Occurrence and toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria) in the Paraná River, downstream of the Yacyretá dam (Argentina) / Presencia y toxicidad de Microcystis aeruginosa (Cianobacteria) en el río Paraná, aguas abajo de la represa Yacyretá (Argentina)

AbstractCyanobacteria constitute the main toxin producers in inland water ecosystems and have extensive global distribution. The presence of hepatotoxins in aquatic environments is hazardous to human and animal health; even though the presence and identification of hepatotoxic microcystins in rivers and reservoirs of the world have been confirmed by several studies in the last few years. Herein, we studied the abundance and toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa in the Argentine section of the Paraná River at the beginning of the Middle Paraná (Corrientes Hydrometer), near Corrientes city (27º28´ S - 58º51´ W) and approximately 220 km downstream of the Yacyretá dam (High Paraná). The Paraná River basin, with a drainage area of 3.1 x 106 km2 and 3 965 km in length, is the second largest catchment of South America, after that of the Amazon. The Paraná River is the main source of drinking water supply for the Northeastern Argentine region. Phytoplankton samples were collected and environmental variables were measured in a monthly basis (exceptionally fortnightly), from March 2004 to June 2008. Fifty-eight samples were analyzed for phytoplankton density and biomass. Five samples were used for toxicity testing; the latter were obtained during the cyanobacteria blooms from 2005 to 2008. Phytoplankton counts were performed with an inverted microscope, and biomass was expressed as biovolume. Bioassays with mice and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis were performed to evaluate the presence of cyanotoxins. Phytoplankton mainly consisted of Cryptophyta, Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta. Microcystis aeruginosa was identified during the warmer months each year (November to March). Density varied between 189 and 25 027 cells/mL (1-10 colonies/mL) and biomass from 0.34 to 44 mm3/L. Taking into account the number of cells, the highest abundance occurred in April 2004 (25 027 cells/mL), coinciding with the largest biovolume (44 mm3/L). All mice subjected to intraperitoneal injections with samples obtained during bloom episodes showed positive results for the presence of hepatotoxins. Three microcystins variants: LR, RR and [D-Leu1] Mcyst-LR were detected by analysis with semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector system (HPLC-PDA). This constitutes the first report of microcystins recorded during M. aeruginosa blooms in the Argentine stretch of the Paraná River at the beginning of the Middle Paraná (Corrientes Hydrometer), approximately 220 km downstream of the Yacyretá dam (High Paraná).

ResumenLas Cyanobacterias constituyen el principal productor de toxinas en ecosistemas acuáticos y tienen una amplia distribución mundial. La presencia e identificación de microcistinas hepatotóxicas en ríos y embalses de todo el mundo fue confirmada por diferentes estudios durante los últimos años. La presencia de hepatotoxinas en cuerpos de agua son riesgosas para la salud humana y animal. Se estudió la abundancia y toxicidad de Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. en el río Paraná (Argentina), cerca de la ciudad de Corrientes (27°28' S - 58°51' W), aproximadamente a 220 km aguas abajo de la represa Yacyretá. La cuenca del río Paraná, con un área de drenaje de 3.1 x 106 km2 y 3 965 km de longitud, es la segunda mayor cuenca de Sudamérica, después del Amazonas. El río Paraná es la principal fuente de abastecimiento de agua potable para el Nordeste de la República Argentina. Los muestreos se realizaron mensualmente (excepcionalmente fueron quincenales) con medición de variables ambientales, entre Marzo 2004 y Junio 2008. Se tomaron un total de 58 muestras para analizar la densidad y biomasa del fitoplancton; mientras que cinco muestras fueron utilizadas en ensayos de toxicidad, estas últimas fueron obtenidas durante floraciones de cianobacterias entre 2005 y 2008. Los recuentos de fitoplancton fueron realizados con un microscopio invertido y la biomasa fue expresada como biovolumen. Para determinar la presencia de cianotoxinas se utilizaron bioensayos con ratones y análisis con Cromatografia líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). El fitoplancton estuvo representado principalmente por Cryptophyta, Chlorophyta y Bacillariophyta. Cyanobacteria fue dominante durante los meses cálidos de cada año (Noviembre a Marzo), con alta densidad de Microcystis aeruginosa. La densidad de M. aeruginosa varió entre 189 y 25 027 cells/mL (1-10 colonies/mL) y la biomasa entre 0.34 y 44 mm3/L. Teniendo en cuenta el número de células, la mayor abundancia ocurrió en abril 2004 (25 027 cells/ mL), coincidiendo con el gran biovolumen (44 mm3/L). Todos los ratones inyectados intraperitonealmente presentaron síntomas correspondientes a hepatotoxicidad. Tres variantes de microcystinas: LR, RR y [D-Leu1] Mcyst-LR, fueron detectadas por análisis de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución con detector de diodos (HPLC-PDA). Este es el primer trabajo de microcistinas registradas durante las floraciones de M. aeruginosa en el tramo argentino del río Paraná en los inicios del Paraná Medio (Hidrómetro Corrientes), aproximadamente a 220 km aguas abajo de la represa de Yacyretá (Alto Paraná).

Occurrence of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystins in Rio de la Plata river (Argentina)

This paper is the first report on microcystins producer blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa in the Argentinean coast of the R¨ªo de la Plata river, the most important drinkingwater supply of Argentina. The distribution of toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis cf. aeruginosa blooms in the Argentinean coast of the Rio de la Plata river was studied from December 2003 and January 2006. Microcystis aeruginosa persisted in the river with values ranged between 0 -7.8 104 cells ml-1. Samples of two Microcystis aeruginosa water blooms were collected at La Plata river and were analyzed by the mouse bioassay and by high-performance liquid chromatography with Diode-array and MS detector. The samples showed high hepatotoxicityin mouse bioassay and, in accordance, important amount of microcystins. The bloom samples contained microcystins LR and a variant of microcystin with a molecular ion [M+H]+= 1037.8 m/z as major components. The total toxin content found in these samples was 0.94¦Ìg/mg and 0.69¦Ìg/mg of lyophilised cells. We conclude that the presence of toxic clones of Microcystisaeruginosa in the Argentinean coast of the Rio de la Plata is an actual sanitary and environmental problem and that further studies are necessary to make the risk assessment.