RESUMO
Objective@#To study the segment of liver according to the large amount of three-dimensional(3D) reconstructive images of normal human livers and the vascular system, and to recognize the basic functional liver unit based on the anatomic features of the intrahepatic portal veins.@*Methods@#The enhanced CT primitive DICOM files of 1 260 normal human livers from different age groups who treated from October 2013 to February 2017 provided by 16 hospitals were analyzed using the computer-aided surgery system.The 3D liver and liver vascular system were reconstructed, and the digital liver 3D model was established.The vascular morphology, anatomical features, and anatomical distributions of intrahepatic portal veins were statistically analyzed.@*Results@#The digital liver model obtained from the 3D reconstruction of CAS displayed clear intrahepatic portal vein vessels of level four.Perform a digital liver segments study based on the analysis of level four vascular distribution areas.As the less anatomical variation of left hepatic portal vein, the liver was classified into four types of liver segmentation mainly based on right hepatic portal vein.Type A was similar to Couinaud or Cho′s segmentation, containing 8 segments(537 cases, 42.62%). Type B contained 9 segments as there are three ramifications of right-anterior portal vein(464 cases, 36.82%). The main difference for Type C was the variation of right-posterior portal vein which was sector shape(102 cases, 8.10%). Type D contained the cases with special portal vein variations, which needs three-dimensional simulation to design individualized liver resection plan(157 cases, 12.46%). These results showed that there was no significant difference in liver segmental typing between genders(χ2=2.179, P=0.536) and did not reveal any significant difference in liver segmental typing among the different age groups(χ2=0.357, P=0.949).@*Conclusions@#The 3D digital liver model can demonstrate the true 3D anatomical structures, and its spatial vascular variations.The observation of anatomic features, distribution areas of intrahepatic portal veins and individualized liver segmentation achieved via digital medical 3D visualization technology is of great value for understand the complexity of liver anatomy and to guide the precise hepatectomy.
RESUMO
RESUMEN: El hígado es un órgano sólido, de gran relevancia para la fisiología. Es asiento potencial de lesiones tumorales quísticas y sólidas; benignas y malignas (primarias y secundarias); razón por la cual, conocer su anatomía radiológica y quirúrgica es muy relevante. Los antecedentes históricos comienzan con Berta en 1716, quien fue el primero en realizar una resección hepática; en 1888, Lagenbuch fue el primero el realizar una resección hepática programada. En 1889, Keen realizó la primera lobectomía hepática izquierda, seguido de Webde, en 1910, quien ejecutó la primera lobectomía hepática derecha. Más tarde, Couinaud, en 1957, realizó ua descripción completa de la anatomía segmentaria del hígado, dando una mejor comprensión quirúrgica de la morfología hepática, para su abordaje en distintas patologías. Un hito fundamental en el desarrollo del estudio del hígado, fue el establecimiento de la "Clasificación de Brisbane", por parte del Comité Científico de la Asociación Internacional Hepatobilio-Pancreática, poniendo fin a la confusión terminológica establecida entre los términos franceses y anglosajones. Y desde el ámbito anatómico, se destaca la aparición de Terminologia Anatomica, por parte del Programa Federativo Internacional de Terminologia Anatomica (FIPAT) dependiente de la Federación Internacional de Asociaciones de Anatomistas (IFAA), quienes dentro de la misma, establecieron los términos anatómicos correspondientes al hígado. El objetivo de este manuscrito, es entregar un resumen esquemático de la anatomía quirúrgica y radiológica del hígado, que fundamentan las diferentes opciones de resecciones hepáticas.
SUMMARY: The liver is a solid organ which is most relevant for physiology. It is a potential site for cystic and solid (primary and secondary) benign and malignant tumor lesions. Therefore, thorough knowledge of its radiological and surgical anatomy is important. Historical background of liver resections began with Berta in 1716, who was the first to carry out the procedure. In 1888, Lagenbuch performed the first programmed liver resection and subsequently, in 1889 Keen performed the very first left hepatic lobectomy, followed by Webde in 1910, who performed the first right hepatic lobectomy. Later in 1957, Couinaud recorded a complete description of the segmental anatomy of the liver, providing a greater surgical understanding of the hepatic morphology, for approach in various pathologies. A fundamental milestone in the development of the liver study was the establishment of the "Brisbane Classification" by the Scientific Committee of the International Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Association, which ended previous confusion between the French and Anglo-Saxon terminology. Furthermore, within the scope of anatomy, the introduction of Terminología Anatómica, by the International Federative Program of Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) which depends on the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists ( IFAA), established the anatomical terms for the liver The objective of this manuscript is to provide a schematic summary of the surgical and radiological anatomy of the liver, on which the different options for liver resections are based.