Esses artigos altamente citados são publicados principalmente noJournal of Neurosurgery. Oitenta e seis dos 100 artigos mais citados eram estudos clínicos. Conclusão A análise bibliométrica fornece informações sobre o desenvolvimento e a tendência crescente no tratamento endovascular das AI. Este estudo pode ajudar os pesquisadores a entender melhor a visão global desse campo e também fornece pistas sobre áreas promissoras de pesquisas futuras e potenciais colaborações.

Frecuencia de complicaciones neurológicas de hemorragia subaracnoidea

RESUMEN Introducción: las complicaciones neurológicas más frecuentes de la hemorragia subaracnoidea son el vasoespasmo cerebral, el resangrado y la hidrocefalia. Las convulsiones que pueden asociarse son generalmente secundarias a las anteriores. La aparición de éstas influye en la morbimortalidad de los pacientes afectados. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de complicaciones clínicas de la hemorragia subaracnoidea Material y métodos: se aplicó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 105 pacientes adultos con hemorragia subaracnoidea que acudieron al Hospital Nacional, Itauguá, Paraguay, en el periodo 2020-2021. Resultados: la edad media fue 52 ±15 años. La mayoría de los pacientes fue del sexo femenino (59,05%) y provenía del Departamento Central. La hipertensión arterial fue la principal comorbilidad. La mayoría de los pacientes presentó Fisher 4 en la tomografía simple de cráneo y la presentación clínica fue el Hunt y Hess 2. El vasoespasmo fue la complicación neurológica más frecuente. La mortalidad fue 54,29%. Conclusión: la escala de Fisher 4 y la de Hunt y Hess 2 fueron los grados de presentación imagenológica y afectación clínica más frecuentes. La complicación neurológica predominante fue el vasoespasmo, aislado o asociado a otras complicaciones como hidrocefalia o resangrado. La mortalidad fue 54,29%.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The most frequent neurological complications of subarachnoid hemorrhage are cerebral vasospasm, rebleeding and hydrocephalus. The seizures that may be associated are generally secondary to these complications. Their appearance influences the morbidity and mortality of affected patients. Objective: To determine the frequency of clinical complications of subarachnoid hemorrhage Material and methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study was used. One hundred five adult patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage who attended the Hospital Nacional of Itauguá, Paraguay, in the period 2020-2021 were included. Results: The mean age was 52±15 years. Most of the patients were female (59.05%) and came from the Central Department. Arterial hypertension was the main comorbidity. Most of the patients presented Fisher grade 4 in the simple skull tomography and the clinical presentation was Hunt and Hess grade 2. Vasospasm was the most frequent neurological complication while mortality was 54.29%. Conclusion: The Fisher grade 4 and the Hunt and Hess grade were the most frequent grades of imaging presentation and clinical involvement. The predominant neurological complication was vasospasm, isolated or associated with other complications such as hydrocephalus or rebleeding. Mortality was 54.29%.

Efficacy of nimodipine in the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis / Eficácia da nimodipina no tratamento da hemorragia subaracnoidea: uma metanálise

Abstract Background Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an uncommon and serious subtype of stroke, which leads to the loss of the patient's ability to produce and live for many years. Objective To investigate the clinical effect of nimodipine in the treatment of SAH. Methods Electronic databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, SinoMed, China Master's Theses Full-text Database (CMFD), China Doctoral Dissertations Full-text Database (CDFD), Cochrane Library, PubMed and Embase were searched from 2010 and 2021. All randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of nimodipine in the treatment of SAH were included in our meta-analysis. The patients were divided into control group and treatment group. Meta-analysis was performed with Stata16.0 software. Results A total of 10 studies were included. Compared with the control group, the treatment group had higher effective rate (OR = 3.21, 95% CI: 2.25, 4.58; p < 0.001), and lower incidence of adverse reactions (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.67; p = 0.001). Before treatment, no significant differences were identified in middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score between the two groups. However, after treatment, the middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (SMD = — 1.36, 95% CI: —2.28, —0.49; p = 0.002) and GCS score (SMD = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.58, 1.89; p < 0.001) in the treatment group were significantly better than those in the control group. Conclusions Nimodipine is effective in the treatment of SAH, lowering incidence of adverse reactions and therefore improving the prognosis of patients.

Resumo Antecedentes Hemorragia subaracnóidea (SAH) é um subtipo raro e grave de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), o que leva à perda da capacidade do paciente de produzir e viver por muitos anos. Objetivo Investigar o efeito clínico da nimodipina no tratamento da SAH. Métodos As bases de dados eletrônicas, incluindo a China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, SinoMed, Masters Theses Full-text Database (CMFD), China Doctoral Dissertations Full-text Database (CDFD), Cochrane Library, PubMed e Embase foram pesquisadas no período de 2010 a 2021. Todos os ensaios controlados aleatorizados que avaliam a eficácia da nimodipina no tratamento da SAH foram incluídos na nossa meta-análise. Os pacientes foram divididos em grupo controle e grupo de tratamento. Meta-análise foi realizada com o software Stata 16.0. Resultados Foram incluídos um total de dez estudos. Em comparação com o grupo controle, o grupo de tratamento tinha uma taxa mais elevada (OR = 3,21, 95% CI: 2,25, 4,58; p < 0,001), e menor incidência de reações adversas (OR = 0,35, 95% CI: 0,19, 0,67; p = 0,001). Antes do tratamento, não foram identificadas diferenças significativas na velocidade média do fluxo sanguíneo da artéria cerebral e na pontuação de Glasgow coma scale (GCS) entre os dois grupos. No entanto, após o tratamento, a velocidade média do fluxo sanguíneo da artéria cerebral (SMD = −1,36, 95% CI: −2,28, 0,49; p = 0,002) e a pontuação do GCS (SMD = 1,24, 95% CI: 0,58, 1,89; p < 0,001) no grupo de tratamento foram significativamente melhores do que os do grupo controle. Conclusões A nimodipina é eficaz no tratamento da SAH, diminuindo a incidência de reações adversas e, consequentemente, melhorando o prognóstico dos doentes.

Aneurisma tipo blister roto con manejo satifactorio con la técnica de remodelado - Reporte de un caso

Introducción : Los aneurismas tipo blíster son aneurismas pequeños, complejos, menores de 3mm, con alta tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad, así como de resangrado y recurrencia. Son difíciles de tratar y se han propuesto técnicas microquirúrgicas y endovasculares, siendo estas últimas las de menor tasa de complicaciones. Caso Clínico : Mujer de 74 años, ingresa con 6 horas de evolución de trastorno de sensorio brusco. La tomografía muestra hemorragia subaracnoidea difusa a predominio izquierdo. Se le realiza una angiografía cerebral que evidencia un aneurisma blíster de la trifurcación de la arteria cerebral media izquierda. Se emboliza con técnica de remodeling y coils, logrando obliterar la totalidad del aneurisma. Conclusión : Los aneurismas tipo blíster son aneurismas complejos y raros, siendo la terapia endovascular una alternativa segura y eficaz con menor tasa de complicaciones.

Introduction : Blister-like aneurysms are small, complex, smaller than 3mm, with high rate of morbidity and mortality, as well as rebleeding and recurrence. They are difficult to treat and microsurgical and endovascular techniques are current treatment modalities. Endovascular technique has the lowest rate of complications. Clinical case : 74-year-old woman, admitted with 6 hours of sudden sensory disorder. The CT scan shows diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage predominantly on the left side. A cerebral angiography showed a blister-like aneurysm of the left middle cerebral artery trifurcation. The patient was treated with coiling and remodeling technique, achieving a complete occlusion. Conclusion : Blister-like aneurysms are complex and rare, whereas endovascular therapy is a safe and effective alternative with low complication rate.

Desfechos clínicos e funcionais de pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea aneurismática em UTI / Clinical and functional outcomes of patients with aneurysmatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in the ICU

INTRODUCTION: Rehabilitation has recently been discussed in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) caused by a ruptured aneurysm. OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical and functional outcomes of surviving and non-surviving patients with aneurysmal SAH in a neurosurgical ICU. METHODS: This is a retrospective documentary study. Medical records of patients with SAH admitted to the neurosurgical ICU of a teaching hospital between July 2014 and July 2019 were analyzed. Data were divided according to the outcomes into survivors group (SG) and non-survivors group (NG). RESULTS: 103 patients were analyzed, 72% female, mean age 55 years, 62% had high ICU outcome. The SG had significantly lower age, SAPS III score, Fisher and Hunt-Hess scales and time on mechanical ventilation (MV) than the NG, in addition, they had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), on admission and discharge from the ICU and length of hospital stay, significantly higher (p≤0.05) than NG. The SG showed significantly higher functionality (p≤0.05) than the NG on admission and a significant increase (p≤0.05) in functionality between admission and discharge from the ICU. CONCLUSION: Surviving patients with aneurysmal SAH had lower age, SAPS III score, neurological scales and time on MV, higher GCS scores at ICU admission and discharge, and longer hospital stay than non-survivors. Surviving patients had better functionality than non-survivors on admission, and, evolved with functional improvement from admission to discharge from the ICU.

INTRODUÇÃO: Recentemente tem sido discutido quanto à reabilitação em pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea (HSA) causada pelo rompimento de um aneurisma. OBJETIVO: Comparar desfechos clínicos e funcionais de pacientes com HSA aneurismática, sobreviventes e não sobreviventes em uma UTI neurocirúrgica. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo documental retrospectivo. Foram analisados prontuários de pacientes com HSA internados na UTI neurocirúrgica de um hospital escola, entre julho de 2014 e julho de 2019. Os dados foram divididos de acordo com os desfechos em grupo sobreviventes (GS) e grupo não sobreviventes (GN). RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 103 pacientes, 72% do sexo feminino, idade média de 55 anos, 62% apresentaram alta da UTI como desfecho. O GS apresentou idade, escore SAPS III, escalas de Fisher e Hunt-Hess e tempo de ventilação mecânica (VM) significativamente menores (p≤0,05) que o GN, além disso, apresentaram escala de coma de Glasgow (ECG), na admissão e na alta da UTI e tempo de internação hospitalar, significativamente maiores (p≤0,05) que o GN. O GS apresentou funcionalidade significativamente maior (p≤0,05) que o GN na admissão e incremento significativo (p≤0,05) da funcionalidade entre a admissão e alta da UTI. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com HSA aneurismática sobreviventes apresentaram menores idades, escore SAPS III, escalas neurológicas e tempo de VM, maiores escores de ECG, na admissão e na alta da UTI e maior tempo de internação hospitalar que os não sobreviventes. Os pacientes sobreviventes apresentaram melhor funcionalidade que os não sobreviventes na admissão, e, evoluíram com melhora funcional da admissão até a alta da UTI.

Updates on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: is there anything really new? / Atualizações em hemorragia subaracnóidea aneurismática: há algo realmente novo?

Abstract Background: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a severe disease, with systemic involvement and complex diagnosis and treatment. Since the current guidelines were published by the AHA/ASA, Neurocritical Care Society and the European Stroke Organization in 2012-2013,there has been an evolution in the comprehension of SAH-associated brain injury and its multiple underlying mechanisms. As a result, several clinical and translational trials were developed or are underway. Objective: The aim of this article is to review some updates in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological complications of SAH. Methods: A review of PubMed (May, 2010 to February, 2022) was performed. Data was summarized. Results: Content of five meta-analyses, nine review articles and 23 new clinical trials, including pilots, were summarized. Conclusions:Advances in the comprehension of pathophysiology and improvements in critical care have been reflected in the reduction of mortality in SAH. However, despite the number of publications, the only treatments shown to be effective in adequate, well-controlled clinical trials are nimodipine and repair of the ruptured aneurysm. Thus, doubts about the optimal management of SAH still persist.

Resumo Antecedentes: Hemorragia subaracnóide aneurismática (HSAa) é uma doença grave, com envolvimento sistêmico, complexo diagnóstico e tratamento. Desde a publicação dos atuaisprotocolos de conduta pela AHA/ASA, NeurocriticalCare Society e EuropeanStrokeOrganization de 2012-2013, houve evolução na compreensão da lesão cerebral associada à HSA e seus múltiplos mecanismos subjacentes. Como resultado, muitos trabalhos clínicos e translacionais foram desenvolvidos ou estão em andamento. Objetivos: O objetivo deste artigo é revisar algumas das atualizações no diagnóstico e tratamento de complicações neurológicas de HSA. Métodos: Revisão de Pubmed (Maio de 201o a Fevereiro de 2022) foi realizada. Dados foram sintetizados. Resultados: O conteúdo de 5 metanálises, 9 artigos de revisão e 23 novos estudos clínicos, incluindo pilotos, foram sumarizados. Conclusões: Avanços na compreensão da fisiopatologia e melhorias no cuidado crítico têm se refletido na redução da mortalidade em HSA. Entretanto, apesar do volume de publicações, os únicos tratamentos que se mostraram efetivos com testes clínicos bem controlados são o uso de nimodipino e o tratamento dos aneurisma rotos. Assim, dúvidas acerca do manejo ideal em HSA ainda persistem.