Factores de riesgo para cáncer de endometrio en premenopáusicas con hemorragia uterina disfuncional / Risk factors for endometrial cancer in pre-menopausal women with dysfunctional uterine hemorrhage

El objetivo de la investigación fue establecer los factores de riesgo para cáncer de endometrio en premenopáusicas con diagnóstico de hemorragia uterina disfuncional. Se realizó un estudio observacional en mujeres con diagnóstico de hemorragia uterina disfuncional. Se evaluaron la asociación entre la histología endometrial y los factores de riesgo para el cáncer de endometrio, de ellos se analizaron: irregularidades del ciclo menstrual, diabetes mellitus, nuliparidad, hipertensión, obesidad y edad mayor de 40 años. La regresión logística se utilizó para investigar la importancia relativa de cada factor de riesgo. El estudio incluyó 266 mujeres con edad promedio de 41 años. La prevalencia de los factores de riesgo fue la siguiente: edad mayor de 40 años (67,2 %), menstruaciones irregulares (22,1 %), nuliparidad (16,9 %), obesidad (10,1 %), hipertensión (8,6 %) y diabetes (2,2 %). Los resultados de la biopsia endometrial incluyeron: 14 casos (5,2 %) de hiperplasia simple, 16 casos (6,0 %) de hiperplasia compleja y 4 casos (1,5 %) de hiperplasia con atipia. No se observaron casos de adenocarcinoma de endometrio. Se encontró que las menstruaciones irregulares eran el único factor de riesgo estadísticamente significativo asociado a alteración de la histología endometrial (p = 0,0132). En el grupo de pacientes con menstruaciones regulares y sin factores de riesgo, la incidencia de biopsia anormal observada fue inferior al 1 %. Las irregularidades del ciclo menstrual aumentan la probabilidad de un resultado anormal de la biopsia a un 14,2 %. Se concluye que las mujeres premenopáusicas diagnosticadas con hemorragia uterina disfuncional cuyos ciclos menstruales son regulares tienen un riesgo insignificante de desarrollar hiperplasia endometrial.

The objective of the research was to establish risk factors for endometrial cancer in pre-menopausal women with a diagnosis of dysfunctional uterine hemorrhage. An observational study was conducted in women with a diagnosis of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. The association between endometrial histology and risk factors for endometrial cancer analyzed were menstrual cycle irregularities, diabetes mellitus, nulliparity, hypertension, obesity and age over 40 years. Logistic regression was used to investigate the relative importance of each risk factor. The study included 266 women with an average age of 41 years. The prevalence of risk factors was the following: age over 40 years (67,2 %), irregular menses (22,1 %), nulliparity (16,9 %), obesity (10,1 %), hypertension (8,6 %) and diabetes (2,2 %). The results of the endometrial biopsy included: 14 cases (5,2 %) of simple hyperplasia, 16 cases (6,0 %) of complex hyperplasia and 4 cases (1,5 %) of complex hyperplasia with atypia. No cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma were observed. It was found that irregular menses were the only statistically significant risk factor associated with alteration of endometrial histology (p = 0.0132). In the group of patients with regular menses and without risk factors, the incidence of abnormal biopsy observed was less than 1 %. The irregularities of the menstrual cycle increases the probability of an abnormal result of the biopsy to 14,2 %. It is concluded that premenopausal women diagnosed with dysfunctional uterine bleeding whose menstrual cycles are regular have a negligible risk of developing endometrial hyperplasia.

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding / Sangramento uterino anormal

Abstract Abnormal uterine bleeding is a frequent condition in Gynecology. It may impact physical, emotional sexual and professional aspects of the lives of women, impairing their quality of life. In cases of acute and severe bleeding, women may need urgent treatment with volumetric replacement and prescription of hemostatic substances. In some specific cases with more intense and prolonged bleeding, surgical treatment may be necessary. The objective of this chapter is to describe the main evidence on the treatment of women with abnormaluterinebleeding, both acuteand chronic.Didactically,thetreatmentoptions were based on the current International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classification system (PALM-COEIN). The etiologies of PALM-COEIN are: uterine Polyp (P), Adenomyosis (A), Leiomyoma (L), precursor and Malignant lesions of the uterine body (M), Coagulopathies (C), Ovulatory dysfunction (O), Endometrial dysfunction (E), Iatrogenic (I), and Not yet classified (N). The articles were selected according to the recommendation grades of the PubMed, Cochrane and Embase databases, and those in which the main objective was the reduction of uterine menstrual bleeding were included. Only studies written in English were included. All editorial or complete papers that were not consistent with abnormal uterine bleeding, or studies in animal models, were excluded. The main objective of the treatment is the reduction of menstrual flow and morbidity and the improvement of quality of life. It is important to emphasize that the treatment in the acute phase aims to hemodynamically stabilize the patient and stop excessive bleeding, while the treatment in the chronic phase is based on correcting menstrual dysfunction according to its etiology and clinical manifestations. The treatment may be surgical or pharmacological, and thelatterisbasedmainlyonhormonaltherapy,anti-inflammatorydrugsandantifibrinolytics.

Resumo O sangramento uterino anormal é uma afecção frequente que pode afetar negativamente aspectos físicos, emocionais, sexuais e profissionais, piorando a qualidade de vida das mulheres. Nos casos de sangramento intenso e agudo, as mulheres podem necessitar de tratamento de urgência, com reposição volumétrica e substâncias hemostáticas. Há situações que necessitam de tratamento prolongado, e ainda situações em que o tratamento cirúrgico pode ser necessário. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as principais evidências sobre o tratamento das mulheres com sangramento uterino anormal, tanto na fase aguda quanto na crônica. A apresentação do tratamento foi baseada no sistema de classificação (PALM-COEIN, na sigla em inglês) da Federação Internacional de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (FIGO). As etiologias do PALMCOEIN são: Pólipo uterino (P), Adenomiose (A), Leiomiomia (L), lesões precursoras e Malignas do corpo uterino (M), Coagulopatias (C), distúrbios da Ovulação (O), disfunção Endometrial (E), Iatrogênicas (I), e não classificadas nos itens anteriores (N). Os artigos foram selecionados conforme os graus de recomendação das bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane e Embase que tivessem como objetivo o tratamento do sangramento uterino anormal em mulheres. Somente artigos escritos em inglês foram incluídos. Todos os editoriais ou papers completos que não tratassem de sangramento uterino anormal, ou estudos baseados em modelos animais, foram excluídos. O tratamento tem como objetivo a redução do fluxo menstrual, reduzindo morbidade e melhorando a qualidade de vida. O tratamento na fase aguda visa estabilizar hemodinamicamente a paciente e estancar o sangramento excessivo, enquanto a terapia da fase crônica é baseada na correção da disfunção menstrual, conforme sua etiologia ou conforme a manifestação clínica. O tratamento pode ser cirúrgico ou medicamentoso, sendo o segundo baseado principalmente em fármacos hormonais, anti-inflamatórios ou antifibrinolíticos.

Evidencias en indicaciones de la progesterona / Evidence in progesterone prescription

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: la progesterona es una hormona esteroide con participación en la ovulación, implantación, embarazo y regulación de la función uterina durante el ciclo menstrual y de otros órganos, como la glándula mamaria. Por su mecanismo de acción, la progesterona está indicada en distintos padecimientos ginecológicos y obstétricos: síndrome premenstrual, amenaza de aborto, parto pretérmino, hemorragia uterina disfuncional y mastalgia relacionada con el ciclo menstrual. OBJETIVO: evaluar la seguridad y eficacia de la progesterona en pacientes con: síndrome premenstrual, amenaza de aborto y de parto pretérmino, hemorragia uterina disfuncional, mastalgia y terapia hormonal en la menopausia. METODOLOGÍA: revisión sistemática de la evidencia científica acerca de las distintas indicaciones de la progesterona. RESULTADOS: se encontraron 92 artículos de los que se seleccionaron 41 para revisión. CONCLUSIONES: la evidencia clínica evaluada acerca de las indicaciones de la progesterona demuestra ventajas en eficacia y seguridad en los diferentes esquemas.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Progesterone is a steroid hormone involved in ovulation, implantation, pregnancy and regulation of uterine function during the menstrual cycle and other organs such as the mammary gland. Because of its mechanism of action, progesterone is indicated in different gynecological and obstetric conditions: premenstrual syndrome, threatened abortion, preterm birth, dysfunctional uterine bleeding and mastalgia related to the menstrual cycle. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of progesterone in patients with: premenstrual syndrome, threatened abortion, preterm birth, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, mastalgia and hormone therapy in menopause. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Systematic review of scientific evidence about different indications of progesterone. RESULTS: We found 92 articles from wich 41 were selected for review. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical evidence evaluated on different indications of progesterone demonstrates advantages in efficacy and safety in different regimens.