Preclinical evaluation of Hibiscus cannabinus Linn. in the treatment of urolithiasis and cholelithiasis / 数字中医药（英文）

@#【Objective】  To investigate the therapeutic effect of Hibiscus cannabinus Linn. (H. cannabinus) leaves on cholelithiasis and urolithiasis. 【Methods】  The study evaluated the effect of aqueous leaf extract of H. cannabinus on thiouracil and cholesterol cholic acid diet induced cholelithiasis in BALB/c mice and ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in Wistar rats. Three doses of aqueous extract (40, 80, and 160 mg/kg) were selected to evaluate the effectiveness in cholelithiasis in mice; another three doses of aqueous extract (400, 800, and 1 600 mg/kg) were administered for evaluating the effect on urolithiasis in rats. Biochemical parameters such as biliary cholesterol, biliary phospholipid, and bile acid were determined in cholelithiasis model. Similarly, 24-hour urine output, urinary parameters such as creatinine, uric acid, protein, urea, presence of calcium oxalate crystals, red blood cells (RBCs), and pyuria were determined in urolithiasis model. 【Results】  Statistically significant differences were noted in the biliary and urinary parameters after administrating three test doses of H. cannabinus aqueous extract (P < 0.05). 【Conclusion】 H. cannabinus was found to be effective against high fat lithogenic diet urolithiasis and cholelithiasis.

The Anti-Diabetic Effect of Hibiscus Cannabinus Extract on the Submandibular Salivary Gland of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Albino Rats

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the anti-diabetic effect of Hibiscus cannabinus Linn leaf extract on thehistological structure of the submandibular salivary gland in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Materials andMethods: Three groups consisting of 10adult male albino rats each were used in this experiment. Group, I servedas the control, whereas group II consisted of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Finally, in group III, each alloxaninduced diabetic rat received an oral daily dose of methanolic extract of Hibiscus cannabinus Linn leaves equalto 400mg/kg body weight for four weeks after diabetes induction, using the same dose and like that of group II.In all groups, the rats were sacrificed four weeks after the experiment was initiated. The submandibular salivaryglands were dissected, prepared, and stained with H&E for light microscopy examination. Results:Histopathological examination of the submandibular salivary glands in group II (the diabetic group) revealed aloss of the standard glandular architecture involving the entire structure of the glands, including the acini, ductsystem, connective tissue stroma, and blood vessels. Also, severe degenerative changes with an accumulation ofnumerous intracytoplasmic vacuoles affecting the serous acini and duct system were observed as compared togroup 1. Most of these alterations and degenerative changes disappeared or were markedly decreased in groupIII (the diabetic group treated with Hibiscus cannabinus Linn extract). Conclusions: Hibiscus cannabinus Linnleaf extract had a noticeable anti¬diabetic effect on alloxan-induced diabetic alterations in the submandibularsalivary glands of rats. Hence, Hibiscus cannabinus Linn leaves may be beneficial as a dietary supplement forreducing diabetes complications. Also, Hibiscus cannabinus Linn leaf extract can serve as a promising herbalmedicine due to its effectiveness and safety.

Molecular cloning and subcellular localization of six HDACs and their roles in response to salt and drought stress in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L)

BACKGROUND: Histone acetylation is an important epigenetic modification that regulates gene activity in response to stress. Histone acetylation levels are reversibly regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). The imperative roles of HDACs in gene transcription, transcriptional regulation, growth and responses to stressful environment have been widely investigated in Arabidopsis. However, data regarding HDACs in kenaf crop has not been disclosed yet. RESULTS: In this study, six HDACs genes (HcHDA2, HcHDA6, HcHDA8, HcHDA9, HcHDA19, and HcSRT2) were isolated and characterized. Phylogenetic tree revealed that these HcHDACs shared high degree of sequence homology with those of Gossypium arboreum. Subcellular localization analysis showed that GFP-tagged HcHDA2 and HcHDA8 were predominantly localized in the nucleus, HcHDA6 and HcHDA19 in nucleus and cytosol. The HcHDA9 was found in both nucleus and plasma membranes. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that the six HcHDACs genes were expressed with distinct expression patterns across plant tissues. Furthermore, we determined differential accumulation of HcHDACs transcripts under salt and drought treatments, indicating that these enzymes may participate in the biological process under stress in kenaf. Finally, we showed that the levels of histone H3 and H4 acetylation were modulated by salt and drought stress in kenaf. CONCLUSIONS: We have isolated and characterized six HDACs genes from kenaf. These data showed that HDACs are imperative players for growth and development as well abiotic stress responses in kenaf.

Identification and Characterization of Cercospora malayensis Causing Leaf Spot on Kenaf

In September 2013 and 2014, a significant number of kenaf plants showing symptoms of leaf spots with approximately 50% incidence were found in experimental plots in Iksan and Namwon, Korea. Leaf spots were circular to irregular, more or less vein-limited, reaching to 10 mm in diameter. The spots were initially uniformly brown to reddish brown, turning pale brown with a purplish margin and showing grayish patches on the lesion due to heavy fructification. The causative agent of the leaf spot disease was identified as Cercospora malayensis. The pathogenicity test was conducted with similar results, which fulfilled Koch's postulates. This is the first report of C. malayensis infection of kenaf in Korea.

Anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed on high-fat diet Sprague dawley rats

Objective: To determine the antihypercholesterolemic effects of kenaf seed samples and compare with the commercial hypocholesterolemic drug on serum lipids profiles and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the rat. Methods: Kenaf seed oil (KSO), microencapsulated kenaf seed oil (MKSO), kenaf seed extract (KSE) and defatted kenaf seed meal (DKSM) were prepared and phytochemicals screening on these samples were done prior in vivo study. Phenolic compounds in KSE were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. There were 40 (divided in eight diet groups of 5) male Sprague dawley rats adapted to normal standard diet or hypercholesterolemic diet (HD) with or without the treatment of these kenaf samples for 32 days. Results: All the kenaf samples exhibited to contain most of the major phytochemicals. KSE possessed gallic acid, tannic acid, catechin, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, naringin acid, and protocatechuic acid. The significant higher (. P<0.05) serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and MDA levels in HD group without treatment than the normal control group suggested the hypercholesterolemia was induced by the incorporation of cholesterol into diet. KSE exhibited higher cholesterol-lowering properties due to the significant lower (. P<0.05) in serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and MDA levels. KSE showed the highest efficiency of cholesterol-lowering activity, followed by KSO, MKSO and DKSM. Conclusions: DKSM, MKSO, KSO and KSE appeared to have comparable anti-hypercholesterolemic effect with the commercial hypocholesterolemic drug. Hence, kenaf seed could be used as an alternative natural source to replace the synthetic hypocholesterolemic drugs.

Anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed on high-fat diet Sprague dawley rats

OBJECTIVE@#To determine the antihypercholesterolemic effects of kenaf seed samples and compare with the commercial hypocholesterolemic drug on serum lipids profiles and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the rat.@*METHODS@#Kenaf seed oil (KSO), microencapsulated kenaf seed oil (MKSO), kenaf seed extract (KSE) and defatted kenaf seed meal (DKSM) were prepared and phytochemicals screening on these samples were done prior in vivo study. Phenolic compounds in KSE were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. There were 40 (divided in eight diet groups of 5) male Sprague dawley rats adapted to normal standard diet or hypercholesterolemic diet (HD) with or without the treatment of these kenaf samples for 32 days.@*RESULTS@#All the kenaf samples exhibited to contain most of the major phytochemicals. KSE possessed gallic acid, tannic acid, catechin, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, naringin acid, and protocatechuic acid. The significant higher (P<0.05) serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and MDA levels in HD group without treatment than the normal control group suggested the hypercholesterolemia was induced by the incorporation of cholesterol into diet. KSE exhibited higher cholesterol-lowering properties due to the significant lower (P<0.05) in serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and MDA levels. KSE showed the highest efficiency of cholesterol-lowering activity, followed by KSO, MKSO and DKSM.@*CONCLUSIONS@#DKSM, MKSO, KSO and KSE appeared to have comparable anti-hypercholesterolemic effect with the commercial hypocholesterolemic drug. Hence, kenaf seed could be used as an alternative natural source to replace the synthetic hypocholesterolemic drugs.

Anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinusL.) seed on high-fat diet Sprague dawley rats

Objective:To determine the antihypercholesterolemic effects of kenaf seed samples and compare with the commercial hypocholesterolemic drug on serum lipids profiles and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the rat.Methods:Kenaf seed oil(KSO), microencapsulated kenaf seed oil(MKSO), kenaf seed extract(KSE) and defatted kenaf seed meal(DKSM) were prepared and phytochemicals screening on these samples were done prior in vivostudy.Phenolic compounds inKSE were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography.There were40(divided in eight diet groups of5) maleSprague dawley rats adapted to normal standard diet or hypercholesterolemic diet(HD) with or without the treatment of these kenaf samples for32 days.Results:All the kenaf samples exhibited to contain most of the major phytochemicals.KSE possessed gallic acid, tannic acid, catechin, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, naringin acid, and protocatechuic acid.The significant higher(P<0.05) serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol andMDA levels inHD group without treatment than the normal control group suggested the hypercholesterolemia was induced by the incorporation of cholesterol into diet.KSE exhibited higher cholesterol-lowering properties due to the significant lower(P<0.05) in serum triglycerides, total cholesterol andMDA levels.KSE showed the highest efficiency of cholesterol-lowering activity, followed byKSO,MKSO andDKSM.Conclusions:DKSM,MKSO, KSO andKSE appeared to have comparable anti-hypercholesterolemic effect with the commercial hypocholesterolemic drug.Hence, kenaf seed could be used as an alternative natural source to replace the synthetic hypocholesterolemic drugs.

Sooty Mould Disease Caused by Leptoxyphium kurandae on Kenaf

In September 2013, we discovered sooty mould growing on kenaf with the extrafloral nectaries in Iksan, Korea and identified the causative fungus as Leptoxyphium kurandae based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. This is the first report of sooty mould caused by L. kurandae on kenaf in Korea and globally.

Actividad antioxidante y antibacteriana de extractos de hojas de cuatro especies agroforestales de la Orinoquía colombiana / Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts from four agroforestry species located in Colombian Orinoquia

Introducción: las especies agroforestales son fuente importante de metabolitos secundarios de utilidad en la industria farmacéutica, cosmética y veterinaria. En los países con alta diversidad biológica como Colombia se busca ampliar el conocimiento biológico, químico y económico de especies vegetales con uso potencial. Objetivo: establecer la actividad antimicrobiana y antioxidante de los extractos de hojas de Jatropha curcas L. y de 3 variedades de Hibiscus cannabinus L. (Tainung, Everglades y Whitten). Métodos: las hojas se recolectaron en Restrepo (Meta) y se sometieron a extracción por soxhlet, y microondas con solventes de diferente polaridad como éter de petróleo, diclorometano y etanol (EP, CH2Cl2 y EtOH). La actividad antibacteriana se estableció por difusión en agar frente a cepas de Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus, y la actividad antioxidante por el método autobiográfico utilizando como agentes reveladores 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo y ß-caroteno. Resultados: de acuerdo con los porcentajes de extracción hallados, se determinó que la mayoría de los compuestos presentes en estas especies tienen alta polaridad. Los extractos que presentaron la mayor actividad antioxidante fueron los correspondientes a las variedades de Hibiscus cannabinus y, en especial, los extractos de baja y alta polaridad obtenidos por el método de soxhlet. El 20 % del total de los extractos presentaron una respuesta favorable frente a las 2 cepas; los extractos obtenidos por el método de microondas resultaron más selectivos para Escherichia coli. Conclusión: este trabajo se presenta como una contribución al avance de investigaciones biodirigidas, que identifiquen principios activos para el desarrollo de antibióticos y antioxidantes naturales a partir de residuos agroforestales.

Introduction: the agroforestry species are important sources of useful secondary metabolites for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and veterinary medicine. Those countries with high biodiversity like Colombia are looking to expand the biological, chemical and economic knowledge about plant species with potential uses. Objective: to determine the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of leaf extracts of Jatropha curcas L. and three varieties of Hibiscus cannabinus L. (Tainung, Everglades and Whitten). Methods: the leaves were collected in Restrepo (Meta) and subjected to Soxhlet and microwave extraction processes with different polarity solvents such as petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethanol (EP, CH2Cl2 and EtOH). The antibacterial activity was established by agar diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains, whereas antioxidant activity was determined by the autobiographical method using developing agents 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ß-carotene. Results: in accordance with the extraction percentages found, most of the compounds present in these species had high polarity. The extracts with the highest antioxidant activity were those of Hibiscus cannabinus varieties, particularly low and high polarity extracts obtained by the Soxhlet method. The 20 % of total extracts showed a positive response against the two strains, being the extracts obtained by the microwave method more selective for Escherichia coli strains. Conclusion: this paper is a contribution to the development of bio-directed research to identify the active principles for the development of antibiotics and natural antioxidants from agroforestry wastes.