Spatial distribution and sample size to estimate Lycosa erythrognatha (Araneae: Lycosidae) population density overwintering / Distribuição espacial e tamanho de amostra para estimar a densidade populacional de Lycosa erythrognatha (Araneae: Lycosidae) durante o inverno

Abstract Lycosa erythrognatha Lucas, 1833 (Araneae: Lycosidae) is a predatory arthropod with potential for conservation biological control. In addition to being considered a bioindicator of environmental quality, this arthropod provides an important service for agriculture by reducing insect-pest populations. In this work we seek to understand how the plants Andropogon bicornis L., Saccharum angustifolium Nees and Eustachys retusa Lag (Poales: Poaceae) and their different clump sizes affect the population density, spatial distribution and determination of the minimum number of samples to estimate its population density during the winter. Among the evaluated host plants, S. angustifolium and A. bicornis presented higher population density than E. retusa, but we observed that the clump diameter significantly influences the population density and the minimum number of samples. We observed a gregarious behavior in plants of A. bicornis and E. retusa. For S. angustifolium, a uniform distribution was observed.

Resumo Lycosa erythrognatha Lucas, 1833 (Araneae: Lycosidae) é um artrópode predador com potencial para controle biológico de conservação. Além de ser considerado um bioindicador da qualidade ambiental, esse artrópode fornece um importante serviço para a agricultura, reduzindo as populações de insetos-praga. Neste trabalho buscamos entender como as plantas Andropogon bicornis L., Saccharum angustifolium Nees e Eustachys retusa Lag (Poales: Poaceae) e seus diferentes tamanhos de touceira afetam a densidade populacional, distribuição espacial e a determinação do número mínimo de amostras para estimar sua densidade populacional durante o inverno. Entre as plantas hospedeiras avaliadas, S. angustifolium e A. bicornis apresentaram maior densidade populacional que E. retusa, observamos que o diâmetro da touceira influencia significativamente a densidade populacional e o número mínimo de amostras. Observamos um comportamento gregário nas plantas de A. bicornis e E. retusa. Para S. angustifolium, uma distribuição uniforme foi observada.

Adult Stem Cells in Hibernation: Future Perspectives of Space Travel

Space traveling is imperative for mankind in the future. Expectedly, hibernation will become an option for space traveler to overcome the endless voyage. With regard to some of the studies pointed out that during hibernation, muscle will undergo atrophy and meantime neurogenesis will reduce, these obstacles were frequently related with stem cell regeneration. Thus, investigation on whether hibernation will lead to dysfunction of stem cell becomes an important issue. By going through four main systems in this article, such as, hematopoietic system, skeletal muscle system, central nervous system and orthopedic system, we are expecting that stem cells regeneration capacity will be affected by hibernation. To date, these researches are majorly the read-out from short term or seasonal hibernating mammals. Proposing and creating a simulated long-term hibernation animal model is turning essential for the further investigation on the effect of longer period of hibernation to human stem cells.

Effects of 17β-E2 on growth and gonad development of overwintering Whitmania pigra / 中国中药杂志

The present study was conducted to explores the effects of short-term addition of 17β-E2 on the growth,gonad development and internal quality of overwintering Whitmania pigra. Before overwintering,0. 0,1. 0,10. 0,25. 0,50. 0,100. 0 μg·L~(-1) of 17β-E2 were added to the aquaculture water for 6 weeks and then hibernated for 60 days. The changes of growth performance,gonad index,morphological structure of spermary( ovary),endogenous steroid hormones level and internal quality were measured. The results showed that the body weight,weight gain rate,specific growth rate,female gonad index,oocyte development and endogenous estrogen level of the leech increased first and then decreased with the increase of the concentration of exogenous 17β-E2,which were higher than those of the control group. The body weight,weight gain rate and specific growth rate of the leech at the concentration of 25 μg·L~(-1)17β-E2 were significantly higher than those of the other groups( P<0. 05),oocyte development and endogenous estrogen levels were significantly higher than those of other groups at the concentration of 50 μg·L~(-1)( P<0. 05). When the concentration of exogenous 17β-E2 was higher than 50 μg·L~(-1),the levels of male gonad index,spermatocyte development,endogenous androgen and progesterone were significantly inhibited( P< 0. 05). There was no significant difference in endogenous corticosteroid levels among the groups. In conclusion,short-term addition of exogenous 17β-E2 of 10-25 μg·L~(-1) could promote the growth of overwintering leeches,oocyte development and antithrombin activity without inhibiting the development of male gonads.

Review of sixty years of burn discipline in Shanghai Ruijin Hospital / 中华烧伤杂志

Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery of Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University is derived from the group of severe burn treatment in Surgical Department of Kuang-Ci Hospital in Shanghai in 1958. In three score years, they created and developed distinctive technologies in treatment of massive deep burns, including early eschar excision on deep burn wound by stages and batches, taking the scalp as a donor site, wound covering with the large sheet of allo- or xeno-skin graft with small holes covered by small pieces of autoskin, the Ruijin formula for fluid resuscitation in early stage post burn and the " hibernation remedy" , which achieved actual effects in clinic, and they summed up academically the experiences of their clinical practice and researches. These technologies with other creations by Chinese burn surgeons have been named as " Chinese method" of burn treatment.

Isquemia miocárdica: conceptos básicos, diagnóstico e implicaciones clínicas. Tercera parte / Myocardial ischemia: basic concepts, diagnosis and clinical implications. Part three

Resumen El término «cardiopatía isquémica¼ se refiere a la disfunción del ventrículo izquierdo secundaria a infarto del miocardio, miocardio isquémico viable o enfermedad coronaria severa documentada por arteriografía coronaria, la cual tiene un pobre pronóstico, con una supervivencia del 45% a 5 años. El tratamiento de la cardiopatía isquémica involucra la estimación de la viabilidad en el miocardio afectado para determinar si la revascularización puede generar una remodelación positiva que mejore la función del ventrículo izquierdo. Existen cuatro modalidades básicas usadas en la práctica clínica para calcular la viabilidad miocárdica: tomografía de emisión simple de positrones, tomografía por emisión de positrones, ecocardiograma estrés y resonancia magnética cardiaca. Hoy en día hay estudios que demuestran que la terapia médica mejora la función del ventrículo izquierdo en la cardiopatía isquémica, independiente de la presencia o no de viabilidad o de la revascularización miocárdica; por tanto es posible que otros factores como la cantidad de remodelado, los volúmenes del ventrículo izquierdo, la insuficiencia mitral y la fracción de eyección puedan afectar también los desenlaces. Se requiere definir de manera clara los estadios del remodelado ventricular izquierdo en los cuales la presencia de viabilidad es benéfica y las etapas en las que el remodelado es reversible con la revascularización miocárdica. En cuanto a los métodos para determinar la viabilidad, la resonancia magnética parece dar más respuestas al respecto, ya que puede aportar información adicional relacionada con dimensiones del ventrículo izquierdo, fracción de eyección, fibrosis miocárdica y anormalidades valvulares.

Abstract The term myocardial ischemia refers to a left ventricular dysfunction secondary to a myocardial infarction, viable ischemic myocardium or sever coronary disease documented by means of a coronary angiography, which has a poor prognosis, with five-year survival rate of 45%. Management of myocardial ischemia involves estimating viability of the affected myocardium in order to determine whether revascularization can generate a positive remodelling that improves left ventricle functioning. Four different basic modalities are used in clinical practice to assess myocardial viability: single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, stress echocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance. Nowadays there are studies that have shown medical therapy improves left ventricle function in ischemic heart disease, regardless of the presence or not of the viability or the myocardial revascularization; therefore, it is possible that other factors such as the amount of remodelling, the left ventricle volumes, mitral insufficiency and ejection fraction could also afffect the outcomes. A clear definition of the left ventricle remodelling states where the presence of viability is beneficial and the stages where the remodelling is reversible with myocardial revascularization is required. With regards to methods for assessing viability, magnetic resonance seems to provide more answers, as it can give additional information related to the dimensions of the left ventricle, ejection fraction, myocardial fibrosis and valvular abnormalities.

Investigation on clinical significance of using Astragalus injection combined with sub-hibernation to patients with severe craniocerebral injury / 中国中西医结合急救杂志

Objective To observe the clinical therapeutic effect of Astragalus injection combined with sub-hibernation therapy for treatment of patients with severe craniocerebral injury.Methods A retrospective research method was conducted, and 89 cases with severe craniocerebral injury admitted to the Department of Critical Care Medicine of the First People Hospital of Baiyin in Gansu Province from January 2010 to December 2016 were enrolled. Astragalus injection combined with sub-hibernation was applied for treatment of 45 patients in the observation group, and for another 44 cases assigned in the control group, simply conventional treatment was used. The Glasgow coma score (GCS), coma time, ratio of cripple, mortality, incidences of pulmonary infection and urinary tract infection were compared between the two groups.Results After treatment, GCS scores were significantly higher than those before treatment in both groups, but the degree of increase was more marked on the 30 days after treatment in the observation group than that in the control group (13.15±2.53 vs. 8.79±1.59,P 0.05).Conclusions The treatment of Astragalus injection combined with sub-hibernation treatment can significantly improve the coma degree, shorten the time of coma, reduce the mortality and disability rate of patients with severe craniocerebral injury.

Spatial distribution and sample size to estimate Lycosa erythrognatha (Araneae: Lycosidae) population density overwintering

Abstract Lycosa erythrognatha Lucas, 1833 (Araneae: Lycosidae) is a predatory arthropod with potential for conservation biological control. In addition to being considered a bioindicator of environmental quality, this arthropod provides an important service for agriculture by reducing insect-pest populations. In this work we seek to understand how the plants Andropogon bicornis L., Saccharum angustifolium Nees and Eustachys retusa Lag (Poales: Poaceae) and their different clump sizes affect the population density, spatial distribution and determination of the minimum number of samples to estimate its population density during the winter. Among the evaluated host plants, S. angustifolium and A. bicornis presented higher population density than E. retusa, but we observed that the clump diameter significantly influences the population density and the minimum number of samples. We observed a gregarious behavior in plants of A. bicornis and E. retusa. For S. angustifolium, a uniform distribution was observed.

Resumo Lycosa erythrognatha Lucas, 1833 (Araneae: Lycosidae) é um artrópode predador com potencial para controle biológico de conservação. Além de ser considerado um bioindicador da qualidade ambiental, esse artrópode fornece um importante serviço para a agricultura, reduzindo as populações de insetos-praga. Neste trabalho buscamos entender como as plantas Andropogon bicornis L., Saccharum angustifolium Nees e Eustachys retusa Lag (Poales: Poaceae) e seus diferentes tamanhos de touceira afetam a densidade populacional, distribuição espacial e a determinação do número mínimo de amostras para estimar sua densidade populacional durante o inverno. Entre as plantas hospedeiras avaliadas, S. angustifolium e A. bicornis apresentaram maior densidade populacional que E. retusa, observamos que o diâmetro da touceira influencia significativamente a densidade populacional e o número mínimo de amostras. Observamos um comportamento gregário nas plantas de A. bicornis e E. retusa. Para S. angustifolium, uma distribuição uniforme foi observada.

Isquemia miocárdica: conceptos básicos, diagnóstico e implicaciones clínicas. Segunda parte / Myocardial ischemia: basic concepts, diagnosis and clinical implications. Part two

Resumen La isquemia miocárdica puede ser irreversible o reversible dependiendo de diferentes factores moleculares y fisiológicos. En la isquemia miocárdica irreversible se presentan tres tipos de muerte celular a nivel miocárdico: la necrosis, la apoptosis y la autofagia; mientras en la isquemia reversible la restauración de la función de los miocitos está determinada por factores como el restablecimiento temprano del flujo sanguíneo coronario y fenómenos de pre y posacondicionamiento isquémico. Conceptos como el miocardio aturdido (disfunción mecánica temporal luego de una lesión isquémica pero con flujo sanguíneo normal en ausencia de cualquier lesión irreversible) y el miocardio hibernante (región miocárdica viable, sin contractilidad) son formas quiescentes de la función cardiaca y explican un poco la capacidad del miocardio de restablecer su funcionamiento normal luego de un episodio de isquemia.

Abstract Myocardial ischemia can be irreversible or reversible depending on multiple molecular and physiological factors. In irreversible myocardial ischemia there are three types of cell death on a myocardial level: necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy; whereas in reversible ischemia the restoration of the myocytes is determined by factors such as early recovery of coronary blood flow and pre- and postischemic conditioning phenomena. Concepts such as stunned myocardium (temporary mechanical dysfunction following an ischemic episode but with normal blood flow and without irreversible damage) and hibernating myocardium (viable myocardial region without contractility) are quiescent forms of the cardiac function and explain the ability of the myocardium to resume its normal functioning after an ischemic episode.

Isquemia miocárdica: conceptos básicos, diagnóstico e implicaciones clínicas. Primera parte / Myocardial ischaemia: basic concepts, diagnosis and clinical implications

Resumen La isquemia miocárdica es el conjunto de una serie de fenómenos fisiológicos que se manifiesta por condiciones clínicas como isquemia silente, angina estable y síndromes corona-rios agudos. Diversos mecanismos de la regulación del flujo sanguíneo, la demanda miocárdica, la liberación de adenosina y la función del endotelio en las arterias coronarias son claves para mantener la irrigación miocárdica y han sido la base fisiológica para el desarrollo de pruebas de detección de isquemia como lo es el flujo de reserva fraccional, que hoy día hace parte de las recomendaciones de las guías.

Abstract Myocardial ischaemia as a whole is a series of physiological phenomena manifested by clinical conditions such as silent ischaemia, stable angina and acute coronary syndromes. Various blood flow regulation mechanisms, myocardial demand, adenosine release and endot-helial function in the coronary arteries are vital for maintaining myocardial irrigation, and have been the physiological basis for tests like fractional flow reserve, developed to detect ischaemia, that today forms part of the guideline recommendations.

Studies on hibernation pivotal temperature of Whitmania pigra / 中国中药杂志

The biological characteristics, oxygen consumption, oxygen consumption rate, and activities of amylase, lipase and protease of Whitmania pigra at different temperature were studied by using direct observational method, the still water method and 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetry, right-nitrophenyl palmitate ester（ρ-NPP）colorimetry and folin-phenol method.The results revealed that with decreasing water temperature, the daily activity and the daily feeding ration were decreased. As the temperature was lowered to 4 ℃, the head and tail of Wh.pigra curved, showing a crescent-shape without feeding and daily activity. Oxygen consumption, oxygen consumption rate and digestive enzyme activities reduced along with temperature drops. The downward trend slowed below 10 ℃, began to stabilize below 4 ℃ and doesn't change with the decrease of temperature since then. During the 40 days treatment at 4 ℃, the changes of amylase were not significant, the lipase and protease activity decreased at the 20th day, and the lipase showed an slightly increase after the decrease and finally remained at a low level.In conclusions, the pivotal temperature of hibernation of Wh.pigra is 4 ℃ and the crescent shape can be considered as a symbol of hibernation.

Biomarkers of oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity in the blood of grass snake (Natrix natrix L.) during prehibernation and posthibernation periods

This work examined the enzymatic (superoxide dismutase-CuZn SOD, catalase-CAT, glutathione peroxidase-GSHPx, glutathione reductase-GR, and the biotransformation phase II enzyme glutathione-S-transferase-GST) and nonenzymatic (total glutathione-GSH and lipid peroxides-TBARS concentrations) biomarkers of oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the blood of the grass snake (Natrix natrix L.) during prehibernation and posthibernation. The animals were collected in October (prehibernation) and April (posthibernation) at the nature reserve Obedska Bara (OB) and industrial region Pancevacki Rit (PR) in Serbia. In posthibernation, decreased CAT activity and TBARS concentration in specimens from PR, and decreased GR and AChE activities, and TBARS concentration in specimens from OB were observed, whereas GR and GST activities and GSH concentration were significantly elevated in the specimens from PR. In prehibernation, CAT activity and GSH concentration were increased, while GSH-Px, GR, GST and AChE activities and TBARS concentration were decreased in the specimens from PR when compared to animals from OB. During the posthibernation, the activity of CuZn SOD was decreased, while GST and AChE activities were increased in the specimens from PR when compared to the specimens from OB. These differences represented an adaptive mechanism to oxidative stress induced by tissue reoxygenation during arousal from hibernation and could be modulated by environmental pollution.

Early rapid diagnosis and rational choice of the first-line agents for acute aortic dissection in the emergency department: ses / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To explore the rapid diagnosis and the rational chice of the first-line agents for acute aortic dissection (AAD) in the emergency department.Methods The clinical data of 360 patients with AAD treated at our hospital from March 2007 to March 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.Of them,338 patients with suspected AAD were examined by chest radiography,trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE),and computed tomography angiography (CTA) successively.The reliabilities of results from each diagnostic method were verified by the gold standard of intra-operative findings and the comparisons of their diagnostic potential were carried out.Results The preoperative diagnostic sensitivity of chest radiography,TTE and CTA in the assessment of AAD were 64％,77％ and 100％,respectively;the specificity is 86％,90％ and 100％,respectively;the accuracy rats were 70％,78％ and 100％,respectively;the positive predictive values were 93％,99％ and 100％,respectively;the negative predictive values were 46％,27％ and 100％,respectively.In the work-up of any patient with suspected AAD,the emergency bedside non-invasive TTE or computed tomography was the first-line initial diagnostic screening,and the best method for the accurate diagnosis of AAD was CTA.Medical management included pain control and deliberate hypotension therapy by using rapidly short-acting vasodilator and beta blockers to lower heart rate,and the hibernation therapy in small dose of specific agents might serve as a useful adjuvant method,and the early combination of vasodilatation medicines was better than the single one.Of them,242 patients fortunately survived on treatment,and 42 died of hypovolemic shock after rupture of AAD and multiorgan failure.Conclusions Acute aortic dissection is the most potentially life-threatening cardiovascular disease,though it is extremely rare in the hypertensive patients,attending doctors should pay more attention.Early rapid diagnosis is the key to AAD treatment.The best method for correctly diagnosing AAD is complementary use of TTE,CTA and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).Correct and timely diagnosis and strictly deliberate hypotension treatment are the essential determinant of decreasing mortality and improving prognosis of AAD.

Changes in diapause related gene expression pattern during early embryonic development in HCl-treated eggs of bivoltine silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

Investigation of differential expression of diapause related genes (five metabolic, five heat shock protein and one translational regulatory) in HCl-treated (non-diapause) and untreated (diapause) eggs of B. mori during early embryogenesis (up to 48h following oviposition) revealed the up-regulation of sorbitol dehydrogenase upon HCl treatment, indicating increased glycogen synthesis for further embryonic development but, down-regulation of phosphofructo kinase gene expression after 18h of oviposition indicating an arrest of glycerol and sorbitol conversion. The expression of poly A binding protein gene expression was higher upon HCl treatment, revealing the initiation of translation. The expression levels of other genes analyzed did not vary significantly, except for Hsp90 and Hsp40, which were up-regulated on acid treatment until 18h. Thus, Sorbitoldehydrogenase and phosphofructo kinasegenes have a crucial role in diapause termination as evidenced by HCl treatment, while the other genes did not have major roles.

Argentaffine Cells in the Digestive Tract of Hibernating and Non-hibernating in Chinese Fire-bellied Newt (Cynops orientalis) / Celulas Argentafines en el Tracto Digestivo del Tritón de Vientre de Fuego Chino (Cynops orientalis) en Periódos de Hibernación y No Hibernación

In order to further studying the relationship between the gastrointestinal endocrine cells and the hibernation of Chinese fire-bellied newt, histological techniques were used in this study to explore the distributed density and morphology of argentaffine cells in the digestive tract during hibernation and non-hibernation. The argentaffine cells could be observed throughout the digestive tract of Chinese fire-bellied newt during hibernation and non-hibernation and mainly distributed in the acinar epithelial cells, epithelial cells and intrinsic membrane. They had appeared in the shape of goblet, pyramid, ellipse, round, cone-shaped, spindle-shaped. The cytoplasm contains secretory granules at the basal regions with spherical nuclei in the basal regions. Most of them had processes in different directions, suggesting that the argentaffine cells have combined the function of endocrine and exocrine. The distribution density curves of argentaffine cells were generally wavelike during the two periods. It was highest in the body of stomach in hibernation, while in non-hibernation it was highest in the pyloric. Totally the density of argentaffine cells was higher in hibernation period than that in non-hibernation period. The results showed that the activity of the digestive tract was expectedly weakened during the hibernation, but the function of endocrine was actually strengthened.

Con el fin de promover el estudio de la relación entre las células endocrinas gastrointestinales y la hibernación del tritón vientre de fuego chino, fueron utilizados técnicas histológicas para explorar la densidad de distribuición y la morfología de las células argentafines en el tracto digestivo durante la hibernación y la no hibernación. Las células argentafines pudieron ser observadas en todo el tracto digestivo de tritón vientre de fuego chino durante la hibernación y no hibernación, y se distribuyeron principalmente en las células epiteliales acinares, células epiteliales y la membrana intrínseca. Aparecieron de forma caliciforme, piramidal, elíptica, redonda, cónica y de huso. El citoplasma contenía gránulos de secreción en las regiones basales con núcleos esféricos en esa región. La mayoría de ellos tenía procesos en diferentes direcciones, lo que sugiere que las células argentafines combinaron la función del sistema endocrino y exocrino. Las curvas de densidad de distribución de las células argentafines fueron generalmente ondulante durante los dos períodos. Esta fue más alta en el cuerpo del estómago en estado de hibernación, mientras que en la no hibernación fue mayor en el píloro. En total, la densidad de las células argentafines era mayor en el periodo de hibernación. Los resultados mostraron que la actividad del tracto digestivo se debilitó, como era de esperar, durante la hibernación, pero la función del sistema endocrino se fortaleció.

Diapause initiation and alterations in the life cycle of Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) as induced by photoperiodic conditions

Grapholita molesta (Busck) is one of the major pests of Rosaceae, causing significant damage to buds and fruits. In Southern Brazil, its population density is reduced during Rosaceae dormancy months. The present study evaluated the influence of different photoperiods (L:D) (10:14, 11:13, 12:12, 13:11, 14:10 and 16:8) at 25 ± 1ºC and 60 ± 10 percent RH on diapause induction of G. molesta eggs, larvae, prepupae, and pupae. The effects of the photoperiod on the life cycle of non-diapausing insects and on the second generation were also assessed. Prepupal diapause was observed only when eggs and neonates (< 12h-old larvae) were exposed to photophases from 10h to 14h long. Development of non-diapausing individuals and those from the second generation tended to be longer in photophases between 10h and 14h long.

Experimental observation on the yellow mice(Citellus undulatus) infected with Yersinia pestis over the winter / 中国地方病学杂志

Objective To analysis and determine the possibility of the Citellus undulatus infected with Yersinia pestis surviving the winter in an experimental study, and to provide scientific experimental basis for the study on the mechanism of Yersinia pestis preservation. Method In 2006,09 to 2007,04 and 2007,09 to 2008,04 in Xinjiang Wusu-Gurtu natural foci of plague, under natural conditions, the over the winter process of Citellus undulatus carrying the plague bacteria was simulated, and 178 Citellus undulatus were infected with Yersinia pestis (1×107 Bacteria/mouse) using artificial injection method. One hundred seventy-eight Citellus undulatus infected with Yersinia pestis were kept into a construction of the black (1-5 ℃) basement (2 meters under the ground) in the plague focus. In doing so, these Citellus undulatuses almost simultaneously stepped into hibernation. After waking up from hibernation in following year in April, the survived mice carrying the plague bacteria were observed. Results Sixty-eight mice survived among the 178 infected with Yersinia pestis after 6 months of hibernation (through October to the following year in April), and the remaining 110 were all dead without pulling through the hibernation period. The survival rate was 38.2% (68/178). The organ culture of Yersinia pestis of the 110 dead mice(Citellus undnlatus) were tested, 67 were negative(-), 43 positive(+), with a positive rate of 39.1%(43/110). Among the rats with positive plague bacteria, the congestive pulmonary edema and the pathological changes of the hemorrhagic inflammation of the heart, liver, spleen, kidney and injection site could be seen clearly; the plague-free mice were not found to have any pathological changes. The survived 68 mice over the winter were autopsied and observed after being fed up for 20 days. No any pathological changes were found among these mice, and culturing of Yersinia pestis of the heart, liver, spleen, lungs and the tissue of injection site of these mice were all negative (-). Conclusions Citellus undulatus can carry Yersinia pestis during hibernation, but some fail to carry the bacteria through the entire process of hibernation persistently. Yersinia pestis was negative in the survived mice at the end of hibernation. The results showed that Citellus undulatus can not carry Yersinia pestis over the winter.

Relationship Between Post-Systolic Motion During Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography and Functional Recovery of Myocardium After Successful Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Doppler myocardial imaging (DMI) has been suggested as a method of quantifying inducible ischemia during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE). Post-systolic motion (PSM) detected by DMI is related to peri-infarct ischemia during DSE. We hypothesized that PSM during DSE would predict recovery of dysfunctional myocardium after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with dysfunctional myocardium in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) territory were divided into two groups according to improvement of wall motion score index (WMSI) in the LAD territory at 6 months after successful PCI of the LAD. DMI was evaluated in the LAD territory during DSE. Fifteen patients showed improved WMSI (1.42+/-0.39) while the other 15 had unchanged WMSI (1.75+/-0.46) 1 month after PCI. Myocardial velocity was measured in the mid-septal, apico-septal, and basal anterior segments of the LAD artery territory. PSM was defined as a positive wave appearing after the curve of systolic ejection had reached the zero line. RESULTS: Although there was no difference between resting PSMs in both groups, PSM during DSE was significantly higher in the improved WMSI group than in the WMSI group where it was unchanged. CONCLUSION: PSM during DSE predicts recovery of dysfunctional myocardium after successful PCI.

Effect of combined therapy of mild hypothermia and hibernation on severe brain injury / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of combined therapy of mild hypothermia and hibernation to treat severe brain injury. Methods24 patients with severe brain injury were randomly divided into combined therapy group and normothermia group. Glasgow Coma Scale scores of all the patients were in the range of 3 to 8. No later than 10 hours after their injury, hypothermia patients were given half dosage of No.1 hibernation cocktail and had been cooled by cooling blankets to 32℃-34℃ (rectal temperature) for 5 days, then to 35℃ for 24 hours, and slowly increased to their normal level. 3 days and 7 days after their admission, intracranial pressure,creatine phosphate kinase,partial pressure of arterial O2 and CO2, platelet and Na+,K+ were measured.7 days after their admission, Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of each patient and mortality of each group were measured. ResultsThe mortality of combined therapy group(25.0%) was significantly lower than that of normothermia group (66.6%,P<0.05). The decreased values of intracranial pressure, creatine phosphate kinase and platelet number of combined therapy group were all significantly higher than that of normothermia group respectively (P<0.05). There were no significant difference in mean artery pressure, blood electrolyte, and partial pressure of arterial O2 and CO2 between these two groups(P>0.05). ConclusionThe combined therapy of mild hypothermia and hibernation can effectively reduce the mortality of patients with severe brain injury as it is much easier, less invasive and with less complications.

Glycoconjugates of the Duodenal Mucosa in Cold-treated Chipmunks / 체질인류학회지

To investigate changes of glycoconjugates (GC) on the duodenal mucosa of Korean chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus) after cold-treatment, chipmunks were maintained in cold conditions (6 C) for 3, 5 or 9 months in an attempt to mimic conditions occurring during seasonal hibernation. Most chipmunks were active as before until 3 months in the cold room and since then were hibernated. Although there was significant decrease in neutral GC in cold-treated chipmunks compared with warm chipmunks, acid GC changed little. As for histochemical properties of acid GC in the duodenum, the cold-treated chipmunk showed some differences, such as appearance of villus goblet cells which contained the mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated GC. The affinities for all lectins used in this study were shown in the columnar cells of the duodenal villus and crypt, more intensive DBA, SBA, PNA, BSL-1, RCA-1 and sWGA affinities were demonstrated in the Golgi zone of columnar cells. These affinities decreased in the cold-treated groups, especially in the Golgi zone of columnar cells. The affinities with DBA, RCA-1, sWGA and BSL-1 was demonstrated in the goblet cells of the duodenum, but these affinities except DBA decreased in the cold-treated chipmunks. All lectin affinities except UEA-1 detected in duodenal gland, but cold-treatment induced a decrease of these affinities. The changes in amount and properties of GC in the present experimental model for hibernation may be due to the different intestinal environment associated with food intake. However, the present experimental model for hibernation, especially 9 months cold-treated chipmunks, stills need to be demonstrated during seasonal hibernation in the wild.

Efeito da estocagem em baixa temperatura na capacidade reprodutiva e longevidade de Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) e Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) / Effect of cold storage on the reproductive capacity and longevity of Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) and Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)

Female longevity and fecundity of Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) and Telenomus podisi Ashmead were evaluated at 25ºC after storage periods ranging from one to 140 days at 15ºC, in intervals of 10 days. The oviposition capacity of both parasitoids was also evaluated at 15ºC, following preovipositional periods ranging from one to 60 days, also at 10-day intervals. Females of both species survived for more than five months when stored at 15ºC, however fecundity was significantly reduced by the exposure to the low temperature. Despite the reduction in fecundity, both species were able to parasitize host eggs at 25ºC after spending 140 days at 15ºC. Although parasitism was observed at15ºC, only 3.1% and 0.2% of the exposed eggs were parasitized by T. basalis and T. podisi, respectively. The proportion of males was significantly increased in the progeny of T. basalis females, maintained at 15ºC, for any of the storage periods investigated. Similar results were obtained for T. podisi stored at 15ºC up to 50 days; however the females of this species, maintained at the lower temperature for longerperiods, either laid no eggs or produced progenies with sex-ratio similar to the control insects, kept at 25ºC. The presence of females in the offspring of both parasitoid species indicate that mating occurred at the lower temperature. The increased longevity and reduced fecundity of T. basalis and T. podisi obtained when the adults were stored at 15ºC, show that both species hibernate, and this arrestment can be useful as a tool for mass production and storage of T. basalis and T. podisi during autumn and winter.

A longevidade e a fecundidade de fêmeas de Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) e Telenomus podisi Ashmead foram avaliadas a 25ºC após permanecerem a 15ºC por períodos variando de um a 140 dias, a intervalos de 10 dias. A capacidade de oviposição dos dois parasitóides também foi avaliada a 15ºC, após períodos de pré-oviposição entre um e 60 dias, igualmente em intervalos de 10 dias. Fêmeas das duas espécies sobreviveram por mais de cinco meses a 15ºC, porém sua fecundidade foi significativamente reduzida. Entretanto, ambas as espécies foram capazes de parasitar ovos dosrespectivos hospedeiros a 25ºC após permanecerem por 140 dias a 15ºC. Apesar de ter ocorrido parasitismo a 15ºC, apenas 3,1% e 0,2% dos ovos ofertados foram parasitados por T. basalis e T. podisi, respectivamente. A proporção de machos aumentou significativamente na progênie produzidapor fêmeas de T. basalis mantidas a 15ºC, em qualquer dos períodos de estocagem avaliados. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos para T. podisi mantidos a 15ºC por até 50 dias; períodos de estocagem mais longos resultaram ou na ausência de parasitismo, ou em razões sexuais semelhantes à da testemunha, mantida a 25ºC. Todavia, a presença de fêmeas na descendência dos parasitóides mantidos a 15ºC indica a ocorrência de cópula na baixa temperatura. A elevada longevidade e a reduzida fecundidadeobtidas com a estocagem dos adultos a 15ºC demonstram que T. basalis e T. podisi permanecem em estado de hibernação em baixas temperaturas, condição que pode ser útil em programas de produção e estocagem de parasitóides durante a entressafra.